This document provides a summary of key information about diabetes mellitus including: - The different types of diabetes, their causes and treatments - Risk factors, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic criteria - Acute and chronic complications if blood sugar is not well controlled - Guidelines for diet, exercise, medication and insulin management - Importance of preventative foot care to reduce risk of infections and amputations

1. A thorough discussion about the Assessment and Management of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Prepared by: Dave Jay S. Manriquez RN.

8. Learn More about Diabetes Mellitus with this Song Rap….

14. The Pancreas….

15. Learn more about pancreas with this video presentation….

17. Learn More About Insulin with this video presentation….

18. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Related Glucose Intolerance Etiology includes obesity, heredity, and environmental factors Oral hypoglycemic agents may improve blood glucose level Acute complication: hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome Adult onset diabetes Maturity onset diabetes Ketosis resistant diabetes Stable diabetes Type 2: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) Etiology includes genetic, immunologic, and or environmental factors Need insulin to preserve life Acute complication of hyperglycemia: diabetic ketoacidosis Juvenile diabetes Ketosis prone diabetes Brittle diabetes Type 1: Insulin – dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Clinical Characteristics Previous Classifications Current Classification

19. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Related Glucose Intolerance Onset during pregnanacy 2 nd and 3 rd trimester Due to hormones secreted by placenta , which inhibit the action of insulin Risk factor: obesity, age over 30, family hx of diabetes, previous large babies (over 9lb) Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes Accompanied by conditions known or suspected to cause the disease: pancreatic diseases; hormonal abnormalities; drug such as glucocorticoids and estrogen containing preparations Secondary diabetes Diabetes mellitus associated with other conditions or syndromes Clinical Characteristics Previous Classifications Current Classification

20. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Related Glucose Intolerance Previous history of hyperglycemia (eg. Pregnancy or illness) No hx of glucose intolerance but increase risk of diabetes due to family hx, obese, race Latent diabetes Prediabetes Previous abnormality of glucose tolerance Potential abnormality of glucose tolerance Blood glucose levels between normal and that of diabetes 25% eventually develop diabetes May be obese or nonobese; obese should reduce weight Borderline diabetes Chemical diabetes Subclinical diabetes Asymptomatic diabetes Impaired glucose intolerance Clinical Characteristics Previous Classifications Current Classification

23. Learn more about Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 with this video presentation….

25. Learn more about Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 with this video presentations….

27. Learn more about Blood Glucose Monitoring with this video presentation….

34. Learn more about Chronic Complications of Diabetes with this video presentation….

47. A Gangrene Foot….

48. Transmetatarsal (TM) amputation

50. BELOW KNEE AMPUTATION DUE TO ISCHEMIA NECROSIS

51. Learn more about Diabetic Foot Care with this video presentation….

53. 2. Exercise Regular exercise is an important part of diabetes control. Daily exercise . . . * Improves cardiovascular fitness * Helps insulin to work better and lower blood sugar * Lowers blood pressure and cholesterol levels * Reduces body fat and controls body weight Exercise at least 3 time a week for ate least 30 minutes each session. Always carry quick sugar sources like candy or softdrink to avoid hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) during and after exercise.

54. 3. Control your weight If you are overweight or obese, start weight reduction by diet and exercise. This improves your cardiovascular risk profile. * It lowers your blood sugar * It improves your lipid profile * It improves your blood pressure control 4. Quit smoking. Smoking is harmful to your health.

55. 5. Maintain a normal blood pressure. Since having hypertension puts a person at high risk of cardiovascular disease, especially if it is associated with diabetes, reliable BP monitoring and control is recommended.

59. Learn more about Insulin Preparation and Injecting Insulin with this video presentation….

63. Doctor’s View about Diabetes Mellitus 1 & 2 thru video presentations….

64. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR WATCHING AND LISTENING