Rogers digitalmethodsaftersocialmedia nov2013_optimized_

DIGITAL METHODS AFTER SOCIAL MEDIA

RICHARD ROGERS

DIGITAL METHODS IN CONTEXT
1. Situating Digital Methods (DMI) in Internet-related research (historically)
2. Situating DMI in Digital Humanities and E-Sciences (contemporary debates)
3. Doing Digital Methods (Both arts-based and empirical research traditions)
4. Digital Methods after Social Media

>1. Situating Digital Methods (DMI) in Internet-related research (historically)
2. Situating DMI in Digital Humanities and E-Sciences (contemporary debates)

WHERE ARE WE NOW?
FROM VIRTUAL TO DIGITAL METHODS
3 VIRTUALS, OR 3 WAYS OF SEEING THE WEB
Web as Cyberspace (1994-2000) Virtual as distinct from the real. Virtual studies
Web as Virtual Society? (2000-2007) Virtual is part of the real. Offline as baseline
Web as Virtual? Society (2007- ) 'Virtual' as indication of the real. Online as baseline
Now: Use online data about society & culture, and make 'online grounded' claims

1. Situating Digital Methods (DMI) in Internet-related research (historically)
>2. Situating DMI in Digital Humanities and E-Sciences (contemporary debates)

WEB AS DATA
Web data as offering the previously impossible and unacceptable

The Internet offers an entirely different channel for understanding
what people are saying...
Tracing the spread of arguments, rumors, or positions about
political and other issues in the blogosphere…
[T]he concerns of an electorate become visible in the searches
they conduct. They offer ample opportunities for research that
would otherwise be impossible or unacceptable.
Lazer et al., Computational Social Science, Science, 323, 2009.

HISTORICAL PROBLEM WITH
WEB DATA
Web data's incapacity to stand alone

(1) One issue is the messiness of Web data and the need for data
cleansing heuristics. The uncontrolled Web creates numerous
problems in the interpretation of results (…). (2) Indeed a skeptical
researcher could claim the obstacles are so great that all Web
analyses lack value. (3) One response to this is to demonstrate
that Web data correlate significantly with some non-Web data in
order to prove that the Web data are not wholly random.
-M. Thelwall et al., "Webometrics," 2005. (Emphasis added.)

GOOD DATA
Web data in the context of 'good data'

Good data are collected as cleanly as possible and as early as
possible in its life cycle; they are captured regularly, and
preferably over long periods of time.
-C. Borgman, The Digital Future is Now: A Call to Action for the
Humanities, Digital Humanities Quarterly 3(4), 2009.

DIGITAL HUMANITIES DATA
& METHOD

Two approaches: Cultural Analytics and Culturomics

Cultural Analytics (Manovich): Analyzes patterns in Time Magazine
and Popular Science covers, as well as Mark Rothko paintings.
'Formal' analysis (art history): grayscale, brightness, hue,
saturation, and forms
Culturomics (Google Books & Scholars): Lexicographical analysis
of scanned books over hundreds of years. American spelling taking
over from British spelling; celebrity increasingly shorter lived, etc.

DIGITIZED METHODS
Imported and migrated methods adapted slightly to the online

Online surveys - Finding the mailing lists to send them to
Online samples - Become difficult. Knowability of population?
Online interviews - Record interviewees?
Online user studies - Browser histories?
Online investigative reporting - Order of fact-checking changes?

Method
Data
Digitized
Digitized

Culturomics*
Cultural Analytics*

Digital

Webometrics

Digital

DMI

*Culturomics and cultural analytics may have digitized qualitative
method, but they employ in part digital methods for they use search
as research.

NATIVELY DIGITAL
Natively digital is meant in a computing sense

In computing, software has a native mode when it is written for a
specific processor.
In computing, software has a native support when it is written for
a specific operating system. ("native", en.wikipedia.org)
"Written for the medium"

DIGITAL METHODS
Distinction between methods that migrate to the medium and those ‘native’ to it

Which objects and data are available? (links, tags, timestamps...)
How do dominant devices and platforms handle them?
How to learn from and repurpose the device methods?
Are findings grounded in the online? Is the online the baseline?

DIGITAL METHODS
OBJECTS &
APPROACHES
The end of the virtual
The link and the politics of web space
The website as archived object
4.

Googlization and the inculpable engine

5.

Search as research: Source distance and cross-spherical analysis

DIGITAL METHODS
OBJECTS &
APPROACHES
*6. National web studies
*7

Wikipedia as cultural reference

*8. Social media and postdemographics
9.

After cyberspace: Big data, small data

NATIONAL WEB STUDIES
How is the

eb often studied?

In the singular.
As cyberspace, as a technical infrastructure which gives rise
to place-less-ness. As a separate space.
As organized by language, or personalized (atomized web).
As periodized, from info-web to social web.

THE WEB IS GROUNDED
(NATIONALLY)
How else to study the Web? As grounded geographically

Content is served according to one's IP address (location)

NATIONAL WEB STUDIES
How else may they be studied? As national

ebs to be studied for their 'health'

Demarcate a national web
Diagnose its 'health' through metrics (in a form of country profiling)

DIAGNOSING THE CONDITION
OF A NATIONAL WEB
METHODS FOR DEMARCATING NATIONAL WEBS

Demarcate a national web, normally, by domain name, language,
IP range, Whois, crawling (blogosphere)
We harvest URLs from 'device cultures': Google (regional) Web
Search, DoubleClick Ad Planner, Alexa national sites, Blog
aggregators, crowd-sourcing recommender sites

DIAGNOSING THE CONDITION
OF A NATIONAL WEB
METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING NATIONAL WEBS

Diagnose condition of a national Web
a. 'Youthfulness' (freshness through datestamps)
b. 'Brokenness' (link valiators)
c. 'Responsiveness' (200 OK http response codes)
d. 'Datedness' (software versions running)
e. 'Dated users' (browser versions of users)

The health of the Iranian web

Advertiser's web
(Google Ad Planner)

Blogger's web
(Likekhor)

Surfer’s geoweb
(Alexa)

Other
502 Bad Gateway
500 Internal Server Error
410 Gone
404 Not Found
403 Forbidden
401 Unauthorized
400 Bad Request
0 Connection Problem

Searcher's web
(Google Web Search)

Crowd-sourced web
(Balatarin)

Crowd-sourced web
(Donbaleh and Sabzlink)

200 OK

WIKIPEDIA STUDIES
How is it often studied? As a question of accuracy, as a scandal-maker

Wikipedia is compared to Encyclopedia Brittanica. Quality; bias.
Publicity management tool.
As abnormally vigilant community of free-labourers (with bots).
As bureaucracy and as stigmergy.
As having a relationship with Google. (understudied)

WIKIPEDIA / BRITANNICA
COMPARISON
Jim Giles, "Internet encyclopedias go head to head," Nature 438, 900-901, 2005.

Nature conducted a peer review of 42 entries from Wikipedia and
the Encyclopedia Britannica. The results:
Only eight serious errors, such as misinterpretations of important
concepts, were detected in the pairs of articles reviewed, four
from each encyclopaedia. But reviewers also found many factual
errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 and 123 in
Wikipedia and Britannica, respectively.

WIKIPEDIA AS CULTURAL
REFERENCE
How else may it be studied? As cultural reference

As articles mature, they may express a national as opposed to
neutral point of view. Neutral to whom?
Compare article elements: title, authors (or editors), table of
contents, images and references. Also: location of the anonymous
editors (based on IP address), and a reading of the talkpages.
How to have language Wikipedia versions show cultural reference?

Referenced hosts in the Srebrencia articles per Wikipedia language version, colored
by frequency, and ordered by frequency and by alphabet, 20 December 2010
1 2 3 4 5 6

Serbian
un.org
srebrenica.ba

Bosnian
un.org
srebrenica.ba

Dutch
un.org
icty.org

Croatian
un.org
srebrenica.ba

icty.org

ic-mp.org

groene.nl

icty.org

bosnia.org.uk
guardian.co.uk

idc.org.ba
srebrenica-zepa.ba

bosnia.org.uk
guardian.co.uk

ic-mp.org

helsinki.org.yu

icj-cij.org

hlc.org.yu

iwpr.net

ogrish.com

news.bbc.co.uk
nytimes.com
ohr.int
srebrenica-zepa.ba
vreme.com

sense-agency.com
vladars.net
dzemat-oberhausen.de
inzl.unsa.ba
preventgenocide.org
srebrenicagenocide.blogspot.com
zeneucrnom.org

vandiepen.com
books.google.nl
dutchbat.luchtmobiel.
nl
dutchbat1.com
emperorsclothes.com
nu.nl
ochtenden.nl
volkskrant.nl

128.121.186.47
b92.net
helsinki.org.yu
hlc.org.yu
news.independent.co.u
k
ogrish.com
reuters.com
slobodan-milosevic.org

Serbo-Croatian
un.org
srebrenica.ba
srebrenicazepa.ba
srebrenica.nl
vladars.net

English
un.org
srebrenica.ba
icty.org
bosnia.org.uk
guardian.co.uk

icj-cij.org

ic-mp.org

idc.org.ba

icj-cij.org

iwpr.net

idc.org.ba

news.bbc.co.uk
nytimes.com
ohr.int
vreme.com
balkaninsight.com

iwpr.net
news.bbc.co.uk
nytimes.com
ohr.int
vreme.com

bim.ba

128.121.186.47

domovina.net
edition.cnn.com
europarl.europa.eu

b92.net
balkaninsight.com
bim.ba

independent.co.uk

domovina.net

newsweek.com
pbs.org
potocarimc.ba

edition.cnn.com
europarl.europa.eu
groene.nl

DUTCH

ENGLISH

BOSNIAN

CROATIAN SERBIAN

SERBOCROATIAN

Burial of 465 identified Bosniaks,
Potočari, 2007.
Map of the Srebrenica military
operations, made by the U.S. Central
Intelligence Agency, with green
arrow showing the route of the
Bosnian forces.
Map of the location of Srebrenica,
the Republika Srpska,
Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Srebrenica-Potočari Memorial and
Cemetery, Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Grave of a 13-year old Bosniak boy.

Ratko Mladic.

An exhumed body with blindfold
and hands tied behind his back. As of
September 2012, the photo has been
removed from Wikipedia article.

Exhumed grave of victims, 2007.

Podrinje Identification Project's
facility for storing, processing, and
handling exhumed remains..

"UN left 8,000 to die in Bosnia."
Headline in The Independent,
30 October 1995.

Satellite photo of Nova Kasaba
mass grave.

International Criminal Tribunal for
the Former Yugoslavia, Den Haag,
the Netherlands.

Srebrenica Genocide Memorial
Stone at Potočari, with the victim
count of 8,372.

Skull exhumed outside
of Potočari, July 2007.

Wall of names at the Srebrenica
Genocide Memorial.

War-damaged buildings
in Srebrenica.

The Bosniak enclaves of Srebrenica
and Zepa, declared safe areas by the
U.N. in 1993.

WIKIPEDIA STUDIES
Digital Methods contributions to the study of Wikipedia

Wikipedia as cultural reference
Wikipedia as controversy diagnostics machine

SOCIAL MEDIA STUDIES
Digital Methods contributions to the study of social media

1. Web data becomes a main source of social data (also Twitter)
2. Postdemographics as emerging object of study
3. Ethics and Leaky gardens
4. Networked content as avenue of analysis

>1. Web data becomes main source of network analysis (and how to study Twitter)
2. Postdemographics as emerging network culture and object of study
4. Networked content as avenues of analysis

ONLY ONLINE DATA?
Web data as preferred data to study social phenomena

"When all you have is a Twitter API, every problem
looks like a hashtag"
- Michael Stevenson

TWITTER STUDIES WITH
DIGITAL METHODS
Digital Methods contributions to the study of social media

First, decide whether you are studying Twitter I, Twitter II or
Twitter III
Twitter I: Banal, phatic, ambient friend-following
Twitter II: News-following, elections and disasters
Twitter III: Generic data on social phenomena, any topic

TWITTER I, TWITTER II,
TWITTER III
'Twitter' as object of study and critique

Twitter I (2006-2009): Urban lifestyle tool (origins) and 'Banal'
Tagline: "what are you doing?"
Twitter II (2009-2012): Elections, disasters and revolutions.
Tagline: "what's happening?"
Twitter III (2012- ): Research tool and data market
Tagline: "compose new tweet"

TWITTER III

>Twitter I (2006-2009): Urban lifestyle tool (origins) and 'Banal'
Tagline: "what are you doing?"
Tagline: "what's happening?"
Twitter III (2012- ): Research tool and data market
Tagline: "compose new tweet"

Source: BBC News, 17 August 2009

What are tweets?
40.5% could be classified as pointless babble,
37.5% as conversational,
8.7% as having pass-along value,
5.85% as self promotion, and
3.75% as spam.

TWITTER III

(what did you have for lunch?)
>Twitter II (2009-2012): Elections, disasters and revolutions.
Monitoring tool for 'what's happening' and change agent
Twitter III (2012- ): Research tool and data market (politics of
Twitter data)

Berman, Ari (2009), “Iran's Twitter Revolution,”
The Nation blog, The Nation, 15 June.

method.
Step 1: Capture all tweets with #iranelection
between 10 and 30 June 2009,
and archive them at rettiwt.net.

the collection.
#iranelection dataset (10-30 June 2009):
Tweets tagged with #iranelection: 653,883
Unique number of Twitter users with #iranelection tag: 99,811
Twitter users of #iranelection with multiple tweets: 46,702
Twitter users of #iranelection with more than 20 tweets:
6,000
Twitter users of #iranelection with 1 tweet: 53,109
Twitter users of #iranelection who were retweeted: 36,913
Twitter users of #iranelection retweeted multiple times: 16,336
Twitter users of #iranelection retweeted at least 10 times:
2,829
Twitter users of #iranelection retweeted 1 time: 20,577
Number of languages using #iranelection:
26
Number of tweets with #iranelection in English: 612,373

method.
Step 2. Filter out top 3 RTs per day
Turn Twitter into sory-telling machine

What’s happening in Iran just after
the disputed election (DMI, 2009)?

Mousavi holds an
emergency press
conference. The voter
turn-out is 80%. SMS is
down; Mousavi’s website
and Facebook are
blocked. Police are
using pepper spray.
Mousavi is under house
arrest; he is prepared
for martyrdom. Neda is
dead. There’s a riot in
Baharestan Square.
First aid info is here.
Bon Jovi sings “Stand by
Me” in support.
Ahmadinejad is
confirmed the winner.
Light a candle for the
ppl of Iran.

TWITTER III

(what did you have for lunch?)
Monitoring tool for 'what's happening' and change agent
>Twitter III (2012- ): Research tool and data market (politics of
Twitter data)

TWITTER III - DATA MARKET

Terms of service change and Twitter softens blow by donating to Library of Congress - e

"[Twitter is not] considering the myriad number of PhD students
who basically just lost their work, or the researchers that were
close to saying something meaningful and now have no way
to do it" (Watter, 2011).
Must you work at Twitter to use it as researcher?

TWITTER III - DATA MARKET
Politics of archived Twitter

What kind of research tool is the Twitter archive?
Access. Any portion of the Collection originally posted to the
Twitter service six months prior to the then-current date may be
made available to Library staff and to bonafide researchers
according to the policies of the custodial division of the Library
responsible for the administration and service of materials of this
nature, provided that the researcher signs a notification mutually
agreed upon by Donor and the Library prohibiting commercial use
and redistribution of all or a substantial part of the Collection
(Library of Congress, 2010).

1. Web data becomes main source of network analysis (and how to study Twitter)
>2. Postdemographics as emerging object of study (and how to study Facebook)

POSTDEMOGRAPHICS
Web data as preferred data to study social phenomena

Postdemographics is the study of how preferences organize
social media networks.
Examples:
Showing compatibility of the interests of 'friends' of Democratic
and Republican presidential candidates.
Showing relatedness of an interest (e.g., Islam or Christianity)
to other interests.

>3. Ethics and Leaky gardens

ETHICS AND LEAKY GARDENS
"But the data is already public" (Zimmer, 2010)

Social media encourages more exposure just as scholarship
increasingly encourages care (and far less scraping than before)

Examples:
Profiling a user according to which web services she subscribes to Lo
Pinpointing highly networked right-wing extremists

PERUSSUOMALAISET

FORZA
N U O VA
SICILIA

E S PA Ñ A
2000

RISPOSTE
LAIQUE

SIOE
DEUTSCHLAND

BRITISH
N AT I O N A L
PA R T Y

SIOE
FRANCE

SIAD
DENMARK

V O TA
FORZA
N U O VA
ALLE
COMUNALI
DI MILANO

SIOE
ENGLAND

PA X
E U R O PA
SWEDISH
DEFENCE
LEAGUE

LIGUE DE
DEFENCE
FRANCAISE

BLOC
I D E N T I TA I R E

DER DANSKE
VORENING

P L ATA F O R M A
P E R C A T A L U N YA

NORWEGIAN
DEFENCE
LEAGUE

ATA K A

F R E M S K R I T T S PA R T I E T S
VENNER

NORWEGIAN DEFENCE LEAGUE

124

B R I T I S H N AT I O N A L PA R T Y

136

P L ATA F O R M A P E R C ATA L U N YA
LIGUE DE DEFENCE FRANCAISE
SIOE ENGLAND
SIAD DENMARK
B L O C I D E N T I TA I R E

101

F R E M S K R I T T S PA R T I E T S V E N N E R
E S PA Ñ A 2 0 0 0
86

28

4

2

Jade Day

2

1
Olivia Nolan

Eric Gaillard

7

S a r e e t a We b r a - B h a r a j

7

Andrea Ogando Dos Santos

Janne Louise Lindfeng

9

Nasir Abdul

14
Arnt Road Kvile

Kamil Ryba

Mads Anderse

21 21
22

Mikkie Dikkie

35

Stefano NS Liberi

31

Franz Mulet Sanz

Steve Simmons

44

Kevin Scott

58
Martin Hansen

Roy-Birger Mulstad

58
62

Ann Lisbeth Andersen

53

58

Charles Martel

65

David Parada Perez

65

John Sorli

Stephen Gash

85

Pavel Chernev

Leo Baardsen

87

Lars Ostergaard

Ferran Estruch

109

Va s i l i R i c h a r d s s o n

List of Counter-jihadist Facebook Groups'
top administrators, according to their
degree centrality in the total network.
The dimension of each node is based
on the total number of connections
in the larger counter-jihadist network.

159
CONNECTIONS

REMI STEINER #1
JOSEP ENGUIX #2
CHRISTEN KROGVIG #3

New personalities
of the counter jihadist
social network

>4. Networked content as avenues of analysis

NETWORKED CONTENT
ANALYSIS

Social media data as means to study content

Networked content as avenue of analysis
Examples:
Likes, shares, comments, liked comments (Facebook)
Public highlights (Amazon Kindle)

Chapter Seven / More experimental methods
11 q. / 2.556 h.

INFIDEL

Tota l h igh ligh ted q u otes a n d n u m b er of
tim es p er b ook a n d c a tegor y

10 q. / 1.117 h.

AMERICA ALONE

8 q. / 226 h.

WHILE
EUROPE SLEPT

10 q. / 128 h.

THE AL QAEDA
READER

11 q. / 73 h.

10 q. / 182 h.

WHY I AM
NOT A MUSLIM

9 q. / 112 h.

NOW THEY
CALL ME INFIDEL

11 q. / 65 h.

8 q. / 778 h.

THE POLITICALLY
INCORRECT
GUIDE TO ISLAM

10 q. / 176 h.

10 q. / 174 h.

BECAUSE
T H E Y H AT E

THEY MUST
BE STOPPED

19 q. / 85 h.

13 q. / 83 h.

L O N D O N I S TA N

INSIDE ISLAM

13 q. / 56 h.

7 q. / 56 h.

STEALTH JIHAD

AMERICAN
JIHAD

I S L A M ’ S WA R A G A I N S T T H E W O R L D

11 q. / 39 h.

10 q. / 38 h.

THE ORIGINS
OF THE KORAN

10 q. / 34 h.

U N D E R S TA N D I N G
JIHAD

JIHAD
IN THE WEST

5 q. / 15 h.

4 q. / 12 h.

6 q. / 18 h.

JIHAD
I N C O R P O R AT E D

L E AV I N G
ISLAM

RELIGION OF PEACE?:

WILLFUL
BLINDNESS

FUTURE
JIHAD

10 q. / 33 h.

EURABIA

9 q. / 431 h.

THE TRUTH
ABOUT
MUHAMMAD

10 q. / 151 h.

CRUEL AND USUAL
PUNISHMENT

10 q. / 77 h.

RELIGION
OF PEACE?

10 q. / 48 h.

I N F I L T R AT I O N

10 q. / 32 h.

ISLAM
UNVEILED

1 q. / 3 h.

1 q. / 3 h.

W H AT T H E K O R A N
R E A L L Y S AY S

THE MYTH OF
ISLAMIC TOLERANCE

To p e x a m p l e s o f h i g h l i g h t e d q u o t e s p e r c a t e g o r y

“ISLAM IS A RELIGION OF THE PEACE THAT WILL COME WHEN EVERYONE IS MUSLIM OR AT LEAST
SUBJECT TO THE ISLAMIC STATE. AND TO ESTABLISH THAT PEACE, MUSLIMS MUST WAGE WAR.”

The Po litically In c orre c t G uide t o Isl a m ( an d t h e C r u s a d e s ) , R o b e r t S p e n c e r, 1 0 9 h i g h l i g h t s .

“I FOUND MYSELF THINKING THAT THE QURAN IS
NOT A HOLY DOCUMENT. IT IS A HISTORICAL
RECORD, WRITTEN BY HUMANS. IT IS ONE VERSION
OF EVENTS, AS PERCEIVED BY THE MEN WHO WROTE
IT 150 YEARS AFTER THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD DIED.
AND IT IS A VERY TRIBAL AND ARAB VERSION OF
EVENTS. IT SPREADS A CULTURE THAT IS BRUTAL,
BIGOTED, FIXATED ON CONTROLLING WOMEN, AND
HARSH IN WAR.”
Infidel, Ay aan Hirsi Al i, 3 2 5 hi g hl i g ht s.

“IN ISLAM, BECOMING AN INDIVIDUAL IS NOT A
NECESSARY DEVELOPMENT; MANY PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY
WOMEN, NEVER DEVELOP A CLEAR INDIVIDUAL WILL. YOU
SUBMIT: THAT IS THE LITERAL MEANING OF THE WORD
ISLAM: SUBMISSION. THE GOAL IS TO BECOME QUIET
INSIDE, SO THAT YOU NEVER RAISE YOUR EYES, NOT EVEN
INSIDE YOUR MIND.”
Infidel, Ay aan Hirsi Al i, 2 7 6 hi g hl i g ht s.

“EVERY SOCIETY THAT IS STILL IN THE RIGID GRIP
OF ISLAM OPPRESSES WOMEN AND ALSO LAGS
BEHIND IN DEVELOPMENT. MOST OF THESE
SOCIETIES ARE POOR; MANY ARE FULL OF
CONFLICT AND WAR. SOCIETIES THAT RESPECT
THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND THEIR FREEDOM
ARE WEALTHY AND PEACEFUL.”
Infidel, Ay aan H irsi Al i, 3 7 5 hi g hl i g ht s.
“THE BREAKING OF THE TREATY IN THIS WAY, WOULD REINFORCE THE PRINCIPLE THAT NOTHING WAS GOOD EXCEPT WHAT
WAS ADVANTAGEOUS TO ISLAM, AND NOTHING EVIL EXCEPT WHAT HINDERED ISLAM.”

The Po litically In c orre c t G uid e t o Isl am ( a n d t he C r u s a d e s ) , R o b e r t S p e n c e r, 1 0 6 h i g h l i g h t s .
“ S O W E H AV E A G L O B A L T E R R O R I S T M O V E M E N T I N S U L AT E D W I T H I N A G L O B A L P O L I T I C A L P R O J E C T
I N S U L AT E D
WITHIN
A
S E V E R E LY
S E L F - S E G R E G AT I N G
RELIGION
WHOSE
ADHERENTS
ARE
THE
FA S T E S T- G R O W I N G D E M O G R A P H I C I N T H E D E V E L O P E D W O R L D . ”

America Alo ne: T h e E n d of t h e Worl d as We K n o w I t , M a r k S t e y n , 1 1 5 h i g h l i g h t s .
“ S O W E H AV E A G L O B A L T E R R O R I S T M O V E M E N T I N S U L A T E D W I T H I N A G L O B A L P O L I T I C A L P R O J E C T
I N S U L AT E D W I T H I N A S E V E R E LY S E L F - S E G R E G AT I N G R E L I G I O N W H O S E A D H E R E N T S A R E T H E
F A S T E S T- G R O W I N G D E M O G R A P H I C I N T H E D E V E L O P E D W O R L D . ”

America Alo ne: T h e E n d of t h e Worl d a s We K n o w I t , M a r k S t e y n , 1 2 2 h i g h l i g h t s .

DIGITAL METHODS
THANK YOU
Further information:
R. Rogers, Digital Methods, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013
Digital Methods Initiative, http://www.digitalmethods.net
rogers@uva.nl

Rogers digitalmethodsaftersocialmedia nov2013_optimized_

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