Objective and subjective knowledge

1. Knowledge, KM

2. WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE? “Knowledge is what we know” ?? “knowledge is a justified true belief” Plato, ~ 400 BC “We can know more that we can tell” Michael Polanyi, 1966 “We know it when we use it” Dewire, 1999

3. Fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experience and information Davenport and Prusak, 1999 Knowledge is justified belief that increases an entity's capacity for effective action Nanoka, 1995

4. ? Knowledge Information Data

6. Information is a judgment, by an individual or groups, that given data resolve questions, disclose or reveal distinctions, or enable new action

7. Knowledge is the capacity for effective action in a domain of human actionsContext, Relevance Manipulation of data

8. The analogy of train schedules Swan, Newell, and Galliers(1999) Train timetable is data A platform announcement that the next train to the desired location leaves in 5 minutes is information A passenger‘s realization that the first train to reach the destination may not be the first to leave is knowledge 19

9. TUOMI’S REVERSED HIERARCHY MODEL (1999)

13. Captured in records of the past such as libraries, archives and databases

17. K is not an independent object.

18. K has no single location.

20. Knowledge as Access to Information. It enables access and utilization of information.

23. Tactical knowledge pertains to the short-term positioning of the organization relative to its markets, competitors, and suppliers

26. Socialization Capturing knowledge through physical proximity- direct interaction with people

27. Externalization Articulation of tacit - involves techniques to express one‘s ideas or images as words, concepts, figurative language and visuals. May require reasoning and creative inference

29. Disseminating explicit K directly in presenting and discussing

31. Nonaka’s Spiral model Dynamic interaction between the different modes of knowledge conversion (SECI model) Knowledge creation centers on the building of tacit and explicit knowledge A failure to build a dialog between tacit and explicit knowledge can cause problems The interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge will tend to become larger in scale and faster in speed as more actors in and around the organization become involve

33. Storage/retrieval

34. Transfer

36. Alavi & Leidner- transfer B’s tacit A’s tacit K application K application A’s explicit B’s explicit