Uganda does not have adequate food security, yet is already weakened by conditions such as: malaria and HIV/AIDS Livestock plays a major role with cattle accounting for over 60% of the value of edible products in form of milk and meat Although very gradual, Uganda continue to achieve increase in milk production

1. Risk factors for Outbreaks of
Foot-and-Mouth Disease in
Uganda
H. Kirunda, N. Muwereza, S.D. Kerfua, P.D. Kasaija,
R. Sande, R. Azabo, C. Ssekitto , P. Emudong, R.
Alingu, J. Walubengo, T. Kabuuka
African Dairy Conference and Exhibition (ESADA), 24th - 26thSeptember 2014,
Kenya Internatinal Conference Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

2. Introduction
 Uganda does not have adequate food security, yet
is already weakened by conditions such as: malaria
and HIV/AIDS
 Livestock plays a major role with cattle accounting
for over 60% of the value of edible products in form
of milk and meat
 Although very gradual, Uganda continue to achieve
increase in milk production

3. Trend of milk production in
Uganda
Source: FAOSTAT, 2014

4. Supply of whole milk in
Uganda
Source: FAOSTAT, 2014

5. Export of fresh milk from
Uganda
Source: FAOSTAT, 2014

6. Nganda cattle 6
Small East African Zebu cattle
Ankole cattle
Nganda cattle

7. Challenge of Foot-and-Mouth
Disease
 The dairy industry is however highly jeopardized by trans-boundary
animal diseases including foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD)
FMD is a
contagious viral
disease that
continues to
ravage different
countries in the
world

9. Economic implications of FMD
The disease causes adverse effects on economies
of affected countries in that they are restricted from
international trade
Costs are also met through the control measures
put in place to curb an outbreak
Average loss per cattle head US$123 (Baluka,
2014)

10. FMD in Uganda
In cattle sero-prevalence of the different serotypes is:
O = 61%
A = 33%
SAT 1 = 70%
SAT 2 = 34%
SAT 3 = 12%

11. FMD in Uganda Cont’d
In goats and sheep the serotype O and SAT were
identified with sero-prevalence of;
Goats =14%
Sheep = 22%
Although no information on prevalence FMD is
currently available, serotype O has been identified
and characterized by molecular methods

12. Control of FMD
 Although Government has made
efforts to control FMD, the disease
outbreak have continued to occur
across the country
 Currently, outbreaks are in 32 out
of the 112 districts of Uganda
 This study sought to identify the
risk factors associated with
outbreaks of FMD in Uganda

13. Materials and methods
Study areas
 The 2-month cross-sectional study was carried out in seven
districts with recent FMD outbreaks in the country
These included;
 2 districts in central
 1 district in western
 4 districts in eastern
 A structured questionnaire was administered to heads or
animal attendants in 384 farm households

14. Materials and methods Cont’d
Sera were taken and data captured from 516 study cattle with
observed FMD clinical signs recorded
Sera analysis was done by cELISA for functional proteins to
ascertain exposure
Analysis was done using FMDV Non-Structural protein ELISA
Kit
The kit detects antibodies directed against the non structural
3ABC proteins of FMDV.
Statistical analysis was done at univariate, bivariate and
multivariate levels for proportions, relationships and strength of
associations (at 95% CI)

15. Results: Demographic
characteristics
Region Freq Age
<6m-1 1-2 Yrs 2-3 Yrs 3-5 Yrs 6>5yr
Central 111 9.9% 11.7% 19.8% 54.1% 4.5%
East 364 5.8% 8.0% 8.2% 33.5% 44.5%
West 41 17.1% 7.3% 31.7% 43.9% 0.0%
Total 516 7.6% 8.7% 12.6% 38.8% 32.4%
Region Frequency Breed
Local Cross
Central 111 33.3% 66. 7%
East 364 72.2% 27.7%
West 41 53.7% 46.3%
Total 516 62.4% 37.6%

16. Results: Demographic
characteristics
Region Frequency Sex
Female Male
Central 111 93.7% 6.3%
East 364 79.9% 20.1%
West 41 97.6% 2.4%
Total 516 84.3% 15.7%
Region Freq Herd size (%)
1-20
cattle
20-40
cattle
40-60
cattle
60-80
cattle
>80
cattle
Central 111 4.5% 33.4% 26.1% 22.5% 13.5%
East 364 20.6% 36.8% 20.6% 0.0% 22.0%
West 41 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100%
Total 516 15.5% 33.1% 20.2% 4.8% 26.4%

17. Results: Demographic
characteristics

18. Results: Risk Factors
 Average sero-prevalence was 27.5% (CI: 23.8 - 31.5)
 Herds of cattle moved for more 2 km per day (OR=4.4,
95% CI: 1.21 - 16.0)
 Cattle allowed frequent assess to slaughter sites
(OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.13 - 4.70)
 Keeping cattle in kraals in muddy condition for months
(OR=5.1, 95% CI: 0.63 – 41.4)
 Introduction of new animal in the herd (OR=0.1, 95% CI:
0.03 - 0.35)

19. Conclusion
 There are several risk factors that increase the likelihood
of introduction to and spread of FMD in cattle
Recommendation
 Study results could be used in development of improved
strategies for control of FMD in the country
 Information on the identified risk factors could be useful in
improving veterinary and livestock management practices

20. Acknowledgments
 National Animal Diseases Diagnostic and
Epidemiology Cetre (NADDEC)/MAAIF
 District Veterinary staff
 Farmers in participating districts

21. 21