This paper presents the development of hybrid electric vehicles, classifications of hybrid electric vehicles based on the arrangement of the internal combustion engine and the electric motor for traction.

1. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research
Development
International Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Technology Development - 2018
Volume 5, Special Issue 05, March-2018 (UGC Approved)
Organized By SS College of Engineering, Udaipur 1
e-ISSN (O): 2348-4470
p-ISSN (P): 2348-6406
Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 5.71
A Detailed Review of Technology of Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Vinay Panchal1
, Priyanshu Panchal1
, Ankit Damor1
, Dheeraj Kumar Dhaked2
Student, Department of Electrical Engineering, SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Asst. Prof., Department of Electrical Engineering, SS College of Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Abstract —Thetechnology of hybrid electric vehicle is presented. This paper presents the development of hybrid electric
vehicles, classifications of hybrid electric vehicles based on the arrangement of the internal combustion engine and the
electric motor for traction.
Keywords- - Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Fossil Fuel, Fuel Cell.
I. INTRODUCTION
Conventional vehicles operate on the principle of internal combustion engine (ICE) that runs on fossil fuels (gasoline or
diesel) from oil deposits that are millions of years old. ICE vehicles emit carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, sulphur oxides,
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon through their tailpipes. These gases result in global warming through greenhouse gas
effects and pollution effects which are harmful to both environment and lives. Also the prices of fossil fuels keep rising
astronomically. There is a growing scientific consensus that increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions are changing the
earth’s climate [1]. Also oil prices continue to sky rocket while tougher regulations and policies on permitted exhaust gases
are being instituted in major cities of the world. These and some other related issues are compelling vehicle manufacturers to
come up with fuel efficient vehicles. These types of vehicles are known as hybrid electric vehicles. Hybrid as it affects
vehicles could be in terms of the fuel used in the internal combustion engine of vehicles (fuel hybridization) or the
combination of propulsive power from an internal combustion engine with that produced by electric energy stored in
batteries (drive – train hybridization).The latter which is also known as electric – internal combustion hybrid.
In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for creating propulsion power, some vehicles also use distinct
energy input types or fuels. For example, flexible –fuel vehicles can use a mixture of gasoline and natural gas. Some vehicles
too have been modified to use another fuel source if available. For instance some cars that run on propane and diesels are
modified to run on waste vegetable oil.
Fig.1: Hybrid Electric Vehicle
II. ALTERNATIVE FUELS
The alternative fuels are mainly considered to be those from renewable sources like ethanol and methanol from crops or
cellulose and biomass from rot of organic material. Alternative fuels like methanol from natural gas or gasol are of fossil fuel
origin, but have lower emissions than gasoline and diesel.
Engine
Vehicle
MotorBattery
Power
Splitter

2. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
ICCITD-2018, Volume 5, Special Issue 05, March-2018
Organized By SS College of Engineering, Udaipur 2
A. Ethanol
Ethanol is produced through fermentation of sugar, which can be extracted from crops or cellulose. All gasoline powered
passenger cars can without any technical modifications be tanked with 10-15% of ethanol. This is also possible for diesel
engines after some minor adjustments. The advantages of using ethanol are mainly reduction in the emission of harmful
exhaust gases such as reduced carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and soot particles.
B. Methanol
This is mainly produced from natural gas, even though it is also possible to produce methanol from biomass. The use of
methanol also yields reduced emissions.
Biogas
Biomass is produced from organic rest products and from cultivated biomass. It is today considered to be the bio-fuel with
the least harmful impacts on the environment. The gas consists of methane gas, carbon dioxide and water. The methane gas
can be used as fuel in vehicle engines.
C. Natural Gas
Natural gas is a fossil fuel with main methane as the main contaminant. The emissions of carbon dioxide from the use of
natural gas is 15-20%lower than by using gasoline. Engines using natural gas have mainly low emissions of particles and
hydrocarbons.
D. Gasol
Gasol is basically a fossil fuel. The gas is quite relatively cheap and gives low exhaust emissions compared with gasoline and
diesel.
E. Hydrogen Gas (Fuel Cell)
The fuel cells replace the thermal engine/generator group. The associate hybrid structure is always the series one. A fuel cell
is an electrochemical energy conversion device. It produces electricity, water and heat when hydrogen fuel and oxygen from
the air are used. Water is the only emission when hydrogen is used [2]. In an automotive fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen
undergo a relatively cool, electrochemical reaction that directly produces electrical energy. This electrical energy is fed into
motor to power the wheels of the vehicle. The problem with this type of fuel is that hydrogen is not found naturally and as
such has to be produced. It also has to be stored. Also there is the possibility of explosion that may occur should hydrogen
leak and get in contact with air (take for instance during auto accident). However, hydrogen gas used as fuel cells is
considered to be an optimal energy carrier
for the future[1].
Types of fuel cell available are Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC), Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
(DMFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) [1, 3].
III. BATTERIES
Batteries are portable sources of electrical energy which is converted to mechanical energy in the electric motor for
propulsion. There are many types of batteries in existence for hybrid electric vehicle application. They are Lead Acid, Nickel
Iron, Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Metal Hydride, Lithium Polymer, Lithium Iron, Sodium Sulphur and Sodium Metal Chloride.
Examples of metal air battery which are mechanically refueled are: Aluminum – Air and Zinc – Air [3].
IV. ELECTRIC/INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE HYBRID
This involves basically the combination of two power sources, an internal combustion engine and an electrical machine [4].
The electrical machine is designed to handle transient power variations and helps the engine to operate more constantly such
that higher efficiency and lower tailpipe emissions can be achieved [2]. There are many ways to create an electric – internal
combustion hybrid. The variety of electric – ICE designs can be differentiated by how the electric and combustion portions of
the power train connect, at what times each portion is operation and what percent of the power is provided by each hybrid
component. Two major categories are:-
Series hybrids andParallel hybrids [6,7]

3. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
ICCITD-2018, Volume 5, Special Issue 05, March-2018
Organized By SS College of Engineering, Udaipur 3
A. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles
The series hybridis a combination of energy sources. The traction is obtained by only one central electric motor or by
wheelhub motors. The on-board total energy source results from the combination of two or more energy sources. Hence a
decoupling of the operation of the energy source from the required traction power is possible.The advantage of this type of
hybrid is theflexibility afforded by the lack of a mechanical link betweenthe internal combustion engine and the wheels.
B. Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
The parallel hybrid is a combination of traction systems. A combination of electric machines and internal combustion engine,
being part of two or moredriveshafts, perform the traction. Each driveshaft has to be associated with an energy source. The
parallel hybrid drives realise a purely mechanical power addition.Parallel hybrid systems connect both the electrical and
internal combustion systems to the mechanical transmission. They can be sub – classified on the bases of the ratio of
contribution to the motive power of the different component or portion. In some cases the internal combustion engine is the
dominant component and is used to supply power primarily with the battery supplying power only when a boost is needed.
Others can run with just the electric system operating alone.
V. POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS (DRIVES)
A.Inverter
An inverter is a device that converts a direct current (DC) from battery or a similar source into an alternating current (AC)
which can be used for driving AC electrical motors. It consists of a power module, DC link capacitors, sensors, a filter and a
control system. The power module is made of high – power fast – acting semiconductor devices such as bipolar junction
transistor (BJT), metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), insulated gate bipolar transistor
(IGBT), silicon – controlled rectifier (SCR) etc. Electric machine is current intensive; therefore theswitching devices must
have the high current capabilities [4].
B. Rectifier
A rectifier does opposite of what an inverter does. It is a device that converts an alternating current (AC) from the utility grid
to a direct current (DC) for direct current applications such as direct current (DC) motor drives. It also has all the components
like the inverter. The switching devices are just like the ones used in inverter.
C. Two-Quardrant Converters
A two – quadrant converter is a converter that can act both as a rectifier and an inverter. It makes the flow of current and
power in bidirectional form possible. This type of converter becomes necessary in hybrid electric vehicle drive because of the
need to recover braking power through regeneration. Othertypes of converters that may find application in hybrid electric
vehicle drive includes PWM DC/DC Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost and Cuk converter.
VI. BENEFITS OF HYBRID VEHICLES
There are large and growing reasons why hybrid vehicles are the future of auto-industry worldwide. Among many advantages
that have given hybrid vehicle edge over its internal combustion engine counterpart are as follows:
 The internal combustion engine in a hybrid vehicle is much smaller, lighter and more efficient than the one in a
conventional vehicle. This is because the engine can be sized for slightly above average power demand rather than peak
power demand.
 A standard combustion engine is required to operate over a range of speed and power, yet its highest efficiency is in a
narrow range of operation where as in a hybrid vehicle, the engine operates within its range of highest efficiency.
 The power curve of electric motors is s better suited to Variable speeds and can provide substantially greater Torque at
low speeds compared with internal combustion engines.
 Hybrid vehicles are much more energy efficient than traditional internal combustion engine vehicles because they
generally provide greater fuel economy. This statistic has a major implication for the reducing gasoline consumption and
vehicle air pollution emissions worldwide.
 There is reduced wear and tear on the gasoline engine.

4. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
ICCITD-2018, Volume 5, Special Issue 05, March-2018
Organized By SS College of Engineering, Udaipur 4
VII. REFERENCES
[1] S. Thomas, and M. Zalbowitz, “Fuel Cell”, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, unpublished.
[2] F.Magnussen, “On design and analysis of synchronous permanent magnet for field – weakening operation,” Ph.D.
dissertation, Royal Institute of Tech., Sweden, 2004.
[3] I. Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Design Fundamentals. Boca Raton. CRC Press, 2003, pp.1-263
[4] A. Emadi, “Modeling and Analysis of Multiconverter DC Power Electronic Systems Using the Generalized State-Space
AveragingMethod”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 51, Issue 3, June 2004, pp 661 – 668.
[6] A. Emadi, and M. Eshani, “Aircraft Power Systems: Technology, State of the Art, and Future Trends” Aerospace and
Electronics Systems Magazine, IEEE Vol. 15, Issue 1, Jan. 2000, pp 28 – 32.
[7] G. D. Omnitrans, and M. C. Simon, A series hybrid electric drive optimized for large transit bus.