Ch.13 geography

• The physical features of West-Central Europe include plains, uplands, mountains, rivers, and
• West-Central Europe’s mild climate and resources support agriculture, energy production,
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World Geography
Chapter 13
Physical Geography
The Big Idea
West-Central Europe has a range of landscapes, a mild climate, and rich farmland.
Main Ideas
seas.
and tourism.
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 1: The physical features of West-Central Europe include plains, uplands,
mountains, rivers, and seas.
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Plains
•The Northern European
Plain is a low, broad
coastal plain. Most of it is
covered with flat or
rolling terrain.
•The region’s best
farmland is on the plains.
•The region’s largest
cities are also on the
plain.
Mountains
•The Alps and the
Pyrenees stretch into
West-Central Europe
from Southern Europe.
•Europe’s highest
mountains are in the
Alps.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Water Features of West-Central Europe
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Seas
• The North Sea lies just north of
West-Central Europe. It is
connected to the Atlantic Ocean
by the English Channel.
• The Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic
Ocean are west of the region.
• France is bordered to the south by
the Mediterranean Sea.
Rivers
• Several rivers cross West-Central
Europe.
• Many of the region’s rivers are
navigable, or deep and wide
enough for ships to use.
• Important rivers include the
Danube and the Rhine.
• People travel and ship goods
along these rivers.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 2: West-Central Europe’s mild climate and resources support agriculture,
energy production, and tourism.
• Most of the region has a marine west coast
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climate with mild summers, cold winters, and
frequent rain.
• The region’s climate is kept mild by a warm
ocean current that flows along Europe’s
northwestern coast.
• The region’s mild climate and ample rainfall
make its farmlands very productive.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Resources of West-Central Europe
The region’s farmlands support a variety of crops, including grapes, grains, and
vegetables. In addition, upland pastures support the raising of livestock.
Mineral resources of the region include coal in France and Germany, iron
ore in France, and natural gas in the Netherlands.
Tourists are drawn to the region’s breathtaking scenery. The Alps are one of
the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.
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World Geography
Chapter 13
France and the Benelux Countries
The Big Idea
France and the Benelux Countries have strong economies and rich cultural traditions.
Main Ideas
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• During its history France has been a kingdom, empire, colonial power, and republic.
• The culture of France has contributed to the world’s art and ideas.
• France today is a farming and manufacturing center.
• The Benelux Countries have strong economies and high standards of living.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 1: During its history France has been a kingdom, empire, colonial power,
and republic.
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Empire
• In 1789 the French people
overthrew their king in the French
Revolution.
• After the Revolution a brilliant
general named Napoleon took
power in France. He conquered
much of Europe.
Kingdom
• After the fall of Rome the
Franks built a kingdom in
Gaul. Their greatest ruler
was Charlemagne.
• In the Middle Ages parts of
France were ruled by
England until the French
drove the English out.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Later French History
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Republic
• Today France is a republic.
• The government is led by an elected president
and a parliament.
• France still controls many overseas territories.
One such territory is Martinique in the West
Indies.
• Since World War II the French economy has
grown tremendously.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 2: The culture of France has contributed to the world’s art and ideas.
Language and Religion
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• Most people speak French and are Catholic.
• Many immigrants have brought their own languages and
religions to France.
Art and Ideas
• In the Middle Ages the French built huge cathedrals like
Notre Dame in Paris.
• France was a center of the Enlightenment.
• France is still known for art, fashion, and film.

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World Geography
Chapter 13
Cathedral of Notre Dame

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 3: France today is a farming and manufacturing center.
• France has a strong economy.
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–It is the EU’s leading agricultural producer.
–It is a major exporter of goods such as perfumes and wines.
–Tourism is also a major industry.
• The major city in France is Paris.
–Center of business, learning, and culture
–World-class museums, art galleries, and restaurants
–Famous landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame
Cathedral
• Other major cities include Marseille and Lyon. Most people in France
today live in cities like these.

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World Geography
Chapter 13
Eiffel Tower

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 4: The Benelux Countries have strong economies and high standards of
living.
The Benelux Countries are Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Luxembourg.
Each of the Benelux Countries is ruled by a parliament and a
ceremonial monarch. The countries are small and densely
populated.
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World Geography
Chapter 13
The Benelux Countries
Belgium
•More than 95 percent of
the people live in cities.
• Brussels, the capital, is
the headquarters for
international
organizations.
•Two languages are
spoken, Flemish in the
north and French in the
south.
•Known for lace, cheese,
cocoa, and chocolate
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Netherlands
•Low and flat with some
land below sea level
•The country is
sometimes called
Holland. The people and
their language are called
Dutch.
•Known for cheese and
tulips
Luxembourg
•Very small country, smaller
than the state of Rhode
Island
•Has one of the world’s
highest standards of living
•Most people are Roman
Catholic and speak French or
German.
•Earns much of its income
from banking
•Produces steel and
chemicals

World Geography
Chapter 13
Germany and the Alpine Countries
The Big Idea
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Germany and the Alpine Countries are prosperous countries with similar cultures.
Main Ideas
• After a history of division and two world wars, Germany is now a unified country.
• German culture, known for its contributions to music, literature, and science, is growing
more diverse.
• Germany today has Europe’s largest economy, but eastern Germany faces challenges.
• The Alpine Countries reflect German culture and have strong economies based on tourism
and services.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 1: After a history of division and two world wars, Germany is now a
unified country.
• Tribes from northern Europe settled in what the Romans
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called Germania.
• With the support of the Roman Catholic Church, these
small German states became the Holy Roman Empire.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Division and Unification
War and Division
•In 1914 Germany began World War I, which it lost.
•In 1939 Adolf Hitler and the Nazis ordered the invasion of Poland, launching World
War II. Germany also lost this war.
•After the war, the victorious Allies occupied Germany and over time two countries,
East Germany and West Germany, emerged.
•The city of Berlin was divided and the Soviets built the Berlin Wall through it.
A Reunited Germany
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• With U.S. aid, West Germany became an economic
power. East Germany was poorer, and its people
had few freedoms.
• In 1990 East and West Germany reunified.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 2: German culture, known for its contributions to music, literature, and
science, is growing more diverse.
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Religion
• Most people in north and central
Germany are Protestant.
• Most people in the south are
Catholic.
People
• About 90 percent are ethnic
German.
• Most people speak German.

World Geography
Chapter 13
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Customs
• Religious festivals are very
popular.
• Lent and Christmas are among the
most popular festival times.
German Culture

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 3: Germany today has Europe’s largest economy, but eastern Germany
faces challenges.
Government
• Federal republic headed by a chancellor, or prime minister, and parliament
• Belongs to EU and NATO
Economy
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• Europe’s largest economy
• Based on industry, such as chemicals, engineering, and steel
Cities
•Most people live in cities.
•Largest city is Berlin, the capital.

World Geography
Chapter 13
Main Idea 4: The Alpine Countries reflect German culture and have strong
economies based on tourism and services.
The Alpine Countries are Austria and Switzerland. They are named for the
Alps, which cover most of both countries.
The beauty of the Alps draws many tourists to these two countries
every year.
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World Geography
Chapter 13
Alpine Mountains

World Geography
Chapter 13
The Alpine Countries
Austria
•Most Austrians speak German and are Roman Catholic.
•The country’s capital, Vienna.
•Austria has a prosperous economy based on service industries such as
banking. Tourism is also important.
Switzerland
•Republic divided into 26 cantons, or districts, with capital at Bern
•Several languages: German, French, Italian.
•Famous for banks, watches, chocolate, cheese, and for having the world’s highest
standard of living
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Ch.13 geography

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