3. POPULATION GENETICS
The Study of Genes and Genotypes in a
population
Population - a group of individuals of the same
species that occupy the same environment (that
can interbreed)
Genetic Variation
Genetic Variation related to Phenotypic Variation
4. GENE POOLS
All of the alleles for every gene in a given
population
Changes between Generations
Use to examine variation in alleles between
individuals of a population
5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENES
Polymorphic – 2 or more alleles for a single
gene that occur at greater than 1% frequency
Monomorphic – 1 allele for a single gene
occurs at greater than 99% frequency
7. ALLELE FREQUENCY
30 Homozygous Dominant Humans (TT)
20 Heterozygous Humans (Tt)
10 Homozygous Recessive Humans (tt)
Frequency of T: (30)(2) + 20 Frequency of t: (10)(2) + 20
(30+20+10)(2) (30+20+10)(2)
8. GENOTYPE FREQUENCY
30 Homozygous Dominant Humans (TT)
20 Heterozygous Humans (Tt)
10 Homozygous Recessive Humans (tt)
Frequency of TT: 30
(30+20+10)
Frequency of Tt: 20
Frequency of tt: 10 (30+20+10)
(30+20+10)
9. HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE
Relates Allele Frequency and Genotype
Frequency
Developed in 1908
Godfrey Harold Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg
14. HARDY-WEINBERG ASSUMPTIONS
No new mutations
No natural selection
No random change in allele frequencies
(large population)
No Migration
Random mating
15. MICRO-EVOLUTION
Changes in a population’s gene pool
Allele Frequency changes
New Genetic Variation
Evolutionary Mechanisms