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Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch03
1.
Ethics: Discovering Right and
Wrong Louis P. Pojman and James Fieser 8th edition
2.
Chapter Three: Moral Objectivism
The people who enslaved Seba violated at least three basic moral principles: Respect the freedom of rational beings. Don’t cause unnecessary suffering. Always treat people as ends in themselves, never merely as means. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
3.
Moral Objectivism (continued)
There are objective universal moral principles, valid for all people and all social environments. This chapter examines several versions of objectivism, but ultimately accepts a view called moderate objectivism. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
4.
Moral Absolutism vs. Moral
Objectivism Moral absolutism is the view that there are nonoverrideable and exceptionless moral principles that one ought never violate. Moral objectivism shares the notion that principles have universal, objective validity. Denies that moral norms are necessarily exceptionless. Aquinas’s Objectivism and Absolutism Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) follows an objectivist approach called natural law theory. Aquinas was a moral absolutist, and he developed the doctrine of double effect. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
5.
Natural Law Theory
(1 of 2) An eternal moral law exists that can be discovered through reason by looking at the nature of humanity and society. Introduced by the Stoics (first century BCE), who believed humans have a divine spark, logos spermatikos, enabling discovery of eternal laws. The universe is governed by rational laws that all creation obeys, but humans have the power of choice. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
6.
Natural Law Theory
(2 of 2) Aquinas combined the Stoic’s cosmic law with Aristotle’s concept that humans, like every natural object, have a specific nature, purpose, and function. For Aquinas, reason’s deliberative processes discover the natural laws. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
7.
Key Ideas of
the Natural Law Tradition Humans have an essential rational nature established by God, who designed us to live and flourish in prescribed ways. Even without knowledge of God, reason, as the essence of our nature, can discover laws necessary for human flourishing. The natural laws are universal and unchangeable, and one should use them to judge individual societies and their positive laws. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
8.
Doctrine of Double
Effect It provides a tidy method for solving all moral disputes in which an act will have two effects, one good and the other bad. It is always wrong to do a bad act intentionally to bring about good consequences, but it is sometimes permissible to do a good act despite knowing that it will bring about bad consequences. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
9.
Four Conditions of Morally
Permissible Acts The nature-of-the-act condition: The act must be morally good or indifferent. The means-end condition: The bad effect must not be the means by which one achieves the good effect. The right-intention condition: The intention must be to achieve only the good effect, with the bad effect as an unintended side effect. The proportionality condition: The good effect must be at least equivalent in importance to the bad effect. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
10.
Problems with the Doctrine
of Double Effect Some prescriptions seem counterintuitive. It is not always clear how closely an effect must be connected with the act to be counted as the intended act. How do we describe an act? This doctrine may be too closely tied to a teleological view of human nature. Alternatives: Prima facie duties © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
11.
Moderate Objectivism If
we can establish or show that it is reasonable to believe that there is at least one objective moral principle that is binding on all people, then we will have shown that relativism is probably false and that a limited objectivism is true. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
12.
Core Morality The
core morality is made up of principles necessary for the good life within a flourishing human community. They are not arbitrary; we can give reasons that explain why they are constitutive elements of a successful society, necessary for social cohesion and personal well- being. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
13.
Ten Principles that
are Examples of Core Morality Do not kill innocent people. Do not cause unnecessary pain or suffering. Do not lie or deceive. Do not steal or cheat. Keep your promises and honor your contracts. Do not deprive another person of his or her freedom. Do justice, treating people as they deserve to be treated. Reciprocate: Show gratitude for services rendered. Help other people, especially when the cost to oneself is minimal. Obey just laws. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
14.
Our Common Human
Nature An objectivist bases his or her moral system on a common human nature with common needs and desires. There is more that unites all humanity than divides us. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
15.
Arguments for Objectivism
(1 of 2) Human nature is relatively similar, having a common set of basic needs and interests. Moral principles are functions of human needs and interests, instituted by reason to meet human needs and promote their most significant interests. Some moral principles meet needs and promote interests better than others. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
16.
Arguments for Objectivism
(2 of 2) Moral principles that meet essential needs and promote the most significant interests are objectively valid. Therefore, because there is a common human nature, there is an objectively valid set of moral principles, applicable to all humanity. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
17.
Ethical Situationalism Objective
moral principles are to be applied differently in different contexts. Ethical situationalism is different from ethical relativism, which denies universal ethical principles altogether. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
18.
Conclusion Moderate objectivism
holds that a core set of moral principles is universally valid. Morality is situational. A functional account of objective morality comes from the notion that morality serves specific human functions in promoting the human good. A naturalistic account establishes the core morality. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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