CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Singar Nagar Lucknow best Night Fun service 👔
New England Colonization (Full PPT, AP)
1.
2. “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings,
The soul from purgatory springs.”
--Johann Tetzel,16th C.
The sale of indulgences shown in A Question to a Mintmaker,
woodcut by Jörg Breu the Elder of Augsburg, circa 1530.
3.
The Protestant
Martin Luther began the reformation in 1517
Reformation
with his 95 Thesis protesting the corruption of
the Catholic Church.
Luther’s movement was supported by others
throughout Europe:
– John Calvin, French theologian, reformer and
resident of Switzerland, he founded the school of
theology known as Calvinism
– John Knox, Scottish Calvinist and leader of the
Scottish Reformation.
– Huldrych Zwingli, founder of Swiss reformed
tradition.
– Menno Simons, Anabaptist leader who formalized
Mennonite religion
– Henry VIII & Thomas Cramer – Church of England
4.
Protestant Sects Break
Off
1522: Parallel to Luther’s
work in Germany, a Swiss
Reform movement began in
Switzerland by Ulrich
Zwingli.
1529 – 1536: The political
separation of the Church of
England from Rome under
John Calvin
Henry VIII. Aspects of
Protestantism were later introduced under
Queen Elizabeth.
1560 - Scottish Reformation decisively shaped
the Church of Scotland and all other
Presbyterian churches worldwide.
5. Reformation Traditions
1517
Luther - Melanchthon
Lutheranism
Episcopal
Lutheran
1532
Calvin - Beza
French-Swiss
1519
Zwingli - Bullinger
German-Swiss
1525
Grebel – Manz - Simonsz
Swiss Brethren
1536
Henry VIII - Cranmer
English
08/09/2009
Reformed
Presbyterian
Scottish Presbyterian
Dutch Reformed
}
Anabaptist
Congregational
Mennonites
English Separatists
English Baptists
Anglican
Episcopal
Church of England
7. Basic Protestant Beliefs
Sola scriptura (“by scripture alone”) says
that the Bible (rather than Church tradition or
the Church’s interpretations of the Bible) is
the primary and supreme source of authority
for all Christians.
This does not exclude other sources of authority,
rather it places the Bible superior to all else.
Sola fide (“by faith alone”) holds that
salvation comes by grace through faith alone
in Jesus as the Christ, rather than through
good works.
8. The Rise of Puritanism
• Puritans were a large grouping
of English Protestant reformers
in the 16th and 17th centuries,
who generally followed the
teachings of John Calvin.
• Wanted to “purify” the Church of
England, which they still viewed
as largely Catholic and corrupt.
• Began in the reign Elizabeth I of
England in 1558 as an activist
movement within the Church of
England. Continued throughout
the 17th century.
9. Puritan Beliefs
Believed the Church of England
needed to be “purified” to end
continued corruption
Did not recognize the system of
bishops that ran the Church of
England.
Recognized the individual
congregation as the only biblically
sanctioned organized unit.
Began their congregations with
a covenant between a group of believers and God.
Each congregation elected their ministers, all of whom were
university-trained and who could be voted out by the
congregation.
10. Puritan Beliefs (cont.)
Believed that Adam’s sin
broke his covenant with
God, and therefore man
deserved perpetual
damnation.
God then made a later
covenant with Christ,
whose death offered
grace to a small minority
of people known as the “Saints.”
Believed that because the identity of the Saints
had long since been determined by God
(predestination), there was nothing anyone
could do to win salvation.
11. Puritan Beliefs (cont.)
No one could be entirely sure about who was
one of the elect, but if a person was saved,
he or she naturally lived a godly life. Thus,
their conduct might indicate whether or not
they were saved.
Recognized states by which he or she might
experience knowledge of redemption:
God revealed to individuals the heights to which
he/she must aspire and then the recipient
experienced a profound sense of inadequacy and
despair that served as a prelude to redemption or
“saving grace.”
13. Separatists
Separatist Beliefs:
Puritans who believed only “visible
saints” [those who could demonstrate in
front of their fellow Puritans their
elect status] should be admitted to
church membership.
Because the Church of England enrolled
all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt
they had to share churches with the
“damned.”
Therefore, they believed in a total
break from the Church of England.
14. Puritan sects who joined or refused to join the Church of England
08/09/2009
14
16. The Pilgrim
Separatists
Ship set sail in 1620
102 passengers
Mayflower Compact
08/09/2009
From England →
To Amsterdam, Holland →
To Plymouth, England →
To Massachusetts, America
Plymouth Colony:
first permanent New England settlement
17. The Mayflower
1620 a group of 102
people [half Separatists]
Negotiated with the
Virginia Company to
settle in its
jurisdiction.
Non-Separatists
included Captain Myles
Standish.
Plymouth Bay way
outside the domain of the Virginia Company.
Became squatters without legal right to land &
specific authority to establish a govt.
19. The Mayflower
Compact
November 11, 1620
Written and signed before the
Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.
Not a constitution, but an
agreement to form a crude govt. and
submit to majority rule.
Signed by 41 adult males.
Led to adult male settlers meeting
in assemblies to make laws in town
meetings.
24. Covenant Theology
“Covenant of Grace”:
Between Puritan communities and God. Requires
an active faith, and softens predestination.
Although God chooses the elect, the
relationship is a contract in which punishment
for sins is a judicially proper response to
disobedience
“Social Covenant”:
Between members of Puritan communities
with each other.
Required mutual watchfulness.
No toleration of deviance or disorder.
No privacy.
25. That First Year….
Winter of 1620-1621
Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.
None chose to leave in 1621 when the
Mayflower sailed back.
Fall of 1621 First “Thanksgiving.”
Colony survived with fur [especially
beaver], fish, and lumber.
Plymouth stayed small and economically
unimportant.
1691 only 7,000 people
Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.
26. William Bradford
Self-taught scholar.
Chosen governor of
Plymouth 30 times in
yearly elections.
Worried about
settlements of
non-Puritans
springing up nearby
and corrupting
Puritan society.
28. The MA Bay Colony
1629 non-Separatist Puritans got a royal
(1630)
charter to form the MA Bay Co.
Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in
the Church of England.
They didn’t want to leave the Church, just
its “impurities.”
1630 1,000 people set off in 11 wellstocked ships
Established a colony with Boston as its hub.
“Great Migration” of the 1630s
Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil
War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.
Not all Puritans 20,000 came to MA.
30. John Winthrop
Well-off attorney and manor
lord in England and Puritan
preacher
Famous for his sermon “A
Model of Christian Charity”
discussing a “City Upon the
Hill” of Christian believers
Became 1st governor of Mass.
John Winthrop
Believed that he had a “calling” from God
to lead there.
Served as governor or deputy-governor
for 19 years.
34. Pilgrims v. Puritans
Population:
Many
Dates:
Early (1620)
Later (1629-30)
Social class:
Poor class
Upper middle class
Education:
Uneducated
Educated
Church
status:
Separatists from
Church of England
Loyal to Church of
England
Location:
Settled in Plymouth
Salem, Boston
Leaders:
08/09/2009
Few
Wm. Bradford,
Wm. Brewster
John Endicott,
Miles Standish,
John Winthrop
35. Puritan Myths vs. Reality
“Haunting fear that
someone, somewhere may
be happy”
Books, music, beer, rum,
swam, skated, bowled
Wore black
Blue, violet, green, yellow
Narrow minded
+100: Oxford & Cambridge
“Dumme Doggs”
Established Harvard
after 6 years
Women sheltered
Literate, well read, managed
household
Song-less
Sang a capella, in unison
Minority
1776: 75% of Puritan roots
37. Education in Puritan
New England
Private Education (to age 6):
Reading, writing taught at home
Grammar School (7-10 years):
Grammar, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Latin,
Greek, Hebrew
08/09/2009
College/University (3 years):
Arts: Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric,
Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy
Philosophies: Metaphysics, Ethics,
Natural Science
Seminary (3 years): Taught in Latin,
trivium & quadrivium
38. Cotton Mather
1663-1728
Best-known New
England Puritan divine
of his generation
Published 450 books
and pamphlets
Accused, unfairly, of
instigating the Salem
witchcraft trials
08/09/2009
39. The Bible in New
England
New England colonies
were sometimes called
“Bible Commonwealths”
because they sought
guidance of biblical
scripture for all aspects
of citizen’s lives
Scripture was the
authority in criminal
cases
08/09/2009
41. The Geneva Bible
1560 in Geneva
Used by the Pilgrims &
Puritans in New
England
1560 – 1630:
2000 editions
Bible of Shakespeare,
Bunyan, Cromwell’s
Army
08/09/2009
42. The King James Bible
Committee of English
scholars between
1607-1611
"Authorized Version”
1st carried by John
Winthrop to
Massachusetts in
1630
Supplanted Geneva
Bible
08/09/2009
43.
Decline of Puritan
Religion
1643: 11% church membership
Preaching of the “Jeremiad”
1657: Half-Way Covenant
Secularized state
1677: Solomon Stoddard, acceptance of
the unconverted in the Church
Secularized church
1691: Massachusetts a Royal Colony
No religious bans
08/09/2009
1692: Salem Witch Trials
46. Characteristics of New
England Settlements
Low mortality average life
expectancy was 70 years of age.
Many extended families.
Average 6 children per family.
Average age at marriage:
Women – 22 years old
Men – 27 years old.
47. Patriarchy
Authoritarian male father figures
controlled each household.
Patriarchal ministers and magistrates
controlled
church
congregations
and household
patriarchs.
48. Puritan “Rebels”
Young, popular minister in
Salem.
Argued for a full break
with the Anglican Church.
Condemned MA Bay
Charter.
•
Did not give fair
compensation to Indians.
Denied authority of civil
govt. to regulate religious
behavior.
Roger Williams
1635 found guilty of preaching newe &
dangerous opinions and was exiled.
49. Rhode Island
1636 Roger Williams fled there.
MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to
England to prevent him from founding a
competing colony.
Remarkable political freedom in Providence,
RI
•
Universal manhood suffrage later restricted
by a property qualification.
•
Opposed to special privilege of any kind
freedom of opportunity for all.
RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because
it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping
ground for unbelievers and religious
dissenters More liberal than any other
50. Puritan “Rebels”
Intelligent, strong-willed,
well-spoken woman.
Threatened patriarchal
control.
Antinomialism [direct
revelation]
Means “against the law.”
Carried to logical extremes
Puritan doctrine of
predestination.
Anne
Hutchinson
Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.
Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of
either God or man.
51. Anne Hutchinson’s
Trial Puritan leaders
1638 she confounded the
for days.
Eventually bragged that she had received
her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.
Direct revelation was even more serious
than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??
Puritan leaders banished her she & her
family traveled to RI and later to NY.
She and all but one member of her family
were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester
County.
John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!
54. Puritans vs. Native
Americans
Indians especially weak in New England
epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.
Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended
the settlers.
Cooperation between the two
helped by Squanto.
1621 Chief Massasoit signed
treaty with the settlers.
Autumn, 1621 both groups
celebrated the First Thanksgiving.
56. The Pequot Wars:
Pequots very
powerful tribe
in CT river valley.
1637
1636-
1637 Pequot
War
Whites, with
Narragansett
Indian allies,
attacked Pequot
village on Mystic
River.
Whites set fire
to homes & shot fleeing survivors!
Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy
peace lasted for 40 years.
58. King Philip’s War
(1675-1676}
Only hope for Native
Americans to resist
white settlers was to
UNITE.
Metacom [King Philip to
white settlers]
Massasoit’s son united
Indians and staged
coordinated attacks
on white settlements throughout New England.
Frontier settlements forced to retreat to
Boston.
59. King Philip’s War
(1675-1676}
The war ended in failure for the Indians
Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.
His son and wife sold into slavery.
Never a serious threat in New England again!!
The reign of Elizabeth I witnessed the establishment of the Church of England as the Episcopal or Anglican community. It was a church defined by Elizabeth’s discomfort with the Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. The church adopted a Lutheran willingness to affirm a measure of political headship over the church, liturgical ritual in worship, and a mild Calvinism in theology. This troubled many, particularly those who had been influenced by Calvinism with its emphasis on simplicity in worship style. A movement gradually emerged in England as an alternative to Episcopalianism: Puritanism. This movement was suppressed during the reign of Elizabeth.
Peregrine Falcon? In the Roman Empire visitors came to Rome speaking many different kinds of strange Latin. They were called “Peregrinus” or strangers. In later English, the spelling and pronunciation changed to Pilgrims.
Scrooby (Nottinghamshire, North England) separatists
Some of these separatist groups immigrated to Holland. In 1620 one of the separatist congregations sailed for New England on the Mayflower. The ship sailed from Plymouth, England, on September 16, 1620, with 102 passengers, including 32 children. Two people died, two were born. The ship was headed for Virginia, where the colonists had been authorized to settle. As a result of cross-winds and dangerous sand bars, the vessel failed to make good its course, and on November 21 the Mayflower rounded the end of Cape Cod and dropped anchor off the site of present-day Provincetown, Massachusetts.
On December 21, an area having been selected, the Pilgrims disembarked from the Mayflower near the head of Cape Cod and founded Plymouth Colony, the first permanent settlement in New England.
The Pilgrims were probably more than 500 mi northeast of their intended destination in the Hudson River area of present day New York. The patent for their settlement in the New World, issued by the London Company, was no longer binding, and some among the passengers desired total independence from their shipmates. To prevent this, 41 of the adult male passengers, including John Alden, William Bradford, William Brewster, John Carver, Miles Standish, and Edward Winslow, gathered in the cabin of the Mayflower and formulated and signed the Mayflower Compact; all adult males were required to sign. This compact consolidated the passengers into a “civil body politic,” which had the power to frame and enact laws appropriate to the general good of the planned settlement. All colonists were bound to obey the ordinances so enacted. This compact established rule of the majority, which remained a primary principle of government in Plymouth Colony until its absorption by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691.
Governor William Bradford wrote, “They had now no friends to welcome them nor inns to entertain or refresh their weather-beaten bodies; no houses or much less towns to repair to. … And for the season, it was winter. … What could they see but a hideous and desolate wilderness? … What could now sustain them but the Spirit of God and his grace?”
201 vs. 40,000-50,000
Both of these colonies united in 1691 to form Massachusetts
Puritans were not opposed to parties. They certainly did not have sexual hang-ups. They were not prudes.
It’s true that promiscuity was absent from colonial New England. But for husband and wife, sex was important, and Puritan families were routinely large. A spouse could be punished by the authorities for withholding sex from his or her partner.
Puritans were not teetotalers. Scholars estimate the Puritans had a rum-consumption rate that surpasses the alcohol-consumption rate in the twentieth century.
They were intense lovers and intense haters. They were intensely reverent.
They were alarmed about secularism, though they would have called it infidelity. The Puritans also feared the rising generation would not measure up to the piety of their fathers and mothers. They often talked about loss of faith in their children.
Puritans had the yearning to build a Christian civilization, a new world order. Creating this was the adventure of a lifetime.
In John Winthrop’s famous speech aboard the Arbella, the Puritans fixed on what I would call “a world-regenerative creed.” They believed, “We are reforming not only Anglicanism and Christendom but the whole world.”
Ministers were enormously respected, people for whom the laity literally traveled the ends of the earth. The most famous case would be Anne Hutchinson, who convinced her family to follow her minister, John Cotton, to America.
In America, only two “theocracies” have lasted for any length of time: the Puritans in New England, and the Mormons in Utah.
The Puritans’ charter was revoked in 1689, so the Puritans could no longer compel assent. They had to tolerate Quakers and Anglicans. This created a real crisis of meaning: How do we survive in a pluralistic world?
Today, we take religious toleration for granted. What would terrify us would be the exact opposite—a theocracy, such as we see in the Middle East.
They exerted an influence in American culture disproportionate to their numbers.
For instance, they gave us a world-regenerative creed, a vision that America is “a city set upon a hill.” That vision infuses American literature, foreign policy—our entire sense of identity. Today, we call it “American Exceptionalism”
Puritan ABCs: The New England Primer (1683) taught both the alphabet and faith. the letter U, for example, was remembered by Uriah’s beauteous wife Made David seek his Life. The primer was so popular, Benjamin Franklin was printing it nearly a century later.
By 5 or 6 could read and write (private school or home schooling)
Latin school for 7 years:
Grammar, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Latin, Greek, Hebrew (not in seminary)
College: 3 years
Seminary: 3 years
Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Geometry & Astronomy
Metaphysics, Ethics, Natural Science, Ancient History,
… all taught in Latin
99% literacy, even on the frontier
Cotton Mather (1663-1728), the best-known New England Puritan divine of his generation, was a controversial figure in his own time and remains so among scholars today. A formidable intellect and a prodigious writer, Mather published some 450 books and pamphlets. He was at the center of all of the major political, theological, and scientific controversies of his era.
At 18, he prayed that if affliction would help him love God, “Lord … here I am; afflict me; do what though wilt with me; kill me; for thy Grace hath made me willing to die; only, only, only, help me to delight in thee, and to glorify thy dearest Name.”
named for his maternal grandfather, the learned John Cotton. mastering Latin, Greek, and Hebrew as a child and graduating from Harvard at the tender age of 15.
Converted as a teenager, he followed his father and grandfather into the ministry at Boston’s North Church.
Cotton shared his father’s commitment to evangelical Calvinism, taking great pains to maintain a united front with him against their adversaries. But where Increase’s sermons were plain and direct, Cotton’s were flowery and ornate, full of literary references and theological tangents.
Father and son also parted company in their pastoral priorities. While Increase focused on the pulpit and study, Cotton canvassed house by house across Boston, catechizing parishioners and evangelizing the unchurched. He even composed an instructional pamphlet to guide other pastors in this undertaking.
Cotton also organized lay societies, generally numbering a dozen or so members, which met in private residences once or twice a month to pray, study the Bible, and share one another’s burdens. Such groups contributed greatly to the vitality of North Church.
Regrettably, most closely associated with Cotton’s name today is the execution of nineteen alleged witches in Salem Village in 1692. Cotton, like most of his contemporaries, believed in witches, and he wrote in defense of witch trials. But he denounced, as did his father, the way the Salem trials were being handled, insisting on more objective proof. The united opposition of Boston’s clergy was crucial to aborting the trials and saving dozens from the gallows.
Cotton authored hundreds of books on topics ranging from theology and the supernatural to medicine and local history.
For years, Cotton Mather sought New England’s spiritual awakening, praying that God would again pour out his Spirit on its churches and communities. His death in 1728 brought an end to a spiritual dynasty, but within a decade came the answer to his prayers—the Great Awakening
The New England colonies have often been called "Bible Commonwealths" because they sought the guidance of the scriptures in regulating all aspects of the lives of their citizens. Scripture was cited as authority for many criminal statutes.
Implied, Unasked Question: A “Christian Country”?
The era of the Reformation saw a flurry of translations of the Scriptures. The first complete Bible in English is commonly attributed to John Wycliffe, though we now know that it was the work of two of his disciples, Nicholas of Hereford and John Purvey. The advent of printing, exemplified in the famous Gutenberg Bible, had and enormous effect on the availability of Bible knowledge. The first printed Bible in English, and the first done independently of the Latin Vulgate (of the Medieval Era), was the work of William Tyndale.
The Geneva Bible was published in English in Geneva in 1560 by English reformers who fled to the continent to escape persecutions by Queen Mary. Their leader was William Whittingham, who married a sister of John Calvin. The Geneva Bible was used by the Pilgrims and Puritans in New England until it was gradually replaced by the King James Bible. According to one twentieth-century scholar, "between 1560 . . . and 1630 no fewer than about two hundred editions of the Geneva Bible, either as a whole or of the New Testament separately, appeared. It was the Bible of Shakespeare and of John Bunyan and of Cromwell’s Army and of the Pilgrim Fathers."
The first edition of the King James Bible, also called the "Authorized Version," was composed by a committee of English scholars between 1607 and 1611. The first copy of the King James Bible known to have been brought into the colonies was carried by John Winthrop to Massachusetts in 1630. Gradually the King James Bible supplanted the Geneva Bible and achieved such a monopoly of the affections of the English-speaking peoples that a scholar in 1936 complained that many "seemed to think that the King James Version is the original Bible which God handed down out of heaven, all done up in English by the Lord himself."
By 1643, only 11% held church membership, excluding many wealthy
Jeremiad: lamenting the loss of original fervor and exhorted people to amend their ways
Puritan concept of church: all who give proof of regeneration, together with their children. Children are considered saints because they shared the covenant with their parents (sign: infant baptism)
Problem: second generation (children) grew to maturity without a conversion. Are they members of the church?
What about the children of the unsaved 2nd generation?
Yes: concept of church is altered
No: no political privilege
Result: Children of 2nd generation could be church members and be baptized – but could not participate in the Lords Supper or Church elections.
Further decline: membership granted to anyone of an ethical life.
Solomon Stoddard: allowed unconverted to the Lord’s Table (they might become saved) – Grandfather of Jonathan Edwards
Witch Trials: gave Puritanism a “black eye”
One of the most infamous episodes in Puritan history was the Salem Witch Trials of the 1690’s. The view of the day was that the affliction of Samuel Parris’s daughter and several others was caused by colonists who were in league with the devil. Had this been the case, a witch hunt would have been appropriate. Some recent historians have tried to find a sociological root for it. Others have suggested that the problem stemmed from demonic influence exerted through the girls that the accused were actually the innocent.
In February 1692, several young Salem girls, after they were caught practicing magic, claimed they had been afflicted by witches.
Their parents begun searching for the witches, and hysteria mounted, especially as pastor Samuel Parris proclaimed, “In this very church, God knows how many Devils there are!” A public witch-hunt soon arrested 150 people; 19 were hanged for witchcraft, and one man was executed for refusing to testify.
But witch-hunts did arise in other New England towns—Ambridge in 1659, Hartford in 1662–63, Boston in 1688, and infamously in Salem Village (now Danvers) in 1692.
What tensions rose to the surface in 1692 and resulted in this witch-hunt?
some tensions originated in the religious expectations of Puritanism.
One expectation was that believers fulfill, to the best of their ability, their moral duties. Another was that they examine their motives—in Puritan parlance, their “hearts”—to see whether they had sufficiently repented of sin and trusted entirely in the mercy of Christ. Puritanism intensely and regularly posed this question: Are you sincere?
Answering this question often resulted in self-doubt and uncertainty. One woman, Mary Toothaker, “had thoughts she was rather the worse for her baptism and had wished she had not been baptized because she had not improved it as she ought to have done.”
Puritans practiced the ritual of confession, and confession became crucial to witch-hunting. To confess was to make visible the hidden sin that lurked in everyone. This was a crucial step, and well accepted, in the process of salvation. When men and women joined the church in early New England, for instance, they were asked to confess their sins.
The magistrates and ministers who questioned the accused at Salem asked them to reveal their hidden allegiance to Satan. Because Puritans felt heavily the weight of their sin, and because confession was an integral part of their lives, we should not be surprised that some fifty men and women confessed to having joined with the Devil.
The Puritans believed that God had entered into a special relationship with godly people. This relationship obliged them to purge themselves of sins, personal and communal, that inevitably accumulated. The ministers and magistrates in New England believed witch hunting, and the public executions that concluded it, cleansed the community of evil.
19 women and 2 dogs hanged.
Puritan dream was that they’d establish “Kingdom of God” in America… a “City on a hill”
Children would be saints, and beget children who were saints
The dream failed in 100 years they forgot one things: God has no grandchildren.
And the monopoly of church membership being required for civic office so angered a Virginian lawyer that he wrote “The Bill of Religious Freedom”
Who?: Thomas Jefferson
One of 3 things on his tombstone.
