2. Presentation Outline
Gender and Sex
Origins of Gender and Gender Behavior
Gender Roles
Gender in Culture and Media
Gender at Workplace
Segregation of Labor Market
Gender (In)Equality
Sexual harassment and discrimination at
workplace
Gender Statistics
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3. Gender and Sex
Gender refers to the way members of the two
sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected
to behave
Sex (sexual dimorphism) refers to the
physiological differences between men and
women
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4. What Makes Men and Women
Different?
Biological Determinism: The idea that certain
characteristics are inherently distinct as a result
of biological factors.
Gendering: The process by which individuals
take on gender identities, behaviors, and
actions.
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5. How do we develop our gender
roles?
Psychoanalytic Theories
Social-Learning Theory
Cognitive Development Theory
Gender-Schema Theory
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6. Gender Roles
Man for the field and woman for the heart:
Man for the sword and for the needle she:
Man with the head and woman with the heart:
Man to command and woman to obey;
All else confusion
Lord Alfred Tennyson, 19th century
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8. Patriarchy
Exploitation of women’s labor by their
husbands
Gender relations within paid labor
The role of male violence
Patriarchal relations in the state
Patriarchal relations in culture and cultural
institutions
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11. Culture and Media
Stereotypical images of women and men in
media
Objectification of bodies
TV series and ads: women as passive victims
of social forces; men as hyper-masculine
heroes
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12. Segregated Labor Market
Horizontal Segregation: Gender segregation
across occupations
Vertical Segregation: Gender segregation
within an occupation
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13. Gender Inequality at Workplace
Primary labor markets consists of work in large
corporations, industries or governments agencies.
Workers receive relatively high wages and enjoy
good job security.
Secondary labor markets include forms of
employment, which are unstable, where job security
and wages are low and there are fewer opportunities
for promotion.
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14. Gender Inequality at Workplace
Contd.
Sex Segregation (Sexual division of labor)
Differences in Promotion
Differences in Authority
Differences in Earnings
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15. Reasons for GI
Cultural beliefs – Gender ideologies
Men’s actions
Employers 'actions
Workers 'own preferences and abilities-
Human Capital Theory
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16. Workplace Values
Men
Pay and Benefits
Achievement and Success
Status and Authority
Strengths of Men at Work
Goal orientation
Tangible Accomplishments
Problem Solving
Singleness of Purpose
Responsiveness to Challenge
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17. Workplace Values
Strengths of WoMen at Work
Harmony, balance, nurturance, serenity, creativity, vision
Teamwork and collaboration
Detail oriented
WoMen
Friends at Work and Relationships
Recognition and Respect
Communication and Collaboration
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18. Styles side by side
Report Style
More direct
Longer meeting talk
Task-oriented
Independence
Sports, politics talk
Downplay doubts
Verbal opposition
Solve problems when stg is
wrong
Independent decision-
maker
Rapport Style
Less direct
Disclaimers, Succinct
meeting talk
Relationship-oriented
Personal talk
Downplay certainty
Ritual apology
Give praise when stg is right
Collaborative decision-
maker
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20. OECD Gender Initiative 2012
Girls significantly outperform boys in reading in all OECD
countries. Boys are ahead in mathematics, but the gender gap
is small compared to reading.
At university, women and men choose different fields of
study.
Women do more unpaid work than men.
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21. OECD Gender Initiative 2012 Cont.
Although the gender wage gap has narrowed over time, it
is still large.
Women are still under-represented in top corporate jobs
Women are less likely than men to own a business and
employ others.
Women’s presence in national parliaments has increased,
but gender gaps are still large.
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22. Where is Turkey?
Global Gender Gap Index 2012: overall 124th
(total 135)
TurkStat 2011
29,4 % of total workforce are women
28,8 % of women in workforce (15+)
71,7 % of men in workforce (15+)
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29. Sex Discrimination
Sex discrimination at work is the use of
irrelevant characteristics such as sex, race, age
or appearance to make employment related
decisions. Sex discrimination is related to sex
segregation, sex differences in promotions,
authorities and earnings.
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30. Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment involves unwanted
attention of a sexual nature, whether through
acts of a physical, verbal, or otherwise
suggestive nature. In many cases of sexual
harassment organizational power is a factor,
where the women is bothered by an
organizationally more powerful male.
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