3. Scientific Method
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
The learner identifies the components of an investigation: research
problem, hypothesis, method for testing hypothesis identifying
independent/dependent variables), and conclusions based on evidence
4. The story of an experimental frog
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
5. What is Scientific Method?
• It is a step by step procedure used by the
scientist to solve a problem.
• It includes, observation,
statement of the problem,
hypothesis, experimentation,
and drawing conclusion, such
theory and law.
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
6. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
Observation
Problem
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Theory or Law Hypothesis TRUE
Report Result
Repeat
several
times
Modify
Hypothesis
Theory or Law
7. • Scrutinizing a natural phenomenon
scientifically.
• Using of our five senses
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
8. • Try to use your
senses. Identify
the parts of the
body use as
sense organs.
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
10. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
Statement of the
It is a question
raised from
observation.
11. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
Formulate a
A scientific guess
12. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
Conduct an
A special procedure for making
scientific observation that
attempts to answer questions
raised from idea.
13. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
State your
Theory- are hypothesis extensively tested and used
to describe model. Theories are also questioned
and tested by new experiments. They may be
modified in order to fit new or previous results.
Law-A general principle or rule that is assumed or
that has been proven to hold between expressions.
14. Science Process Skills
When you make scientific investigations, you are
demonstrating basic and integrated science process
skills.
OBSERVATIONS (world of experience)
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
SCIENTIFIC LAW
(a summary of what
Have been observed)
HYPOTHESIS
THEORY
16. The Discovery of the Painter
• The painter had observed that when two or
more color is mixed, an new color was formed.
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
17. The Discovery of the Painter
• Then he thought of mixing red and yellow. He
was curious about what color will be formed
after mixing.
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
18. The Discovery of the Painter
• He wrote his assumptions on what color will it
make.
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
19. The Discovery of the Painter
• He mix the two colors in his palette…
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
20. The Discovery of the Painter
• He mix the two colors in his palette…
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
21. The Discovery of the Painter
• He mix the two colors in his palette…
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
22. The Discovery of the Painter
• After several trails he concluded that mixing
red and yellow produces ORANGE
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
23. Work with a Problem by
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
yourself?
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
The learner conducts simple investigations using processes involving
mixtures common to the locality.
The learner chooses an interesting topic for investigation.
24. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
Scientific Attitude
In this activity you will learn how use the
scientific method.
ACTIVITY NO. 1
The Elephant
Toothpaste
25. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
Fair Test
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
The learner describes what is meant by fair test.
The learner recognizes that the design of an investigation should show fair
testing.
26. What is a fair Test?
A fair test is an experimental design that
helps ensure that only one factor or variable in
the experiment is changed while keeping
everything else the same.
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
27. What is a fair Test?
Conducting a fair test is one of the best
practices of experimental research because it
helps prove that the outcome is attributed only
to the manipulative variables.
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
28. The Dependent and the Independent
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
Variable
• Variables- The factor that can be changed in
the experiment.
• Experimental Variables-is allowed to change
in order to determine the effect.
• Dependent Variable-are the variables allow
changes in amount, treatments, or any
applications.
• Independent Variable -are not subject to
change.
29. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
Isolation
• Isolation The scientist separates the material
being studied from everything else
• Control – in any study, the part of the experiment
or test that provides a standard of comparison
with which to confirm or rule out errors in the
experiment.
• Controlled Experiment- where the researchers
isolate and test the effect of the variable.
• Data-information gathered
30. Example of Scientific Method
The Survey on Soap
The study on Petchay
Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
The Experimental Frog
The Correct Story
Laboratory/Activity pp.10
31. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
Scientific Attitude
In this activity you will learn how developed your
scientific attitude.
ACTIVITY NO. 2
Pop Chain
34. The Myth Vs. Science
MYTHS
• The world is flat.
• The center of the universe is Earth.
• Dragons are monsters.
• The race of man came from Eve and
Adam.
35. The Myth Vs. Science
FACTS
• The world is round.
• The center of the Solar System is the Sun.
• Dragons are reptiles and they are not big.
• Man came from apes.
36. Superstitious Vs. Facts
Superstitious Belief
Traditional belief, rituals, and customs that
is being followed or applied without any
scientific bases.
Facts
Any information gathered from scientific
experimentation, result of any observed
phenomenon or event.
37. Science versus Superstation
Science Superstition
differs
from
is supported by is supported by
Scientific attitude Fear of Unknown
and investigated by is counteracted by
Scientific Method Rituals
bring about bring about
Consistent,
repeatable results
Inconsistent,
probabilistic results
38. Science versus Superstation
Science Superstition
is supported by is supported by
Scientific attitude Fear of Unknown
and investigated by is counteracted by
Are bring package about as Are bring package about
as
Theory
Superstitious
Belief
differs
from
Scientific Method Rituals
Consistent,
repeatable results
Inconsistent,
probabilistic results
39. Prepared by: D. C. Tabinga, Jr.
QUIZZES
KNOWLEDGE:
Process:
Understanding:
Oral Recitation:
Pre/Post Test
Teacher Reading/ Activity
________________________________________
Student Reading/Activity
________________________________________
About the Slide
________________________________________
Other Information
Scientists frequently follow a similar approach or procedure in investigating nature. They make observations, draw conclusions from them, perform experiments, test and retest until an acceptable explanation is arrived at.
The following is a more detailed explanation of each steps in a scientific investigation.
To observe means to investigate the object being studied. This includes looking at it, touching it, smelling it, or listening to it. To become more meaningful, observations should be classified. When you classify, you are grouping the data so that all the members of the group have least one characteristic in common.
If the pattern of consistency is found in all observations, a verbal or mathematical statement, which relates a series of observations that have been verified again and again, is formulated. This statement is called a scientific law. The law merely summarized what has been observed.
A problem refers to a query regarding observation. All normal young children are naturally inquisitive, but inquisitiveness in an adult distinguishes the scientist from the layman. Everybody makes observations but only a few show further curiosity. The growth of scientific knowledge is dependent on the skill of a scientist in asking important questions – questions that the application of current knowledge and technology can answer.
It is an educated guess explaining an observation. A hypothesis refers to a tentative model. A scientific model is a picture or representation of that which we cannot see but whose existence would explain some experimental observations. It is only imagined.
A given question may have a thousand possible answers but only one right answer. One will not know whether a guess is correct or not until one has experimented on it. Experimentation is a very important component of science. There are no rules to follow; each experiment in a case unto itself.
A theory always remain tentative]
Meaning of Theory:
A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.
The branch of a science or art consisting of its explanatory statements, accepted principles, and methods of analysis, as opposed to practice: a fine musician who had never studied theory.
A set of theorems that constitute a systematic view of a branch of mathematics.
Abstract reasoning; speculation: a decision based on experience rather than theory.
A belief or principle that guides action or assists comprehension or judgment: staked out the house on the theory that criminals usually return to the scene of the crime.
An assumption based on limited information or knowledge; a conjecture.
Meaning of Law:
A general principle or rule that is assumed or that has been proven to hold between expressions.
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS SKILLS
According to American Association for the Advancement of Science, the basic science skills include (a) observing, (b) classifying, (c) measuring, (d) inferring, (e) predicting, (f) communicating, and (g) using number relationships.
Integrated science process skills include (a) formulating hypothesis, (b) identifying and controlling variables, (c)defining operationally, (d) designing investigation/experimenting, and (e) formulating models.
Scientists investigating phenomena in nature make discoveries and findings. These become products of science. Scientific products may be concepts, principles, generalizations, theories or laws.
Explain the concept of the following myth.
Explain the following modern concept.
1.The world is spherical in shape.
2. It was discovered by Copernicus that the center of the Solar System is the Sun. It was supported by the studies of Galileo Galilee
3. A Living dragon is known as the Comodo dragon. It is a reptile that emit gases that can produce fire.
4. According the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin ---- Man came from apes. Like any organism in the planet we are also a product of evolution.
The teacher is encourage to site more significant scientific theories.