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Chapter 2 demand and supply
1.
Principles of Microeconomics
2.
2 DEMAND AND SUPPLYDEMAND
AND SUPPLY CHAPTER 2 2
3.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western DEMAND AND SUPPLY
4.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western DEMAND • Definition; The ability and willingness to buy specific quantities of goods in a given period of time at a particular price, ceteris peribus. • It is not only desiring, wishing, or wanting to buy the goods. The person must also have the ability to buy the goods and he must be willing to pay the price of the goods.
5.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western LAW OF DEMAND • The higher the price of product, the lower the quantity demanded and the lower the price, the higher the quantity demanded. • Price (P) Quantity demanded (Qd) Price (P) Quantity demanded (Qd)
6.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western Example: • If the price of chicken decreases, the quantity demanded for chicken will ………………… • If the price of chicken increases, the quantity demanded for chicken will ………………..
7.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western Continue: • These scenario is only possible if we make the following assumption: 1.Tastes and preferences of consumers remain unchanged. 2.Consumers’ income remains the same. 3.Price of goods which can be substituted with chicken remain unchanged, 4.Goods should not have any prestige value.
8.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western Demand Schedule • A list of the quantity that a buyer is willing to buy at different prices at one particular time. • Shows a functional relationship between price and quantity. • assumptions:- income, preferences and price related goods are constant.
9.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western Example:Demand schedule PRICE (RM) QUANTITY (UNITS) 5 2 4 4 3 6 2 8 1 10 The table above shows the Individual Demand Schedule for box file.
10.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western • A line on a graph that illustrate a demand schedule; slopes downward because of the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. Demand curve
11.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western INDIVIDUAL DEMAND AND MARKET DEMAND • Individual Demand -is the relationship between the quantities of goods demanded by a single buyer and their price. • Market demand. - Is the relationship between the total quantities of good demanded by all consumers in the market and its price.
12.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western E.g: let’s assume there are only two buyers in the market, Fira and Fara in the market demand PRICE QUANTITY DEMANDED (units) FIRA FARA MARKET 5 2 3 4 4 6 3 6 8 2 8 10 1 10 12
13.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western Price (RM) Quantity (units) Dd Demand curve for Fira
14.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western Demand curve for Fara Price (RM) Dd
15.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western Demand curve for market Price (RM) Quantity (units) Dd
16.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western INDIVIDUAL DEMAND FUNCTION Qx = a -bp Where; Qx = Quantity demanded for X p = Price of X a = Quantity of X when the price is zero b = Gradient of demand curve * The positive sign in the function shows the inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
17.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western • The demand function is Qd = 120 - 10P.Calculate the quantity of goods to be demanded at different price levels by completing the table. PRICE (RM) Qd (Units) 7 8 9 10
18.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western CHANGES IN QUANTITY DEMANDED • The movement along the demand curve due to change in price while other factors remain constant. Price (RM)
19.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western CHANGES IN DEMAND A shift of the demand curve when other factors change while price remains the same. Price (RM) Rightward shift Leftward shift
20.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western Changes due to: Increase in income Fashion and taste Future price Price of substitute and complementary products.
21.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND • The demand curve shifts when there are changes in other factors. 1)INCOME • Income of consumer can influence the purchasing decisions of an individual. • When income INCREASE the consumers will demand for more goods and services, other things being equal-Normal goods (house, cars, bag,etc)
22.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western Continue: • When income INCREASES, the demand DECREASES-inferior (giffen goods)- low grade rice, salted fish etc. • When the income of the poor consumers RISE, they can afford to buy better goods and thus demand DECREASES for giffen goods.
23.
© 2007 Thomson
South-Western 2) PRICE OF RELATED GOODS a) Substitute goods • goods that can be used in place of other goods. E.g. margarine and butter • Demand of a good if price of substitute goods . • Demand of a good if price of substitute goods .
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South-Western EXAMPLE: • When the price of margarine increases, the quantity demanded for margarine will ……………… and consumers will …………..
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South-Western b) Complementary goods. • goods that are used together with another good. E.g: car and petrol. • Demand of a good if price of substitute goods . • Demand of a good if price of substitute goods . • E.g: when the price of car increases, the demand of car will ……….and the petrol consumption will ………..
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South-Western 3)TASTES AND FASHION • Changes in tastes and fashion can bring significant changes in the demand of good. • E.g: Iphone 5 become the popoular gadget among the teenagers thus, make the demand of this gadgets increase. 4)POPULATION OR NUMBER OF BUYERS. • Demand depends on the size of the total population or number of buyers in the market. • A larger population will bring out an increase in demand. • E.g: When Putrajaya was built, there was an increase in demand for houses in nearby areas such Puchong and Dengkil.
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South-Western 5)EXPECTATION. • Expectation of consumers on future events would give an impact on current demand. • When consumers expect the price to increase in the future, they will increase their demand now. • E.g: if it’s expected that the car price will rise next year, consumers who intend to buy a car will buy it now, vice versa.
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South-Western 6) ADVERTISEMENT • Advertised goods normally have higher demand. • Consumers will only buy goods and services when they are aware of existaence of those products. 7) FESTIVE SEASONS. • Festive seasons can influence the demand of a good greatly. • E.g: Hari Raya – demand for Baju Melayu will increase
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South-Western EXCEPTIONAL DEMAND • As price increases the quantity demanded will also increase. • It’s against the law of demand. Price (RM) Quantity (units) Dd
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South-Western a)GIFFON/INFERIOR GOODS • Consumed by people in the lower income group. e.g: rice grade C • Price INCREASE Quantity INCREASE -when the price of grade C is high, consumers have no choice and continue buying because they need rice.
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South-Western b)STATUS SYMBOL GOODS • Products purchased by people in the higher income group to show their status. E.g:Diamond. • Price INCREASE Quantity INCREASE -when the price of diamond high, consumers will buy more to show they can afford it.
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South-Western c) SPECULATION • The future price of the product. E.g :Cars • Future price INCREASE, current quantity will ………… • Future price DECREASE, current quantity wil …………..
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South-Western d)EMERGENCIES • War/natural disasters. • E.g: Rice, salt, oil , sugar e)HIGHLY PRICE GOODS • Consumers feel a product is of superior quality if it’s priced is very high. • E.g: Gadget for example Iphone 5.
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South-Western INTERRELATED DEMAND • The law of demand assumes that only price and quantity changes and other factors remain constant. There are some demands which are interrelated to one another. a) CROSS DEMAND. • Relationship between the price of complementary or substitute goods and quantity of a good.
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South-Western I) JOINT DEMAND. • Complementary goods – e.g: fuel and car. Price of car (RM) Quantity demanded of fuel Dd
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South-Western II) COMPETITIVE DEMAND • Substitute goods- e.g: Butter and margarine. Price of butter (RM) Quantity of margarine Dd
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South-Western SUPPLY
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South-Western SUPPLY • Quantity of goods that a producer is able and willing to sell at a certain price in a given period of time. LAW OF SUPPLY • The higher the price of a good, the higher the quantity supplied and vice versa. Price (P) Quantity supplied (Qs) Price (P) Quantity supplied(Qs)
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South-Western Example: • If the price of chicken increase, the quantity of chicken to be supplied will ………. • If the price of chicken decrease, the quantity of chicken to be supplied will ……….
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South-Western SUPPLY SCHEDULE • A list of the amounts of a product that a seller would offer for sale at different prices in a defined time period when all nonprice factors are held constant. • Example: Supply schedule: PRICE OF ICE CREAM (RM) QS 0.00 0 0.5 0 1.00 1 1.50 2 2.00 3 2.50 4 3.00 5
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South-Western Supply curve Price of ice cream
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South-Western SUPPLY FUNCTION Where; Qs= Quantity of goods supplied c = Quantity of goods supplied when the price (P) is zero. P = Price of the good (RM) Qs = c +dP
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South-Western The supply function is Qs = 15 + 3P.Calculate the quantity of goods to be supplied at different price levels by completing the table: P(RM) Qs (units) 1 2 3 4
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South-Western DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY 1)PRICE OF RELATED GOODS a) Substitute goods • When the price of goods the price of substitute goods will Therefore, the manufacturer will reduce the supply of substitute goods. b) Complementary goods. • When the price of cars , producers will increase the production of cars. So, the supply of card will . Since cars and petrol are complementary, the supply of petrol also will
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South-Western 2)LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY • Supply will when the technology . 3)PRODUCTION COSTS. • Increase in production cost (labour, raw material, capital) will the numbers of supplies. 4)SPECULATION • If the price will , producers will the current supply.
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South-Western
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