2. Optical Mouse

3. Trackball

4. Joystick

5. Light Pen

6. Touch Screen

7. Scanner

9. Numeric Keypad : (0-9) on right hand side

10. Function Keys : F1 – F12

12. Keyboard Controller places the code into a part of memory, called Keyboard Buffer, indicating the key has been pressed.

13. This code is called Key’s Scan Code.

14. 2762250963295lefttopThen keyboard sends an Interrupt request (special message to computer system in form of signals) to the system software when it receives a complete key stroke.

15. When system software receives an interrupt request, it evaluates the request to determine an appropriate response.

19. When mouse ball rotates, rollers also rotate.

21. Light Emitting diode (LED) bounces off light of surface onto Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Sensor.

22. CMOS sends each picture to digital to see how the image has changed since previous change.

23. The Digital Signal Processor operates at 18 million instructions per second.

25. Easy and convenient to use GUI.

27. Issuing command is slower than keyboard.

28. Needs practice.

30. A button

33. As monitor’s electron beam passes through lens, cells emit an electric pulses.

34. Strengthen by an amplifier, pulse is sent as digital signal and computer determine location of pen on screen.

39. These pictures can easily be transferred to computer and after transferring camera gets ready for the next picture.

40. The no. of photographs a camera can click depends upon the memory card of camera which can be easily enhanced by adding a memory slot to it.

41. Web Cameras can directly be connected to the computers where after clicking picture it gets saved in computer directly.

43. Images can be reviewed and edited.

44. Unwanted images can be deleted from the memory.

45. Photographic Images can be directly digitized without using scanner.

47. Photo Printing cost is higher than ordinary cameras. <br />working of output devices<br />OUTPUT DEVICES: is any hardware component that can convey information to user.<br />TYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICES<br />Monitors <br />Printers<br />Plotters <br />Speakers <br />Projectors <br />Monitors<br />It’s the most important output device<br />2 common types<br />CRT<br />LCD<br />Featured by:<br />Refresh rate<br />Resolution<br />Visible screen size<br />Response time<br />CRT Monitors<br /> Pixel: <br />CRT monitors a CRT is used as the picture of monitor. The screen is divided into rows and columns. Each cell of this screen is called Pixel. <br /> This vacuum tube contains a negatively charged cathode which shoots electrons at the back of positively charged screen.<br /> The screen is coated with phosphorous chemical.<br />righttop When the electrons strike the back of the screen, phosphorous is excited and it provides a glow to individual pixels.<br /> The distance between these pixels called as Dot Pitch and it is measured in millimeters.<br /> The picture tube redraws the picture after a short interval. The number of times the electronic gun redraws the picture on screen is called as the Refresh Rate and it is measured in Hertz(Hz). <br /> The number of pixels per unit area of the screen is called as Resolution. More the resolution, more clearer will be the picture. <br />ADVANTAGES OF CRT<br /> Higher refresh rates.<br /> Ability to adjust images.<br /> Display full motion video better.<br /> Significantly lower cost because the technology has matured.<br /> Work better at multiple resolutions.<br /> Modern version may include a sleep mode for energy efficiency.<br /> Color fidelity, so essential for graphic artist, has not been matched by LCD’s.<br /> Screen images viewed from side angle are as good as when viewed straight on.<br />DISADVANTAGES OF CRT<br /> Larger size takes up more desk space, the bigger the screen, the bigger the foot print.<br /> Heavy weight.<br /> Heavier size limits easy and convenient movement.<br /> Expands more energy and throws off heat.<br />DVST<br />DVST behaves like a CRT with an extremely long persistence. A line written on the screen will be visible for up to an hour before it fades away from sight. It is an alternate method for maintaining the screen image which stores the picture definition inside the CRT instead of refreshing the screen.<br />WORKING<br />DVST resembles the CRT, it uses the same e-gun and phosphorus coated screen. It also has two guns<br />PRIMARY GUN: <br />It is used to store the picture pattern. It draws the picture by knocking out electrons from the storage grid producing a positive charged pattern.<br />FLOOD GUN: <br />It is used to maintain the picture display wire grid just behind the screen.<br />DISADVANTAGES<br />Picture erasing is not easy incase of DVST as storage charge removal is very difficult.<br />It is not capable of being used in dynamic graphic applications.<br />It might lead to degraded picture quality as background glow accumulated.<br />On DVST only a single level of intensity can be displayed and only green phosphorus tube are available.<br />Types of flat panel display<br />PLASMA PANELS33966154359910<br />What is plasma?<br /> Plasma is often called as forth state of matter other three being solid,liquid,gas.<br /> Plasma is a distinct state of matter containing number of charged particle.<br />CONSTRUCTION<br />Plasma panels are two edge-sealed layers of glass separated by a thin layer of neon based gas.<br />There are horizontal conductors on one glass layer and vertical on the other glass layer. <br />WORKING<br />When the voltage is applied on the intersection of horizontal and vertical pair of conduction the gas at the intersection become ionized and emit a spot light.<br />All the conductor may have sustaining voltage applied to them that keeps the spot eliminated for several thousand times a second.<br /> LED stands for light emitting diodes which are basically used in calculators, retail counters, large digital watches etc.<br />The first LED’s that were used deep red in color but other colors are also available now.<br />It is a type of emissive device.<br />In this a matrix of diodes is arranged to form pixel positions in the display.<br />The picture definition is stored in the frame buffer.<br />As in scan lines refreshing of a CRT, information is read from the refresh buffer and converted to voltage levels that are applied to the diodes to produce light patterns on the display. righttop<br />The screen used in computer devices is the LCD screen. The LCD screen produces images by aligning molecular crystals.<br /> The LCD screen consists of twisted crystals. These crystals are present in twisted form like a spring and they untwist at varying angles when varying voltages are applied.<br /> These crystals are packed in two screens. The front screen is transparent and back screen is reflective.<br /> The back screen reflects light towards the front screen. The light gets deviated by these molecules.<br /> This backed and deviated light produces images on front layer.<br />ADVANTAGES OF LCD<br /> Light weight.<br /> Smaller foot print on desk leaving, freeing up work area on the user desk.<br /> Flicker free screen.<br /> More usable display area than on comparably sized CRTs.<br /> Low frequency radiation is practically eliminated.<br /> Easy adjustment storage and movement.<br /> Efficient energy and they do not generate heat.<br /> Good for basic web surfing.<br /> Potentially less eyestrain due to reduced screen glare.<br />DISADVANTAGES OF LCD<br /> Fragile screen may result in both screen and back light lamp damage if touched. Thus not recommended in environments where it may be handled roughly<br /> Contrast ratio causes darkness to not be displayed true. Darkest area may be viewed as dark grey rather than black<br /> Designed only for optimum resolution, can’t adjust images<br /> The color accuracy of an LCD monitor does not match that of a CRT monitors.<br /> These are more expensive than CRTs.<br />PRINTERS<br />A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper.<br />Printed information is often called hard copy because the information exists physically and is a more permanent form of output than that presented on a VDU (Monitor). Printers can be grouped into - impact and non-impact printers-<br />IMPACT Printers<br /> An impact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an ink ribbon that physically contacts the paper.<br />Non- impact printers <br /> A non-impact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper.<br />Speed of printer<br />The printing speed of a printer is usually expressed in pages per minute (ppm). <br />Resolution<br />Printer resolution is often expressed in dpi (dots per inch). The larger the number, the higher the resolution.<br />ADVANTAGES OF PRINTERS<br />1. Information produced is permanent.<br />DISADVANTAGES OF PRINTERS<br />1. The time to get the printout is slow, when compared with display devices.<br />2. Paper is wasted for obtaining the output.<br />3. Printers are generally noisier than display devices.<br /> <br />How it works: Speed: The print head travels from side to side across the paper and is made up of numerous pins which are pushed out to form the shape of each character The pins hit an ink ribbon against the paper so the characters are printed out. The paper is usually continuous with holes down each side and perforations so the pages can be easily separated by tearing. Because the pins make an impact against the paper the characters can be printed through several layers of self-carbonating paper to produce duplicate copies.Vary from 50 to over 500cps. Suitable uses: Limited to situations where duplicate copies are needed and the quality is not too important. Typical uses might be in warehouses where duplicate copies of orders need to produce quickly and cheaply. Disadvantages The printing quality is low - these printers produce low to medium quality black and white printing and can only print low resolution graphics. Because of the impact of the pins against the paper, these printers can be quite noisy. Advantages: The purchase cost is low and the running costs are very low. They can print fairly quickly, particularly if you remember that multiple copies are being printed in one print run. They are robust and can operate in harsh environments. If several sheets of self-carbonating paper are placed into the printer then the impact will produce duplicate copies. <br />DAISY WHEEL PRINTER<br /> In this, the print head is like a wheel and the characters embossed at the corner of these arms. It resembles to the petals of daisy flower so it is called a Daisy Wheel Printer.<br /> A motor spins the wheel at a very fast speed. Daisy Wheel Printer are Serial Impact Printers. <br /> The output is same as letter quality printing.<br /> righttopsPEED <br /> These printer have very slow speed of order of 30 to 80 characters per second.<br />ADVANTAGES<br /> The final copy looks like it has been typed on high quality typewriter.<br /> Can print letter quality characters.<br /> Printing can be performed in either direction, paper can be fed down or up and it has only few moving parts.<br />DISADVANTAGES <br /> Printing speed is very slow.<br /> Cannot print graphics.<br /> They are very noisy.<br /> Must need to change the ribbon frequently.<br />righttop<br />INK-JET PINTER<br />An ink-jet printer is a non-impact printer that forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. Ink-jet printers can produce letter-quality text and graphics in both black-and-white and colors. <br />Some ink-jet printers can print photo-quality images on any type of paper. Printer resolution is measured in dots per inch (dpi). The speed of an ink-jet printer is measured in pages per minute (ppm).<br />How it works: <br />The print head contains tiny nozzles through which different colored inks can be sprayed onto the paper to form the characters or the graphic images.<br />The ink is forced out by heat or by tiny piezoelectric crystals which change shape when an electric current is applied across them.<br />Suitable uses: <br />A popular choice for home use where small amounts of printing are done and photographic quality color printing is needed.<br />Speed:<br />The speed over 150 ppm.<br />righttop<br />ADVANTAGES OF INK-JET PRINTER<br /> Inkjet printers are generally quiet.<br /> Inkjet printers can produce high quality color output.<br /> These printers are relatively inexpensive <br />DISADVANTAGES OF INK-JET PRINTER<br /> Specialized papers are required to produce high quality color output.<br />The printing speed is slow compared to a laser printer. <br />The ink cartridges and specialized papers are expensive.<br />The ink may smear when printed on ordinary paper.<br />Line printer<br />How it works:Speed:These print individual pages and work in a similar way to photocopiers. A drum is charged to match the image and powdered ink (toner) sticks to the surface. The toner is then transferred to the paper and fixed by heat and pressure. A school or business printer would have a typical speed of 10 to 20 pages per minute (ppm).10 to 20 ppm. Suitable uses: Common wherever fast, high quality printing is required. Disadvantages: Non-color laser printers are more expensive than ink-jet printers (but the difference is narrowing). Color laser printers are considerably more expensive. (but their speed and high quality output means they are becoming more popular). Advantages: They are quiet and fast and produce high quality printouts. Running cost are low because although toner cartridges are expensive to replace, they last a long time. <br />drum printer<br />3377565-137795This is an impact line printer. It basically consist of a drum which is divided into number of tracks. The total tracks are equal to size of printer that is for the paper width of 132 characters, a drum will have 132 tracks.<br />A character set is embossed on the track. The drum in the drum printer is made to rotate at a very fast speed.<br />Paper is sandwiched between paper and hammer.<br />SPEED<br />Between 300 to 2000 lines per minute.<br />ADVANTAGES<br />Much quieter.<br />DISADVANTAGES<br />You cannot do multiple forms.<br />Chain printer<br />These are impact printers because the actual contact is made by chain on one side and <br />hammer on the other side of ribbon.<br />WORKING OF CHAIN PRINTERS <br />These are called as chain printer because the chains are used for printing the output.<br />the chain is basically a kind of tape wound on two spools with a character set repeated,<br /> three or four times.<br />A character set may have 48,64 or 96 characters embossed on it.<br />SPEED<br />27806653650615400 to 3000 lines per minute. <br />ADVANTAGES <br />It adds flexibility.<br />Better printing performance.<br />Permits simplified type-changing process.<br />DISADVANTAGES<br />These make a huge amount of noise.<br />They can only print one type and size of font and cannot print images.<br />plotter<br /> <br />How it works: A drum plotter prints by moving a pen sideways over the surface of a sheet of paper. One high precision motor moves the pen from side to side. Another high precision motor moves the paper backwards and forwards. An electromagnet lifts and drops different colored ink pens onto the paper to draw lines. Suitable uses: Plotters are restricted to line drawing and can only create a solid region of color by drawing a number of close, regular lines. Plotters are often used in science and engineering applications for drawing building plans, printed circuit boards and machine parts. Advantages: They are accurate and can produce far larger printouts than standard printers. <br />SPEAKERS<br /> These transducers convert an alternating electrical current into sound. <br />SUITABLE USES <br /> They can output music as well as the spoken word. <br /> Useful for blind users where text or figures can be spoken by the computer. <br /> A speaker and computer-synthesized voice can be used by automated systems to read information such as telephone numbers or traffic updates. <br />ADVANTAGES righttop<br /> Cheap and widely available. <br /> Capable of producing very high quality sound.<br />DISADVANTAGES <br /> They are an analogue device so the digital sound signal has to be converted, usually by a sound card. <br />projector<br />WORKING OF LCD PROJECTOR<br />The video projector contains LCD panels. At the center of projector is a halogen bulb which is surrounded by panels.<br /> The panels produce light. As the halogen bulb heats up the crystal melts and allow more light to pass through. Hence the intensity of halogen bulb brings about the difference in tones.<br /> Higher the temperature of bulb, lighter the tone and vice-versa. <br /> Images travel to the tube present inside the projector from DVD player or satellite box.<br /> These images in turn bounds on a screen that is coated with phosphorous. Every fragment of light hitting the screen is termed as Pixel.<br /> On hitting the screen, the pixel breaks down into its color components i.e., red, blue, or green.<br /> The heat produced by halogen, bulb is controlled by voltage that flows into LCD video projector.<br />righttop<br />ADVANTAGES OF LCD PROJECTORS<br /> Enable a lot of people to be able to see something even from a distance.<br /> They also produce sharper images.<br /> They also have an edge in light efficiency.<br /> They generate largest possible image size.<br /> They can be used to throw smaller images a great option also. So it can serve as an inexpensive.<br /> Low cost.<br />Space saving.<br />Easy to install.<br />DISADVANTAGES OF LCD PROJECTORS<br /> Image quality may not be as good as projected. <br /> Dark room often required.<br /> Maintenance required.<br /> Installation can be more involved.<br /> Separate audio system required.<br /> The pixels on the chip can burn out. When one pixel burns out, you wont be able to repair it. You will have to replace the whole chip.<br />