2. Introduction
There were many different Native American tribes and those with
similar roles formed a main tribe or nation. Each had its own
language, religion and customs.
For the most part the tribes lived peacefully believing that nature
was sacred and was to be shared. However, the coming of the
Europeans and the removal of their land led to clash between the
different tribes and between the Indians and whites.
By the end of the nineteenth century the Indians had lost their
fight to preserve their traditional way of life and those that had
survived the battles were confined to reservations.

3. Each of the main Plains' tribes
Apache :Nomadic Navajo: Semi-Nomadic
Hunter-gatherer Hunter-Farmer
Arapaho: Nomadic Nez Perce: Semi-Nomadic
Hunters Hunter gatherer
Blackfoot: Nomadic Pawnee: Semi-Nomadic
Hunter-Gatherer Hunter-Farmer
Cherokee: Static Shawnee: Nomadic
Hunter-farmer Hunter-Farmer
Cheyenne: Nomadic Shoshone: Nomadic
Hunter-Gatherer Hunter-gatherer
Comanche: Nomadic Sioux: Nomadic
Hunter-Gatherer Hunter
Crow: Nomadic
Hunter-Gatherer

4. Apache
Made up of several different groups
Lived in extended family units
Usual shelter was a dome-shaped lodge called a wickiup
Polygamy was allowed but rarely practised
Reliant on the buffalo
Frequent disputes with the Comanche's led to their weakening in the
1700s
Traded with the Pueblos in Mexico or raided Spanish villages for goods
and horses
1861 conflict between Apaches led by Concise and Americans in protest
at being forced onto reservations
1874 a group of Apaches led by Geronimo escaped capture and fled to
Mexico
1886 Geronimo forced to surrender and taken to Fort Marion in Florida

5. Arapaho
Usual shelter was a tipi
Women were in charge of the home and owned the tipi
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp
Reliant on the buffalo
Perform Sun Dance in the summer
Frequent conflicts with Shoshone and Pawnee tribes
1864 Arapaho were among those slaughtered in the Sand Creek
Massacre
1867 placed on Oklahoma reservation
1876 Northern Arapaho placed on Wind River reservation in Wyoming
1889 Active in bringing about the Ghost Dance movement

6. Blackfoot
Made up of several different groups
Usual shelter was a tipi
Women were in charge of the home and owned the tipi
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp
Polygamy was usual
Reliant on the buffalo
Performed Sun Dance in the summer
Mid 1800s many killed by smallpox
1870 200 killed in the Marias Massacre

7. Cherokee
Made up of seven different clans
Usual shelter was cane and mud plaster huts
Women were in charge of the home and land
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp
Grew corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers
Used canoes
1821 Sequoyah invented the Cherokee alphabet
1838-9 moved west to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears - 4000+ died on the 800
mile journey)

8. Cheyenne
Made up of ten different bands
Allied with Arapaho and Sioux
Usual shelter was a tipi
Women were in charge of the home and owned the tipi
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp
Reliant on the buffalo
1864 Cheyenne were among those slaughtered in the Sand Creek
Massacre
1876 Northern Cheyenne took part in the Battle of the Little Bighorn
1877 Many forced to Oklahoma those that resisted were shot

9. Comanche
Established around 1700 after breaking away from Shoshone
Led by Peace Chief and War Chief
Usual shelter was a tipi
Women were in charge of the home and owned the tipi
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp
Reliant on the buffalo
Frequent conflicts with Apache and Spanish
50% killed by smallpox and cholera in the mid 1800s
1874-5 Took part in the Buffalo War (Red River War) in protest at the
numbers of buffalo being slaughtered
By 1879 most were on Fort Sill reservation

10. Crow
Established around 1700 after breaking away from the Sioux
Two groups - Mountain Crow and River Crow
Usual shelter was a tipi
Women were in charge of the home and owned the tipi
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp
Reliant on the buffalo
Frequent conflict with Sioux, Shoshone and Blackfoot
1851 Given 35 million acres of land
1868 Land reduced to 8 million acres
1870 Placed on reservation in Oklahoma

11. Navajo
Moved to south-west around 1500
Usual shelter was a Hogan (round stick house covered with mud or
hides)
Women were in charge of the home and owned the Hogan
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp
Kept sheep and women spun and wove wool into cloth
Traded with the Spanish
Frequent conflict with Spanish
Conflict with Americans following Mexican War 1849
1863 American force under Kit Carson killed Navajo sheep
1863-4 Forced to move 300 miles to Fort Sumner (The Long Walk) many
died on the way
1869 Placed on reservation and given 30,000 sheep by US government

12. Naz Perce
Made up of two groups - Upper and Lower Nez Perce
Name given by the French on account of the tribe piercing
their noses
Usual shelter originally a longhouse but later used tipis
Women were in charge of the home
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the
camp
Made canoes and fished for salmon
Frequent conflict with Crow and Shoshone
1863 Allocated land reduced by 7 million acres
1877 Under Chief Joseph actively resisted being moved to
reservation (Nez Perce War)
Defeated at the Battle of Bear Paw Mountains

13. Pawnee
Made up of four different bands
Usual shelter was an earth lodge but used
tipis when hunting
Women were in charge of the home
Men were in charge of hunting for food and
protecting the camp
Many killed by smallpox and cholera in the
mid 1800s
1825 recognised supremacy of US
government
1830-1860 - gave up increasing amounts of
land to US government
Many Pawnee became scouts for the US
government
1876 Moved to Oklahoma reservation

14. Shawnee
Made up of five different groups
Allied with Cherokee
Usual shelter was a wikkum or wigwam (small round dwelling)
Women were in charge of the home and farming corn
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp
Used canoes
1740-1760 Caught up in the conflict between the French and British
over Ohio
Some fought for the British in the War of Independence while others
remained neutral
Tecumseh led resistance against American expansion but was killed in
1813
Black Hoof led resistance against Indian removal until his death in 1831
1832 Shawnee tribe were living on reservations

15. Shoshone
Made up of seven different groups
Usual shelter was a tipi but some lived in brushwood
shelters
Women were in charge of the home and owned the
tipi
Men were in charge of hunting for food and
protecting the camp
Reliant on the buffalo
Driven from their land by Mormon settlement of Utah
1862 Bear Hunter led a series of raids on Mormon
livestock
1863 Bear Hunter and 250 Shoshone killed in Bear
River Massacre
After 1863 remaining Shoshone moved to Fort Hall
reservation

16. Sioux
Made up of seven different groups
Largest Indian tribe
Usual shelter was a tipi
Women were in charge of the home and owned the tipi
Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the
camp
Reliant on the buffalo
Performed the Sun Dance in the summer
1862 Group led by Little Crow massacred 800 settlers in
Minnesota
1866-68 Red Cloud led resistance to white settlement along
the Bozeman Trail (Red Cloud's War)
1876 Took part in the Battle of the Little Bighorn
1890 Finally defeated at Battle of Wounded Knee