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Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch06
1.
Ethics: Discovering Right and
Wrong Louis P. Pojman and James Fieser 8th edition
2.
Chapter Six: Egoism, Self-Interest,
and Altruism Nestlé’s infant formula One of the most notorious examples of selfishness in the business world. Its marketing in developing countries lured poor mothers into infant formula dependency. Its use required 70% of a family’s income, so mothers diluted it with contaminated local water, resulting in the death of millions of infants. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
3.
Two Main Types
of Egoism Psychological egoism—We always do that act that we perceive to be in our own best self-interest. Ethical egoism—Everyone ought always to do those acts that will serve his or her own best self-interest. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
4.
Psychological Egoism This
view claims to be a description of human nature: It makes no difference what action I perform, all my actions are selfishly motivated. Proof to support this view: The argument from self-satisfaction The argument from self-deception © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
5.
The Argument from Self-Satisfaction
Everyone is an egoist because everyone always tries to do what will bring him or her satisfaction. For any act A, everyone does A in order to obtain satisfaction. We all do the act that we most want to do, and as a consequence, we are satisfied by the success of carrying out the act. We always try to do what we most want to do and, as a consequence of success in carrying out the act, experience satisfaction. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
6.
The Paradox of
Hedonism The best way to get happiness is to forget about it. You have a higher probability of attaining happiness if you aim at accomplishing worthy goals that will indirectly bring about happiness. This seems to suggest that psychological egoism has severe problems. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
7.
The Argument from Self-Deception
(1 of 2) The psychological egoist alters the interpretation of S to include subconscious motivations. The thesis now states that sometimes we are self- deceived about our motivation, but whenever we overcome self-deception and really look deep into our motivational schemes, we find an essential selfishness. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
8.
The Argument from Self-Deception(2
of 2) Problems with this argument: It seems to be an unfalsifiable dogma. It commits the fallacy of unwarranted generalization. We may not be entirely egoists or necessarily selfish. Predominant psychological egoism may be true, but it doesn’t rule out the possibility of disinterested action. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
9.
Ethical Egoism (1
of 2) Morally right actions maximize the best interest of oneself, even when it conflicts with others’ interests. However, this viewpoint does not maintain that every person ought to serve the best interests of me specifically. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
10.
Ethical Egoism (2
of 2) Arguments in favor of this view: The argument from strict psychological egoism Hobbes’s argument from predominant psychological egoism Smith’s economic argument Rand’s argument for the virtue of selfishness © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
11.
The Argument from
Strict Psychological Egoism 1. We all always seek to maximize our own self-interest. 2. If one cannot do an act, one has no obligation to do that act (ought implies can). 3. Altruistic acts involve putting other people’s interests ahead of our own. 4. But, altruism contradicts psychological egoism and so is impossible (by premises 1 and 3). 5. Therefore, altruistic acts are never morally obligatory (by premises 2 and 4). This argument does not show that we are morally obligated to perform any acts whatsoever, so it fails. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
12.
Hobbes’s Argument from Predominant
Psychological Egoism Selfishness forces us into chaos, and selfishness forces us to solve the problem through mutually agreed-on moral codes. Problem with Hobbes’s argument: It assumes we cannot do any better than be egoists, so we should be as strategic about our egoism as possible. His theory is plausible but not foolproof. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
13.
Smith’s Economic Argument (1
of 2) Individual self-interest in a competitive marketplace produces a state of optimal goodness for society at large. An “invisible hand” almost magically directs the economy when we pursue our self-interest. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
14.
Smith’s Economic Argument (2
of 2) It leaves in place a two-tier system: Tier 2: General goal—social utility Tier 1: Individual motivation—egoistic Problems with this argument: It is unclear whether you can transpose economic methods into personal relations. It is not clear that classical laissez-faire capitalism works. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
15.
Rand’s Argument for
the Virtue of Selfishness (1 of 3) Selfishness is a virtue and altruism is a vice—a totally destructive idea that undermines individual worth. Every individual has a duty to seek his or her own good first, regardless of how it affects others. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
16.
Rand’s Argument for
the Virtue of Selfishness (2 of 3) Happiness is our highest goal, and we have a moral duty to attempt to reach it. Altruism prescribes that we sacrifice our interests and lives for the good of others. Therefore, altruism is incompatible with the goal of happiness. Ethical egoism prescribes that we seek our own happiness exclusively. Therefore, ethical egoism is the correct moral theory. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
17.
Rand’s Argument for
the Virtue of Selfishness (3 of 3) Problems with this argument: It appears to be flawed by the fallacy of a false dilemma. Rand slides back and forth between advocating selfishness and self-interest, which are different concepts. Thus, Rand’s thesis is not supported by a good argument, and it is contradicted by our common moral experience. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
18.
Arguments Against Ethical Egoism
The inconsistent outcomes argument The publicity argument The paradox of ethical egoism The argument from counterintuitive consequences The problem of future generations © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
19.
The Inconsistent Outcomes Argument
Brian Medlin argues that ethical egoism cannot be true because it fails to meet a necessary condition of morality—being a guide to action. Jesse Kalin responds that we can separate our beliefs about ethical situations from our desires. Thus, this argument fails. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
20.
The Publicity Argument
An egoist cannot publicly advertise his or her egoistic project without harming that very project. The egoist could publicly advocate standard principles of traditional morality to keep society from falling apart, while secretly holding to a personal egoistic moral agenda. Thus, egoism could be a consistent system, but its solipsistic-directed norms count against its viability. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
21.
The Paradox of
Ethical Egoism To reach the goal of egoism, one must give up egoism and become (to some extent) an altruist, the very antithesis of egoism. The pursuit of genuine friendship counts against ethical egoism. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
22.
The Argument from Counterintuitive
Consequences Ethical egoism is an absolute moral system that not only permits egoistic behavior, but also demands it. Helping others at one’s own expense is not only not required, but it is also morally wrong. This seems counterintuitive because it goes against our normal conception of fairness. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
23.
The Problem of
Future Generations Egoism seems unable to deal with the problem of obligations to posterity. The egoist gains nothing by preserving natural resources for future generations that do not yet exist and thus can give no benefit to the egoist. Most of us find it intuitively obvious that we have obligations to future people, so ethical egoism cannot be a sufficient theory. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
24.
Conclusion Martin Luther
said that humanity is like a man who mounts a horse and falls off on the opposite side, especially when he tries to compensate for his previous exaggerations. Ethical egoism falls off the horse on the other side because it embraces self-exaltation and tries to compensate for an irrational, guilt-ridden, altruism of the morality of self-effacement. Only one who avoids both extremes is likely to ride the horse of happiness to its goal. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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