Hello friends..I am back with new presentation which I am sure is going to help you all again.This presentation was prepared by me and my best buddy miss.pragya paramita pal during our graduation.A very thanks to my guide for guiding me.So go ahead FRIENDS & best of luck..........

1. NATURAL BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS BASED TRANSDERMAL DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM(TDDS)
Presented By :
Deepanjan Datta and
Pragya Paramita Pal
(B.Pharm) 4thyear/7th Semester
Under The Guidance Of:
Mr. Rana Mazumder
Asst. Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics

2. 1.Introdcution.
2.Skin as a site for drug infusion.
3.Advantages And Disadvantages of TDDS.
4.Introduction to Polymers.
5.Characteristic Of Ideal Polymers.
6.Classification Of Polymers Used For TDDS.
7.Biodegradable Polymers.
8.Advantages Of Biodegradable Polymers.
9.Applications Of Biodegradable Polymers.
10.Polymers In Pharmaceutical Applications.
Rosin
CARRAGEENAN
Chitin And Chitosan
Hyaluronic Acid
Hydrogels
11.Storage, Sterilization And Packaging.
12.Conclusion.
13.References.

3. Transdermal drug delivery is defined as self
contained, discrete dosage forms which, when applied
to the intact skin, deliver the drug, through the skin at
controlled rate to the systemic circulation.[1]
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)
established itself as an integral part of novel drug
delivery systems.[1]
INTRODUCTION
 Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also
known as “patches,” are dosage forms designed to
deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug
across a patient’s skin.[1]
31

4. 2
Transdermal is a route of administration wherein active ingredients are
delivered across the skin for systemic distribution. Examples
include transdermal patches used for medicine delivery, and transdermal
implants used for medical or aesthetic purposes.[2]
Transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on
the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the
bloodstream.
Skinas a site for Drug Infusion-
Transdermal implants are a form of body modification used both in
a medical and aesthetic context. In either case, they consist of an object
placed partially below and partially above the skin, thus transdermal.[2]
2

5. 5
There are two important layers to the human skin: [2]
(1) the Epidermis and
(2) the Dermis.
For transdermal delivery, drugs must pass through the two sublayers of
the epidermis to reach the microcirculation of the dermis.
The Stratum corneum is the top layer of the skin and varies in thickness
from approximately ten to several hundred micrometres, depending on the
region of the body. It is composed of layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes
surrounded by a lipid matrix, which together act as a brick-and-mortar
system that is difficult to penetrate.[2]
The stratum corneum provides the most significant barrier to diffusion. In
fact, the stratum corneum is the barrier to approximately 90% of transdermal
drug applications. However, nearly all molecules penetrate it to some
minimal degree.
Below the stratum corneum lies the viable epidermis. This layer is about
ten times as thick as the stratum corneum; however, diffusion is much faster
here due to the greater degree of hydration in the living cells of the viable
epidermis.
Below the epidermis lies the dermis, which is approximately one
millimeter thick, 100 times the thickness of the stratum corneum. The dermis
contains small vessels that distribute drugs into the systemic circulation and3

6. 6
Advantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery System-[3]
Delivers a steady infusion of a drug over an extended period of time.
Transdermal delivery can increase the therapeutic value of many
drugs by avoiding specific problems associated with the drug e.g.-
Gastro-intestinal irritation, low absorption, etc.
Improved patient compliance and reduced inter & intra – patient
variability.
Self administration is possible & drug input can be terminated at any
point by removing the patch.
Disadvantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery System-[3]
Drug must have some desirable physicochemical properties for
penetration through Stratum Corneum.
Only relatively potent drugs are suitable candidates for TDDS
because of the natural limits of drug entry imposed by the skin’s
impermeability.
Some patients develop contact dermatitis at the site of application.
The barrier function of the skin changes from one site to another on
the same person, from person to person and with age.
4

7. The term "polymer" derives from the ancient Greek word polus,
meaning "many, much" and meros, meaning "parts", and refers to a
molecule whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units.[4
The term was coined in 1833 by Jons Jacob Berzelius.
A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecules) composed of many
repeated subunits, known as monomers. monomers can be linked
together in various ways to give linear, branched and cross linked
polymers ,etc.[4]
75

8. 6
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL POLYMER:[4]
Should be versatile and possess a wide range of mechanical,
physical, chemical properties.
Should be non-toxic and have good mechanical strength and
should be easily administered.
Should be inexpensive.
Should be easy to fabricate.
Should be inert to host tissue and compatible with environment.

9. CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS USED FOR TDDS[4]:-
NATURAL
POLYMERS
(Cellulose
derivatives, Zein,
Gelatin, Shellac,
Waxes,
Chitosan,etc)
SYNTHETIC
ELASTOMERS
(Polybutadiene, Hydrin
rubber, Polyisobutylene,
Acrylonitrile,
Neoprene,etc)
SYNTHETIC
POLYMERS
(Polyvinylchloride
,Polyvinyl-
pyrrolidone,
Polymethyl-
methacrylate, etc)
7

10. 10
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Biodegradable polymers are defined as polymers comprised of
monomers linked to one another through functional groups and have
unstable links in the backbone.[5]
They are broken down into biologically acceptable molecules that
are metabolized and removed from the body via normal metabolic
pathways.[5]
Based on biodegradability polymers are classified as:
1. Biodegradable polymers
eg: collagen, poly glycolic acid etc.,
2. Non biodegradable polymers
eg: poly vinyl chloride, polyethylene etc.,
8

11. 11
ADVANTAGES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Localized delivery of drug:- Direct delivery to a target area, thus
potentially achieving higher drug concentrations at the desired site of
action to minimize systemic side effects[6].
Sustained delivery of drug:- Sustained release systems include any
drug delivery system that achieves slow release of drug over an
extended period of time. The basic goal of therapy is to achieve a
steady state blood level that is therapeutically effective and non toxic
for an extended period of time.[6]
Stabilization of drug:- Drug stability means the ability of the
pharmaceutical dosage form to maintain the physical,chemical,therapeutic
and microbial properties during the time of storage and usage by the
patient.[6]
Decrease in dosing frequency
Reduce side effects
Improved patient compliance
Controllable degradation rate 9

12. 10
APPLICATIONS OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Biodegradable polymer for ocular, tissue engineering, vascular, orthopedic,
skin adhesive & surgical glues.
Biodegradable drug system for therapeutic agents such as anti tumor,
antipsychotic agent, anti-inflammatory agent.
Polymeric materials are used in and on soil to improve aeration,and promote
plant growth and health.
Many biomaterials, especially heart valve replacements and blood vessels,
are made of polymers like Dacron, Teflon and polyurethane.[6]
Biodegradable polymers are used commercially in both the tissue
engineering and drug delivery field of biomedicine. Specific
applications include.[6]
Sutures
Dental devices
Orthopedic fixation devices
Tissue engineering scaffolds

13. ROSIN
 It is a film forming biopolymer, used for microencapsulation for
controlled release dosage forms.[7]
 It is primarily composed of abietic and pimaric acid which contain 2
reactive centres.[7]
 Rosin & rosin derivatives are hydrophobic biomaterial which is
biodegradable.[7]
 Good biocompatibility of rosin is demonstrated by the absence of
necrosis or abscess formation in the surrounding tissues.[7]
11
Abietic acidPrimaric acid Rosin gum
POLYMERS IN PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS

14. CARRAGEENAN
 Carrageenan is located in the cell wall and intercellular matrix of the
seaweed plant tissue.[9]
 It is formed by alternate units of D-galactose and 3.6 anhydro-
galactose (3.6-AG) joined by α-1,3 and β-1,4 -glycosidic linkage.
 There are three main commercial classes of carrageenan:
1)Kappa[rigid gels]; 2)Iota[soft gels] & 3)Lambda[does not form
gel].[9]
 Carrageenans are extremely potent inhibitors of HPV infection in
vitro and in animal challenge models.
 There are indications a carrageenan-based gel may offer some
protection against HSV-2 transmission.[9]
13

15. CHITIN AND CHITOSAN
 Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide mucopolysaccharide, and the
supporting material of crustaceans composed of randomly
distributed β-(1-4)-linked D glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-
acetyl-D glucosamine (acetylated units).[8]
 Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly
distributed β-(1-4)-linked D glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-
acetyl-D glucosamine (acetylated units)[8]
 Chitin cotton was applied to trauma and abscesses as a tissue
defect filling or wound dressing agent.[8]
12

16. HYALURONIC ACID OR HYALURONAN (HA)
 Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan (HA) is a naturally occurring
polysaccharide widely distributed throughout the ECM of all
connective tissues.[9]
 It consists of multiple disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-
acetylglucosamine. [9]
 Dry, scaly skin (xerosis) such as that caused by atopic
dermatitis (eczema) may be treated using sodium hyaluronate as an
active ingredient.[9]
 Hyaluronan may also be used postoperatively to induce tissue
healing, notably after cataract surgery .[9]
14
Chemical Structure of Hyaluronic Acid (HA)

17. HYDROGELS
 Hydrogel (also called aqua gel) is a network of polymer chains that
are hydrophilic, found as colloidal dispersions in water.[9]
 Hydrogels are highly absorbent (they can contain over 99% water)
natural polymers having a high degree of flexibility having similarity
to natural tissue.[9]
 They are used as reservoirs in topical drug delivery; particularly ionic
drugs, as sustained release drug delivery system.
 Hydrogels have been used in wound dressings for the treatment
diabetic ulcers, burns, skin rejuvenation and anti-wrinkle patch,
etc.[9]
15
Hydrogel

18. 16
Storage,Sterilization and Packaging
minimize premature polymer degradation during fabrication and
storage.[10]
moisture can seriously degrade, controlled atmosphere facilities.[10]
Sterilization
g-irradiation or ethylene oxide.
both methods degrade physical properties.
choose lesser of two evils for a given polymer.
g-irradiation dose at 2-3 Mrad (standard level to reduce HIV,) can
induce significant backbone damage.
ethylene oxide higly toxic.[10]
Packed in airtight, aluminum-backed, plastic foil pouches.
Refrigeration may be necessary.[10]

19. 19
CONCLUSION
17
Numerous synthetic biodegradable polymers are available and
still being developed for sustained and targeted drug delivery
applications.[10]
Biodegradable polymers have proven their potential for the
development of new, advanced and efficient DDS and capable of
delivering a wide range of bioactive materials.[10]
However, only few have entered the market since many drugs
faces the problem of sensitivity to heat, shear forces and
interaction between polymers.[10]
These problems can be overcome by fully understanding the
degradation mechanism to adjust the release profile.[10]

20. REFERENCES
1) Cleary GW, Transdermal Delivery Rationale, in Topical Drug
Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Penetration, Shah VP, and Maibach
HI (eds), New York, Plenum, 1993, 17–68.
2) Jain RA, The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded
biodegradable biomaterials, 2000, 21,2475-2490.
3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_implants
4) Vyas SP, Khar RK. Controlled Drug Delivery:Concepts and Advances. Ist
ed.Vallabhprakashan,New Delhi, 2002,156-189
5) Ebihara et al.,Controlled release formulations to increase the bioadhesive
properties, Drug Res, 1983,33, 163.
6) Huang, JC, Shetty, AS, Wang, MS, Biodegradable plastics: A review,
Advances in Polymer Technology,1990, 10, 1, 23-30.
7) ) Satturwar PM, Fulzele SV, Dorle AK,Biodegradation and In Vivo
Biocompatibility of Rosin: a Natural Film-Forming Polymer, AAPS
PharmSciTech, 2003, 4, 50- 55.
8)Majeti NV, Ravi Kumar, A review of chitin and chitosan
applications,Reactive & Functional Polymers, 2000, 46, 1–27
9) International Journal of Drug Development & Research| April-June 2011
| Vol. 3 | Issue 2-NATURAL BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS AS
MATRICES IN TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY by Kiran
Sharma,Vijender Singh, Alka Arora
10)Schroeter, J,Creating a framework for the widespread use of
biodegradable
polymers, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 1998, 59, 1, 377-381.