Ch.7 the hebrews and judaism 2003

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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
The Early Hebrews
The Big Idea
Originally desert nomads, the Hebrews established a great kingdom called Israel.
Main Ideas
•Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new religion.
•Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders.
•Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke apart.
•Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their history.
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Chapter 7
Main Idea 1: Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new
religion.
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• Accounts of the Hebrews describe the Hebrews’
early history and the laws of Judaism, the Hebrew
religion.
• The Hebrew Bible traces the Hebrews back to
Abraham, who was told by God to settle in
Mesopotamia.
• After a famine struck Canaan, the Hebrews ended
up in Egypt and lived

Chapter 7
The Exodus
• The pharaoh of
Egypt made the
Hebrews slaves to
stop them from
taking over Egypt.
• A leader named
Moses demanded
that the pharaoh
free his people.
• He refused, and
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plagues occurred,
frightening the
pharaoh.
• His people were
released, so they
began their Exodus
out of Egypt.
• God then gave
Moses the Ten
Commandments by
which to live.
• They included
worshipping only
God and valuing
human life.
• The Hebrews
reached Canaan
and settled there
in small
communities, as
the Israelites.

Chapter 7
Main Idea 2: Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders.
• The new threat to the
Israelites came from the
Philistines.
• The Israelites united under
Saul, who became the first
king of Israel.
• The Israelites wanted a single
ruler who could lead them in
battle.
• David became king after Saul.
He won many wars.
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• Solomon became king next,
and expanded the kingdom
and trade.
• With the riches that came
from this, he built a temple to
God in Jerusalem.

Chapter 7
Main Idea 3: Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke
apart.
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• After Solomon’s death, revolts broke out over who
should be king.
• This split Israel into two kingdoms, called Israel and
Judah. The people of Judah became known as the
Jews.
• Both were conquered, and Judah fell to the
Chaldeans.

Chapter 7
Scattering and Conquest
• The Jews went through a
period of enslavement called
the Babylonian Captivity.
• The Persians took over and
allowed the Jews to return to
Jerusalem. Some did not
return, however, and settled
in other parts of the Persian
Empire.
• Scholars call the scattering of
the Jews outside Canaan the
Diaspora.
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• The Jews were conquered by
the Romans
• Despite these advances, the
Jews were not happy, and
called on people to rebel.

Chapter 7
Main Idea 4: Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their
history.
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• Hebrew society was governed by men. Women had few
rights.
• They had to obey their fathers and husbands. They couldn’t
choose their own husbands.
• A woman could not inherit property unless she had no
brothers.

Chapter 7
Jewish Beliefs and Texts
The Big Idea
The central ideas and laws of Judaism are contained in sacred texts such as the Torah.
Main Ideas
•Beliefs in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish society.
•Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries.
•The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs.
•The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures.
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Chapter 7
Main Idea 1: Belief in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish
society.
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•Belief in one god
- Judaism is the world’s oldest and possibly the first monotheistic
religion. Monotheism is the belief in only one god.
•Belief in education
- Teaching children, mostly boys, has always been important to
Jewish society.
•Belief in justice and righteousness
- Jews are expected to be kind and fair in dealing with other
people, in a display of justice.
- They are also supposed to be righteous and do what is proper.
•Belief in obedience and law
- They obey moral and religious laws such as the Ten
Commandments and Mosaic law.

Chapter 7
Main Idea 2: Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the
Commentaries.
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The Torah
•This is a collection
of five books that
make up the most
sacred text in
Judaism.
•Nearly every
synagogue has one.
The Hebrew Bible
•This is made up of
the Torah, the
Proverbs, and the
Book of Psalms.
•It is also made up of
eight books that
describe the
messages of the
prophets.
The Commentaries
•Because some laws
are hard to
understand, scholars
wrote commentaries
to explain them.
•They can be found
in the Talmud.

Chapter 7
Main Idea 3: The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs.
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•The Dead Sea Scrolls were found in 1947.
•It is suspected that they were written between 100 BC and
AD 50.
•The scrolls included prayers, commentaries, letters, and
passages from the Hebrew Bible.

Chapter 7
Main Idea 4: The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures.
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• Judaism helped shape the largest religion of
Western society today, Christianity, as well as
Islam.
• Many people still look to the Ten Commandments
as a guide
• People also give to charities, which is largely based
on Jewish teachings.

Chapter 7
Judaism over the Centuries
The Big Idea
Although they were forced out of Israel by the Romans, shared beliefs and customs helped
Jews maintain their religion.
Main Ideas
•Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture.
•Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural traditions formed.
•Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion.
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Chapter 7
Main Idea 1: Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture.
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• The Zealots, a group of people who thought that Jews shouldn’t answer to
anyone but God, refused to answer to the Romans and revolted.
• During the battles, the Second Temple was destroyed. The Romans finally
won in AD 73.
• The Romans killed much of the Jewish population as punishment.

Chapter 7
A Second Revolt
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• Jews in Jerusalem revolted against the Romans in the 130s.
• After winning the second revolt, the Romans declared that any Jew caught in
or near the city would be killed. This increased Jewish migration to the
Mediterranean region.
• Because the Jews no longer had a single temple in which to worship, local
synagogues and rabbis became important in guiding their religious lives.

Chapter 7
Main Idea 2: Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural
traditions formed.
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• Jewish communities in various parts of the world developed different
customs, including language and rituals.
• One of the two traditions, Ashkenazim, is made up of Jews who moved to
France, Germany, and eastern Europe.
• They developed their own language called Yiddish.
• Another group of descendants, called the Sephardim, lived in what is now
Spain and Portugal.
• They mixed with non-Jews, borrowing elements from their culture and
producing a golden age of Jewish culture.

Chapter 7
Main Idea 3: Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion.
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Hanukkah
•This holiday honors the
rededication of the Second
Temple.
•It is celebrated by lighting
candles in a menorah.
•The eight days represent
the amount of time the oil
burned during the
rededication.
Passover
•This is a time for Jews to
remember the Exodus.
•They eat only flat bread
and have a ritual meal
called the seder.
High Holy Days
•The first two days, Rosh
Hashanah, celebrate the
beginning of the Jewish
new year.
•On Yom Kippur, the most
holy day, they fast all day
and ask God for forgiveness
of their sins.

Ch.7 the hebrews and judaism 2003

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Ch.7 the hebrews and judaism 2003