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36gfk|lt /x]sf] unt / e|fds ljrf/ g} hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] k|dv tuf/f] ag]sf]
'
kfOG5 .
To;}n] e'Orfnf] hfg] ;DaGwdf ;dfhdf JofKt k/Dk/fut e|fds wf/0ffnfO{
F
Tofu]/ xfd|f 3/, ljBfno jf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgf ;se/ e'Orfnf]af6 geTsg]
F
k|ljlw / ;'ema'emaf6 lgdf{0f ug'k5{ . ;a}eGbf klxn] e'Orfnf] hfg;Sg] sf/0f
{ F
yfxf kfpg'k5{ / To;cg'¿k ;'/Iffsf pkfo ckgfpg'k5{ . t/ O{Zj/Lo zlQmsf
sf/0fn] jf df5f, s5'jf jf xfQLn] af]ssf] k[YjL ltgn] sfFw km]bf{ jf tL hgfj/
]
r6k6fpFbf e'Orfnf] hfG5 eGg] unt wf/0ffnfO{ TofUg'k5{ .
F

“

e'Orfnf] hfg] sf/0f / k|sf/
“
k[YjLsf] ;tx ;fdfGotof l:y/ / crn /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ ;txb]lv ;of}F lsnf]ld6/
leqsf] e"ueL{o v08 rnfodfg x'G5 . w]/} rfk / bafasf sf/0f ;of}F lsnf]ld6/
leq xhf/f}F l8u|L ;]G6Lu|8 tfkdf aln/x]sf] n]bf] otfplt 3'ld/x]sf] x'G5, h;nfO{
]
DofUdf elgG5 . ToxL DofUdfdfly 7"nf7"nf r§fg t}l//x]sf x'G5g . To;/L
t}l/Psf r§fg Pscfk;df 3':bf jf 5'l§Fbf DofUdf dflylt/ cfpFb5 . To:tf]
cj:yfdf xfdLn] sNkg} ug{g;Sg] zlQm pTkGg x'G5 . ToxL zlQmsf] bafa
;tx;Dd cfOk'Ub5 / sDkg k}bf x'G5 .
e"ue{df /x]sf] DofUdf a]u;fy rNbf To;n] aflx/lt/ cfpg] sdnf] :yfg e]6df ]
7"nf] lj:kmf]6;fy aflx/ Hjfnfd'vLsf ¿kdf lg:sG5 . o;/L Hjfnfd'vLsf]
lj:kmf]6 x'bf klg 7"nf] zlQm pT;h{g eP/ k[YjLsf] ;txdf sDkg k}bf x'G5 /
F
e'Orfnf] hfG5 .
F
e'Orfnf] hfg] dfgjLo sf/0f klg b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g . 7"nf vfgLaf6 kmnfd,
F
sf]Onf, t]n cflb pTvgg ubf{ tL j:t'n] cf]u6]sf] 7fpF vfnL x'G5 . To; vfnL
7fpFdf leqL ;txsf] DofUdf lg:sg ;lhnf] x'g] jf aflx/L hldg efl:;g] qmddf
;tx xlNnP/ e'Orfnf] hfg] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L hfg] e'Orfnf]sf] ljgfzsf/L Ifdtf
F F
eg] k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 hfg] e'Orfnf]sf] t'ngfdf guGo g} x'G5 .
F
o;sf cltl/Qm cf0fljs xltof/sf] k/LIf0f ubf{ klg To;n] e";txdf sDkg k}bf
u5{ . ljgfzsf/L ¿ksf ljzfn klx/f] hfFbf klx/f] uPsf] :yfg 5]p5fpsf]
a;f]af; If]qsf] hldg xlNnFbf klg e'Orfnf]af6 x'gh:t} gf]S;fg x'g;S5 .
F ]
e'Orfnf] hfg] cGo sf/0f h]h:tf eP klg e"ue{leqsf rnfodfg Kn]6sf]
F
ultzLntf / Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 g} k|dv e'sDkLo sf/0f x'g . o;/L hfg]
'
e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf ljleGg :t/sf] x'G5 . sltko e'Orfnf] uPsf] xfdLn] yfxf g}
F F
kfpFbgf}F . ljz]ifu/L $ l/S6/:s]neGbf dflysf] e'Orfnf] dfq xfdLn] yfxf kfpFb5f}F .
} F

g]kfndf e'OFrfnf] hfg] sf/0f
g]kfnsf] ef}ule{s :j¿k Hjfnfd'vL hfg] lsl;dsf] gePsf] ljz]if1x¿n] lgisif{
lgsfn]sf 5g . To;}n] g]kfn / l5d]sL d'ns ef/t tyf rLgsf] g]kfnL ;Ldf
'
If]qdf Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6af6 e'Orfnf] hfg] s'g} cfwf/ /x]sf] 5}g . xfn;Ddsf
F
cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgcg';f/ o; If]qdf e"ueL{o r§fgdf /x]sf] ultzLntfs}
sf/0f e'Orfnf] hfg]u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
F
e"ue{df /x]sf o:tf r§fgnfO{ 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6 eg]/ j}1flgs gfdfs/0f ul/Psf]
5 . oL Kn]6 cfk;df 3':bf, 3if{0f x'bf jf ljkl/t lbzftkm{ 5'l§Fbf ToxfFaf6 ljzfn
F
“

zlQm pTkGg x'G5 . To;/L lg:s]sf] zlQm k[YjLsf] ;txtkm{ x'lQP/ cfpFbf sDkg
k}bf eP/ e'Orfnf] hfG5 .
F
g]kfndf blIf0ftkm{ /x]sf]] OlG8og tyf pQ/tkm{ /x]sf]] ltAa]ltog Kn]6sf]aLr x'g]
3if{0f jf ljR5]bgh:tf cGtlqm{ofsf sf/0f e'Orfnf] hfg]u/]sf] e"ue{ljbx¿sf]
F
egfO /x]sf] 5 . sl/a ;f9] rf/ s/f]8 jif{klxn] OlG8og Kn]6 / o'/l] ;og elgg]
ltAa]ltog Kn]6 cfk;df 7f]lSsP/ cfPsf] ljzfn e'Orfnf]af6 6]ly; ;fu/
F
ePsf] 7fpFdf clxn]sf] lxdfno kj{tsf] pTklQ ePsf] lj1x¿sf] egfO 5 .
g]kfnsf] blIf0ftkm{ /x]sf] ef/tLo Kn]6 @=% ;]lG6ld6/ k|ltjif{sf b/n] pQ/tkm{
/x]sf] ltAa]ltog Kn]6leq 3':g] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L Kn]6 Pscfk;df 3':bf k[YjLsf]
aflx/L ;tx klg v'DrFb} hfG5 . of] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ rln/xg] xf] eg] kfFr ;o
jif{df g]kfnsf] e"ld !) ld6/;Dd v'Drg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L v'lDrPsf]
;tx Ps}k6s wl:;of] eg] * l/S6/:s]neGbf dflysf] zlQmePsf] e'Orfnf] F
hfg;S5 . o;k|sf/ OlG8og / ltAa]ltog 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6sf] ultzLntf g}
g]kfndf e'Orfnf] hfg] k|dv sf/0f dfGg ;lsG5 .
F '
e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf
“
k[YjLdf e'Orfnf] guPsf] ;do g} x'bg . e"ueL{o ultzLntf lgoldt ¿kdf
F F }
rln/xg] ePsfn] e'Orfnf] klg lgoldt ¿kdf uO/x]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof b'O{
F
l/S6/:s]n;Ddsf] e'Orfnf] Ps 306fdf !^) j6f hfg]u/]sf] cg'dfg e"ue{ljbx¿sf]
F
/x]sf] kfOG5 .
lgoldt ¿kdf uO/xg] Ps jf b'O{ l/S6/:s]nsf] e'Orfnf] xfdLn] yfxf kfpg
F
;Sb}gf}F . ;fdfGotof #=% l/s6/:s]nsf] e'Orfnf] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /x]sf] dflg;n]
F
yfxf kfpg ;S5 . eL8ef8 jf sfddf Jo:t dflg;n] t $ l/S6/:s]nsf]
e'Orfnf] klg yfxf kfpg d'l:sn k5{ . o:tf ;fgf e'Orfnf]af6 vf;} Iflt gx'g]
F F
ePsfn] klg dflg;n] Totflt/ vf;} Wofg lbPsf] x'bg . F }
;fdfGotof $=% l/S6/ :s]nsf] e'Orfnf]n] 3/uf]7 jf ;fwf/0f ;+/rgfdf yf]/}
F
dfq Iflt k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . e"ue{af6 pTkGg x'g] zlQmsf cfwf/df
e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf a9b} hfG5 / hgwgsf] Ifltsf] cg'kft klg To;}cg'¿k
F
a95 . * l/S6/:s]nsf] e'Orfnf]nfO{ ljZjdf lgs} ljgfzsf/L dflgG5 . g]kfndf
F
@)() ;fnsf] e'Orfnf] *=# l/S6/:s]n Ifdtfsf] lyof] h;df k/]/ * xhf/eGbf
F
a9L dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] eg] sl/a *) xhf/ 3/ Wj:t ePsf lyP .
e'Orfnf]sf] gfkdf lemgf] cGt/ cfP klg To;af6 pTkGg x'g] zlQmdf 7"nf] cGt/
F
x'G5 . e'Orfnf]sf] dfk Ps l/S6/:s]n a9bf sDkg !) u'0ff a9b5 eg] #@ u'0ff
F
a9L pmhf{ pTkGg x'G5 . o; lx;facg';f/ * l/S6/:s]nsf] e'Orfnf] hfFbf tLg
F
l/S6/:s]nsf] e'Orfnf]af6 x'g] sDkgsf] t'ngfdf * l/S6/:s]nsf] e'Orfnf]sf]
F F
sDkg !) nfv u'0ff a9L x'G5 eg] zlQmsf] pT;h{g # s/f]8 u'0ff a9L x'G5 .
e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] sDkg tyf zlQmsf] :j¿k s:tf] x'G5
F
“

eGg] hfgsf/L tflnsf g+= ! af6 ldNb5 .
e'Orfnf]sf] k|sf/
“
oGqLo M dflg;n] ) b]lv @=$ l/S6/:s]n;Ddsf] e'Orfnf]nfO{ cg'ej ug{
F
;Sb}g . o:tf] e'Orfnf] uPsf] k|df0f oflGqs clen]vaf6 dfq yfxf kfpg
F
;lsG5 . e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf gfKg] oGq l;:df]ufkmåf/f dfq yfxf kfOg] ePsfn]
F |
o; :t/sf] e'Orfnf]nfO{ oGqLo e'Orfnf] elgG5 .
F F
IfL0f M o;k|sf/sf] e'Orfnf] jf sDkgsf] cg'ej ;+jbgzLn dflg;n] dfq cg'ej
F ]
ug{;S5g . IfL0f e'Orfnf]sf] dfk @=$ b]lv #=$ l/S6/:s]n;Dd x'G5 .
F
xNsf M #=% b]lv $=@ l/S6/:s]n dfksf] o;:t/sf] e'Orfnf] glhs}af6 6«s
F
jf a; rNbf pGkGg x'g] sDkg tyf ysf{x6h:t} x'G5 . xNsf dflgg] o;
:t/sf] e'Orfnf]sf] cg'ej cf/fd ul//x]sf jf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf sfd ul//x]sf
F
dflg;n] dfq u5{g .
;fdfGo M $=# b]lv tflnsf M ! e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf, sDkg / zlQm pT;h{g
“
$=* l/S6/ :s]n;Dd
dfksf] e'OFrfnf]sf] tLj|tf jf dfkg w/ftnLo zlQm j[l4
cg' e j lxF l 8/x] s f] -l/S6/:s]n_ sDkgdf j[l4 -cg'dflgt_
dflg;n] klg )=! !=# u'0ff !=$ u'0ff
ug{;S5g . ;fdfGo
e'Orfnf] (Moderate )=@
F !=^ u'0ff @=) u'0ff
earthquake) af6 )=# @=) u'0ff #=) u'0ff
3/leq jf hldgdf )=$ @=% u'0ff $=) u'0ff
ePsf j:t' klg
)=% #=@ u'0ff %=% u'0ff
xlNnG5g .
zlQmzfnL M ¿v, )=^ $=) u'0ff %=% u'0ff
3/df em'l08Psf )=& %=) u'0ff !!=@@ u'0ff
;fdfg lgs} /fd|/L )=* ^=# u'0ff !%=*% u'0ff
xlNnG5g .
;fdfGo¿kdf )=( &=( u'0ff @@=#* u'0ff
78ØfOPsf j:t' !=) !) u'0ff #@ u'0ff
9Nb5g eg] @=) !)) u'0ff !,))) u'0ff
oftfoftsf ;fwg #=) !))) u'0ff #!,^@@ u'0ff
klN6g] ;Defjgf klg
x'G5 . $=( b]lv %=$ $=) !),))) u'0ff !),)),))) u'0ff
l/S6/:s]n;Ddsf] %=) !),nfv u'0ff #,!^,@@,&&^ u'0ff
dfkg x'g] o;:t/sf] ;|f]tM uf]kfnk|;fb b'nfn, kof{j/0f dfl;s, k"0ff{ªs %(,
e'Orfnf]nfO{
F k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljz]if, @)^@ .

“

zlQmzfnL e'Orfnf] elgG5 .
F
w]/} zlQmzfnL M %=% b]lv ^=! l/S6/:s]n dfk /xg] o; :t/sf] e'Orfnf] vt/fo'Qm
F
x'G5 . 3/sf] ufx|f] rls{g,] Knf:6/ plKsg], plePsf] dflg; :jod xlNng] cj:yf
pTkGg x'G5 . w]/} zlQmzfnL e"SDk Hofb} sdhf]/ 3/ elTsg] ;Defjgf ePsfn]
To;df lylrP/ dflg; 3fOt] x'g] jf dg]{ ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .
vt/gfs M o; :t/sf] e'Orfnf] lgs} ljgfzsf/L x'G5 . dflg;nfO{ lxF8g
F
sl7g x'G5 / rnfO/x]sf] ;jf/L;fwg;d]t lgoGq0faflx/ hfg] ;Defjgf
x'G5 . ^=@ b]lv ^=( l/S6/:s]n dfksf] x'g] vt/gfs e'Orfnf]af6 kSsL 3/sf]
F
;d]t ufx|f] n85 . ;fdfGo / s'g} s'g} ;dodf 7"nf 3/x¿;d]t n8g] x'bf F
hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
ljgfzsf/L M & b]lv &=# l/S6/:s]nsf] e'Orfnf]nfO{ ljgfzsf/L elgG5 . 3/
F
n8g,] hldg lrl/P/ b/f/ aGg], ;8s, k'n elTsg] tyf Hofb} le/fnf] kxf8L
If]qdf klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . ljgfzsf/L e'Orfnf] hfFbf ;+/rgf elTsP/
F
lylrFbf lgs} dflg; dg{ ;S5g / 3fOt] x'G5g .
;j{gfzL M lgs} alnof jf ejg lgdf{0fdf Wofg k'¥ofP/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf afx]s
w]/h;f] 3/ elTsP/ gi6 x'G5g . o:tf] cj:yfdf t'ngfTds ¿kn] u|fdL0f
}
e]usf sf7sf 3/ a9L ;'/lIft /xG5g . hldg k'm6]/ kfgL aflx/ lg:sg],
klx/f] uP/ gbL y'lgg] / af9L cfpg], cfunfuL x'g] / 7"nf] dfqfdf hgwgsf]
Iflt x'G5 . &=$ b]lv * l/S6/:s]n dfksf] ;j{gfzL e'Orfnf]af6 ;alt/
F
xfxfsf/ dlRrG5 .
k|nosf/L M * l/S6/:s]neGbf dflysf] Ifdtf ePsf] e'Orfnf]nfO{ k|nosf/L
F
e'Orfnf] elgG5 . o; Ifdtfsf] e'Orfnf] lj/n} hfG5 t/ () k|ltzteGbf
F F
a9L ef}lts ;+/rgf Wj:t x'G5g . o; Ifdtfsf] e'Orfnf] uPdf hldg lrl/g],
F
pynk'yn x'g,] kxf8 g} efl;g] jf pTklQ x'g,] kfgLsf d'xfg k'm6gh:tf ]
36gfn] k|nosf/L ¿k lng] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o:tf] e'Ornf] uPdf hgwgsf]
F
ckf/ Iflt x'g;S5 .
e'Orfnf]sf] clen]vg
“
e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf gfKg] k|lqmofnfO{ clen]vg elgG5 / ;fdfGotof o;nfO{
F
e'Orfnf]sf] dfkg elgG5 . e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf tyf tLj|tf dfkg ug]{ oGqnfO{
F F
l;:df]uf| km elgG5 . l/S6/:s]nn] e'Orfnf] hfFbf pT;h{g ePsf] pmhf{sf] kl/0ffdsf
F
cfwf/df o;sf] Ifdtf kQf nufpg l;:df]ufkmn] b]vfPsf] t/ªusf] ljZn]if0f
|
u/]/ Ifdtfsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|rng 5 .

“

e'Orfnf]sf] Oltxf;
F
e'OFrfnf]sf] pTklQ
k[YjLsf] aflx/L kq lrl:;P/ 7f]; ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] e"ue{df plDn/x]sf]
DofUdfnfO{ aflx/ lg:sg glbP/ lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 . e"ue{ljbx¿sf cg';f/ xfd|f]
w/ftnaf6 a9Ldf Ps xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ leq /x]sf] Dofudfdfly ljleGg
cfsf/k|sf/sf $ b]lv %) dfOn;Dd df]6fOsf ljzfn r§fg t}l//x]sf 5g . oL
Pscfk; jf ljk/Lt lbzftkm{ ;':t ultdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ultzLn /xG5g . oL
Kn]6sf] ;ªVof k[YjL ;]nfpg] qmd;Fu} a9b} uPsf] dflgPsf] 5 . @) s/f]8
jif{klxn];Dd …kf]lGhofÚ elgg] Pp6} dfq Kn]6 /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] eP klg
clxn] ;Dddf ;of}F Kn]6 alg;s]sf 5g .
ljz]if1x¿sf cg';f/ e'Orfnf]sf] pTklQs]Gb|nfO{ cGtMs]Gb| jf xfOkf];G6/
F ]
(Hypocenter) elgG5 . of] s]Gb| e";txaf6 a9Ldf & ;o lsnf]ld6/ leq;Dd
/x]sf] x'G5 . t/ lxdfno If]qdf pTklQ:yn @) b]lv #) lsnf]ld6/s} ulx/fOdf
/x]sf] pNn]v 5 . cGtMs]Gb|af6 pTkGg phf{ dflylt/ cfpFbf k/]sf] r§fgL lr/f
(Foult) df 7f]lSsg] s]Gb|nfO{ clws]Gb| (Epicenter) elgG5 .
e'Orfnf]af6 pTkGg x'g] zlQmsf] lg;h{g x'g] qmddf d"n jf cGtMs]Gb| x'b}
F F
clws]Gb|af6 alx/ lgl:sG5 . o;/L pTkGg x'g] e'Orfnf]af6 tLg k|sf/sf] t/ªu
F
pTkGg x'G5, h;nfO{ k|yflds t/ªu (P Waves), cg'k:y t/ªu (Tranverse/S
|
Waves) / bL3{ t/ªu (L Waves) elgG5 . oLdWo] kL t/ªs lgs} zlQmzfnL /
ljgfzsf/L x'G5 . e'Orfnf]sf] t/ªu l;:df]ufkmdf clen]lvt tYofªssf] ljZn]if0f
F |
af6 ug]{ k|rng 5 .

ljZjdf uPsf e'O“rfnf]
aL;f}F ztfAbLdf uPsf e'Orfnf]dWo] To;af6 ePsf] Iflt, k|efj If]q / dfkgsf
F
b[li6n] d] @@, !(^) df blIf0fL lrnLdf s]Gb|laGb' eP/ uPsf] e'Orfnf] ;a}eGbf
F
7"nf] / k|nosf/L dflgPsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] lbg cyf{t @! d] sf lbg * l/S6/:s]nsf]
e'Orfnf]n] lrnLsf] sG;]K;g ;x/df Ps ;o dflg;sf] Hofg lnFb} 7"nf] Iflt
F
k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6} cyf{t d] @@ sf lbg k'gM ;f]xL If]qdf (=%
l/S6/:s]n dfkgsf] ztfAbLs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e'Orfnf] uof] . To; e'Orfnfsf]
F F
ljgfzsf/L wSsf hfkfg / lkmlnlkG;;Dd k'usf] lyof] . o; e'Orfnf]af6 ;of}F
] F
;x/ / ufpF Wj:t x'bf %,&)) dflg; dfl/Psf lyP . To;kl5sf s}of}F lbg;Dd
F
klg e'Orfnf]sf 7"nf–7"nf wSsf uO/x]sfn] k|efj If]q klg a9b} uof] . ljleGg
F
b]zdf y'k}| dfG5] d/]sf] / s/f]8f}F 8n/sf] cfly{s gf]S;fgL ePsf]] @) cf}F ztfAbLs}
“

;aeGbf 7"nf] ;f] e'Orfnf]sf] wSsf * ldg]6;Dd /x]/ klZrdL cd]l/sf, c:6«l] nof,
F
Go'lhNofG8, hfkfg, lkmlnlkG;, ¿;sf] sfd56sf k|foåLk / xjfOåLknfO{ ;d]t
k|efljt agfPsf] lyof] .
cd]l/sL /fHo cnf:sfsf] klZrddf s]Gb|laGb' eO{ uPsf] ;g !(^$ dfr{ @* sf]
e'Orfnf]nfO{ @) cf}F ztfAbLsf] bf];f] 7"nf] e'Orfnf] dflgG5 . tLg ldg]6;Dd
F | F
wSsf dx;'; ul/Psf] (=@ l/S6/:s]nsf] ;f] e'Orfnf]sf] wSsf @ nfv *% xhf/
F
ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]q;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] .
To;}u/L ( dfr{ !(%& df cd]l/sL cflG8«gkn åLkdf s]Gb|laGb' /x]sf] (=!
l/S6/:s]nsf] e'Orfnf]nfO{ klg 7"nf] g} dflgG5 . oBlk o;af6 hgwgsf] w]/}
F
Iflt ePsf] lyPg . e'Orfnf] 7"nf] eP klg o;n] sl/a %) nfv cd]l/sL
F
8n/a/fa/ dfq Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .
hgwgsf] Ifltsf lx;fan] x]g{] xf] eg] h'nfO{ @* df !(&^ df rLgdf uPsf]
e'Orfnf] ;a}eGbf ljgfzsf/L dflgPsf] 5 . ;f] e'Orfnf]df k/L & nfv %) xhf/
F F
dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] eg] sl/a % ca{ ^) s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/a/fa/sf]
cfly{s Iflt ePsf] lyof] .
e'Orfnf]sf] ljZjJofkL cj:yf lgs} kL8fbfoL /x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf uPsf ljgfzsf/L
F
e'Orfnf]sf af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L tflnsf g+= @ af6 k|fKt x'G5 . o;af6 s]
F
:ki6 x'G5 eg] hgwgsf] Iflt ug{;Sg] e'Orfnf] lgs} nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf
F
hfg] eP klg To;n] Iflt eg] Hofb} ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= @ M la;f}“ ztfAbLsf ljgfzsf/L e'Orfnf]
“
qm ;+= ldlt dfk :yfg
!= d] @@, !(^) (=% blIf0f lrnL
@= dfr{ @@, !(^$ (=@ blIf0fL cnf:sf, cd]l/sf
#= dfr{ (, !(%& (=! PlG8«gs åLk, cd]l/sf
$= gf]eDa/ $, !(%@ (=)
] sfdrf6sf, ¿;L dxf;ª3
% gf]eDa/ #!, !()^ *=*
] OSj]8f]/
^ k]ma|c/L $, !(^% *=&
' Hof6 åLk, cd]l/sf
& cu:6 !%, !(%) *=^ cf;fdsf] ef/t / rLgsf] l;dfIf]q
* k]ma|c/L #, !(@# *=%
' sfdfrf6sf, ¿;L dxf;ª3
( k]ma|c/L !, !(#* *=%
' jfG8f ;d'b, OG8f]gl;of
| ]
!)= cS6'a/ !), !(^# *=% s'l/nåLk, tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;ª3

“

g]kfndf e'OFrfnf]sf] Oltxf;
g]kfndf e'Orfnf]sf] P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]hsf] cefj 5 . k|ljlw / 1fgsf] sdL /
F
tYofªs /fVg] k/Dk/fsf] cefsf sf/0f P]ltxfl;s e'Orfnf]sf] lnlvt b:tfj]h
F
pknAw x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ls+jbGtLsf / k|fKt cgf}krfl/s tYofªssf]
cWoogsf glthfsf cfwf/df ljz]if1x?n] s'g ;dodf sqf] e'Orfnf] uPsf] F
lyof] eg]/ cg'dfg nufPsf 5g -tflnsf g+= #_ . xfn;Dd g]kfndf uPsf
e'Orfnf]sf] lnlvt b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf !(() ;fnsf] e'Orfnf]sf] dfq k|df0f
F F
kfOG5 . tTsfnLg d]h/ a|DxzD;]/sf] dxfe'Orfnf] !(() gfdsf] k':tsdf ;f]
F
dxfe'Orfnf]sf] Oltj[QfGt k9g kfOG5 . To;}u/L @)$% ;fn ebf} % ut] uPsf]
F
e'Orfnf]sf] klg k|fdfl0fs tYofªs pknAw 5 .
F
P]ltxfl;s clen]v cg';f/ !@%% ;fndf uPsf] e'Orfnf]nfO{ g} g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf
+F
k'/fgf] 1ft ePsf] e'Orfnf] dflgG5 . To; e'Orfnf]df k/L tTsfnLg /fhf ceo
F +F
dNn;lxt w]/} dflg;sf] Hofg uPsf] / hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt ePsf] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf uPsf cGo 7"nf e'Orfnf]df !*!), !*##, !*^^ ;fndf
F
tLgj6f dxfe'Orfnf] uPsf] Oltxf;df pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L, g]kfndf aL;f}F
F
ztfAbLdf dfq e'Orfnf]df k/L emG8} !! xhf/ dflg;n] csfndf Hofg u'dfpg'k/]sf]
+F
lyof] . lj;+ !(() ;fnsf] dxfe'Orfnf] af/Daf/ rrf{ eO/xg] kl5Nnf] ;dodf
F
uPsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e'Orfnf] xf] . ;f] e'Orfnf]df k/L g]kfndf *,%!( hgfsf]
+F F
Hofg uPsf] lyof] h;dWo] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf dfq $,@(^ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf]
lyof] . o; dxfe'Orfnf]n] y'k}| 3/, dlGb/, kf6Lkf}jf, b]jfno cflb g/fd|/L eTsfPsf]
+F
lyof] . g]kfndf ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg Ifdtfsf e'Orfnf] uPsf] kfOG5 . ()
F
;fnkl5 klg ;fgf tyf demf}nf :t/sf y'k}| e'Orfnf] uO;s]sf 5g . @)$%
+F
;fndf k"jL{ g]kfndf uPsf] e'Orfnf]nfO{ klg sd ljgfzsf/L dfGg ;lsFbg .
F }
To; e'Orfnf]df k/L k"jf{~rnsf] k|l;4 ;x/ w/fgdf ;a}eGbf a9L Iflt k'usf]
F ]
lyof] .
P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lvsf e'Orfnf]sf] cWoog ubf{ g]kfndf x/]s *) b]lv !))
F
jif{df 7"nf] / $) b]lv %) jif{df demf}nf vfnsf] e'Orfnf] hfg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
+F
o; oyfy{nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfndf casf] s'g} klg ;do 7"nf] e'Orfnf] hfg ;Sg] +F
;Defjgf 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljleGg ;+:yfx?n] u/]sf] cWoogn] g]kfndf !(()
;fnsf] Ifdtfsf] e'Orfnf] uPdf sf7df8f}df dfq $) xhf/eGbf w]/} dflg;sf]
+F +
d[To x'g;Sg], Ps nfveGbf w]/} dflg; 3fOt] x'g;Sg] / ^) k|ltzteGbf w]/} 3/
k"0f{ ¿kdf Ifltu|:t x'g] cg'dfg 5 . To;}u/L pkTosfsf vfg]kfgL, lah'nL,
6]lnkmf]g, c:ktfn, af6f]nufotsf ;+/rgf Ifltu|:t eP/ hLjg si6k"0f{ aGg]
cg'dfg ljz]if1x?n] u/]sf 5g .

“

tflnsf g+ # M g]kfn s]Gb|laGb' eO{ uPsf P]ltxfl;s e'Orfnfx¿
“
qm;+ ldlt -lj;+_ Iflt
!= @)!# c;f/ /fhf ceo dNn;d]t xhf/f}“ pkTosfaf;Lsf] d[To' /
w]/} dlGb/ tyf 3/x¿sf] Iflt
@= !#!^ hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt / To;sf] k|efjaf6 clgsfn nfu]sf]
#= !$^$, ebf} hgwg / kz'sf] 7"nf] Iflt / /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] dlGb/
klg Ifltu|:t
$= !&#&, k'; hgwgsf] w]/} Iflt ePsf]
%= !&#*, h]7 hgwg / 3/x¿sf] 7"nf] Iflt ePsf]
^= !*@$, c;f/ Ps lbgd} @! k6s uPsf] e'Orfnf]af6
“
hgwgdf Jofks Iflt ePsf]
&= !*^^, h]7 P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf /x]sf dlGb/x¿ Ifltu|:t
*= !**), odk~rdL 7"nf] e'Orfnf] cfPsf] eP klg hgwgsf] sd Iflt
“
(= !*(), ebf} sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf ;x/x¿ k|efljt ePsf
!)= !*(! c;f/b]lv w]/} e'Orfnf] uP klg hgwgsf] Jofks Iflt ePsf]
“
ebf};Ddsf
!!= !(&# g]kfnsf] ;'b/klZrddf w]/} 7"nf] Iflt
"
!@= !(*# df3 ef/tsf] k6gf / laxf/ k|efljt eO{, g]kfndf Go"g
k|efj k/]sf]
!#= !((), df3 #,*%) k'?if / $,^^( dlxnf;lxt *,%!( sf] d[To',
w/x/f, 3G6f3/;lxt xhf/f“}
dlGb/, 3/ gi6 eP/ w]/} 7"nf] Iflt ePsf]
!$= @)@#, c;f/ ;'b/klZrddf @$ dflg;sf] d[To' / !,#)) eGbf a9L 3/
"
eTs]/ 7"nf] Iflt
!%= @)#&, ;fpg aemfª lhNnfj/k/ 7"nf] Iflt ePsf] . !)# hgfsf]
d[To' tyf @,%)) eGbf a9L 3/
Ifltu|:t ePsf
!^= @)$%, ebf} pbok'/ lhNnfdf s]Gb|laGb' ePsf] e'Orfnf]af6 &@!
“
hgfsf] d[To' tyf ^%,))) eGbf a9L 3/x¿df Iflt k'usf]
]
;|f]tM 8f= d]3/fh lwtfn, kof{j/0f dfl;s, k"0ff{ªs %(, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljz]if, @)^@ .

“

e'OFrfnf]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
k"j{tof/L

e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf sf/0f
e'Orfnf]n] dflg; dfb}g t/ e'OF xlNnFbf dflg;n] agfPsf ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsFbf
F {
To;df lslrP/ dflg; dg]{ / 3fOt] x'G5g / wg;DklQ klg gi6 x'G5 . dfgjlgld{t
;+/rgf alnof, Jojl:yt / e/kbf]{ ePdf jf e'Orfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsfn] Iflt
F
ug{ g;Sg] Ifdtfsf ePdf hgwgsf] Iflt ck]Iffs[t Go"g x'G5 . hfkfg, cd]l/sfh:tf
ljsl;t d'nsdf ejg, ;8s, k'n cflb ;+/rgf e'Orfnf]sf] dfkb08cg'¿k
' F
lgdf{0f ePsf sf/0f ToxfF 7"nf] e'Orfnf] uP klg dfgjLo Iflt sd x'gu5{ . t/
F ]
g]kfn / g]kfnh:tf ljsf;zLn d'nssf] kL8f km/s 5 . sdhf]/ ef}lts ;+/rgf,
'
ul/aL, clzIffh:tf sf/0fn] g]kfndf ;fg} e'Orfnf] uPdf klg hgwgsf] Ifltn]
F
sxfnLnfUbf] cj:yf pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf e'Orfnf]sf] F
hf]lvdsf s]xL sf/0f lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
;fdflhs ;f]r
g]kfn / g]kfnh:tf cNkljsl;t tyf clzlIftsf] ;ªVof w]/} /x]sf d'nsdf '
e'Orfnf]sf] hf]lvd a9fpg] sfo{df k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;f]rn] klg 7"nf] e"ldsf
F
v]nsf] 5 . e'Orfnf] ef}ule{s sf/0fn] hfg] geP/ b}jL sf/0fn] hfG5 eGg] e|fds
] F
wf/0ff g} o;sf] hf]lvd a9fpg] sf/0f xf] . ;dfhaf6 o; k|sf/sf e|d gx6];Dd
;'/lIft :yfgdf e'Orfnf] k|lt/f]wL 3/ jf cGo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf agfpg]
F
b[9tf dflg;df pTkGg x'g ;Sb}g .
cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fF3/f] af6f]
'
tyf uNnLdf dfkb08ljxLg cUnf 3/sf] lgdf{0f hf]lvdo'Qm /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L
lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, s]an 6]lnlehgsf tf/ 6fFluPsf vDafn] ;x/L If]qdf ;jf{lws
'
hf]lvdnfO{ a9fpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf clwsf+z lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ tTsfnLg
cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ug{df dfq Wofg lbg] k|rng 5 h;n] e'Ornf]sf] ;fdfGo
F
wSsf klg y]Ug ;Sb}g / c:jefljs ¿kdf hgwgsf] Iflt x'G5 . e'Orfnf]af6 x'g]
F
Iflt ;x/ ahf/ tyf 3gfa:tLdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fsf
sf/0f e"pkof]u ;dfg'kflts / ;d'lrt ?kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fF3/f af6f3f6f,
'
sdhf]/ 3/ tyf ef}lts ;+/rgfn] e'Orfnf] cfPsf] ;dodf bdsn, PDa'nG;nufot
F ]

“

/fxt tyf p4f/sfo{df afwf pTkGg x'G5 . v'nf rf}/ jf rf]s gx'bf cfkTsfnLg
F
p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{df emg Jojwfg pTkGg x'G5 .
c;'/lIft lgdf{0f k4lt
g]kfndf @)^! ;fnb]lv ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf nfu" eP klg Tof] s]xL ;x/L If]qdf
dfq ;Lldt 5 . To;df klg ;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog Hofb} sdhf]/ / cg'udgljxLg
/x]sf] 5 . sltko k'/fgf 3/ 6]sf nufP/ c8ofOPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
e'Ornf] uOxfn]df hgwgsf] ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g] oyfy{nfO{ gsfg{ ;lsFbg .
F }
g]kfndf ;fdfGotof *) b]lv !)) jif{df 7"nf] tyf $) b]lv %) jif{df demf}nf
:t/sf] e'Orfnf] hfg] u/]sf] tYofªsn] lghL, Jofkfl/s tyf ;fj{hlgs 3/sf]
F
jt{dfg lgdf{0f k4ltn] lgs} 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] b]lvG5 .
cfw'lgs lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 g} 3/ alnof] x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff tyf ;fdu|L
k|of]usf] k|jl[ Qn] klg sdhf]/ ejg lgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L xfd|f] ;dfhdf
]
k'/fgf] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / k4ltaf6 alnof] 3/ agfpg} ;lsFbg eGg] ;f]rfO klg
}
5 . lgdf{0f ;fdu|Ldf u'0f:t/ x'gk5{ eg] tL ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u;DaGwL k|fljlws
'
1fg klg x'g' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu ejg tyf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{
k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfx lng'kg]{ x'G5 . of] k|jl[ Q xfdLsxfF gePsfn] sdhf]/ 3/x¿
lgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf] sf/0f e'Orfnf]sf] hf]lvd cTolws /x]sf] 5 .
F

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k"j{tof/L
g]kfn ef}ule{s ¿kn] e'Orfnf]sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf eP klg ejg / cGo ljsf;sf
F
;+/rgfnfO{ e'Orfnf] k|lt/f]wL k|ljlwaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Pdf Iflt Go"gLs/0f x'G5 .
F
e'Orfnf] s'g} klg ;dodf hfg] ljgfzsf/L 36gf ePsfn] o;af6 x'g;Sg] Iflt
F
Go"g ug{ ;b}j ;ts{tf ckgfpg' k5{ . e'Ornf]n] Ps–b'O{ JolQm, 3/–kl/jf/ jf
F
;d'bfonfO{ dfq geO{ 7"nf] If]q, b]z jf w]/} d'nsnfO{ k|efljt kfg{;S5 . of]
'
slxn] cfpF5 / slt Ifdtfsf] x'G5 eGg] yfxf kfpg ;lsFbg g t To;nfO{ /f]Sg
}
g} ;lsG5 . t/ ;Defljt dfgjLo tyf ef}lts ;DklQsf] IfltnfO{ sd ug{ eg]
;lsG5 . o;/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / k"jtof/Lsf sfo{nfO{ ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L
{
;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhn] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf lgldQ kxn ug'k5{ . oBlk
{
kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iffsf nflu 3/fo;L / :yfgLo txsf] k"jtof/Ln] dxTjk"0f{
{
e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . kfl/jfl/s tyf :yfgLo txaf6 ug'kg]{ k"jtof/Lsf s]xL
{ {
kIfnfO{ ;+If]kdf k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g5 .
]
;+/rgfTds ;'/Iff
e'Orfnf]sf] hf]lvd Go"g ug]{ k|dv pkfo eg]sf] cfkm" a:g] 3/nfO{ alnof]
F '
agfpg' xf] . a;f]af; ug]{ 3/, cf}Bf]lus jf Jofkfl/s ejg / ljBfno tyf
“

c:ktfn jf :jf:Yorf}sLsf ejg s:tf] :yfgdf s;/L agfpFbf a9L ;'/lIft
x'G5g eGg] hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ . lgDg cj:yfsf 3/ / ef}uf]lns If]q e'Orfnf]sf
F
b[li6n] ;ªs6fled'v x'g] x'bf ;d'bfon] cTolws hf]lvd axg ug'kg]{ x'G5 M
F {
cUnf], w]/} sf};L lgsflnPsf], hueGbf dflysf] efu 7"nf] agfP/ lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] 3/ e'Orfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsfn] ;d]t elTsg ;Sg] x'bf To:tf 3/
F F
lgdf{0f ug'xbg . 3/ agfpFbf ;s];Dd rf/ s'gf ldn]sf] agfpg' /k5{ .
{ F' }
husf] cfwf/ / If]qkmneGbf dflyNnf] tnfsf] If]qkmn klg w]/} agfpg'xbg F' }
cyf{t dflyNnf] tnfsf] 9nfg aflx/;Dd lgsfn]/ 3/ lgdf{0f ug'xbg .{ F' }
afªuf]–l6ªuf] jf gfua]nL cfsf/sf 3/ klg e'Orfnf]sf b[li6n] hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g]
F
x'bf To:tf] 3/ agfpg' a'l4dfgL x'bg .
F F }
elTsg nfu]sf k'/fgf 3/n] e'Orfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsfnfO{ ;d]t ;xg ug{
F
g;Sg] x'bf To:tf 3/df a;f]af; ug'{ vt/fk"0f{ x'G5 .
F
bnbn] hldg ;fdfGo e'Orfnf] uPdf klg efl;g], e"ljv08g eP/ gbLsf]
F
axfjdfu{ kl/jt{g x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . To;}u/L tnfp jf kf]v/L ljikmf]6
x'g] x'bf o:tf If]qdf agfOPsf] 3/ jf a;f]af; ;b}j ;ªs6fled'v x'G5 .
F
Hofb} le/fnf] kfvf]df klx/f] hfg;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'bf le/fnf] kfvf] /
F
kfvf]sf]] km]bL klg a;f]af;sf lx;fan] hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 .
3/ agfpFbf klx/f] ghfg], gbLsf] af9Ln] ge]6g,] ;'Vvf / ;'/lIft hUufdf

agfpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu pknAw cfˆgf] glhssf] ;x/L ljsf; tyf ejg
lgdf{0f sfof{no jf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfosf k|fljlws;Fu ;Dks{ u/L pgLx¿sf]
;Nnfxcg';f/ 3/ lgdf{0f ug'k5{ . o;sf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf]
{
ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfcg';f/ 3/ lgdf{0f ug'k5{ .
{
3/ agfp“bf Wofg lbg' kg]{ ljifo
;x/L If]qdf OF6f, l;d]G6 / kmnfd] /8 k|of]u u/]/ ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ k|rng 5 .
sªlqm6 9nfg u/L lkn/jfnf 3/ ;fdfGotof 9'ªufdf6f]sf] uf/f]jfnf 3/eGbf

alnof] x'G5 . oBlk lkn/jfnf 3/ agfpFbf klg pko'Qm / ;xL tl/sf ckgfOPg
eg] 3/ alnof] x'bg . To;}n] kmnfd] /8, OF6f / l;d]G6sf] lkn/jfnf 3/ agfpFbf
F }
lkn/, aLdsf 808L /fVg] tl/sf, 808Lsf] uF;fO, lkn/df nufpg] /8nfO{ l/ªn]
afFWg] ljlw tyf 9nfgsf] u'0f:t/h:tf ljifodf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . lkn/jfnf
3/nnfO{ e'Orfnf]sf] wSsfaf6 arfpg 808L tyf l/ªn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 .
F
To;}n] 808L] ufF:bf k|z:t vK6ofpg], l/ª nufpFbf hfnL cfsf/sf] agfP/ s:g]
ug'k5{ . ljz]if1x?sf cg';f/ ahf/df kfOg] rf/ nfOg jf !@ ldldsf] 808L
{
hf]8bf sl/a &@ ;]ldhlt vK6ofpg'k5{ . To;}u/L aLdsf] 808Lsf] 5]pnfO{

nueu TolQ g} dfqfdf lkn/leq 3';fpg'k5{ eg] aLd / lkn/sf hf]gL{sf]
“

5]p5fpsf efudf rf/ OGreGbf w]/} b"/Ldf l/ª afFWg'xbg . aLd / lkn/sf]
F' }
hf]gL{sf] efudf klg l/ª rflxFbf] dfqfdf /flvPsf] x'gk5{ . lkn/jfnf 3/df klg
'
hf]gL{ g} ljz]if dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g . To;}n] lad / lkn/sf] hf]gL{df ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .
3/sf] 9nfg ubf{ To;sf] u'0f:t/df klg ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . 9nfgsf lgldQ
k|of]u ul/g] l;d]G6, lu§L, afn'jf /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] x'gk5{ . luvf{ k/]sf] l;d]G6 /
'
df6f] ldl;Psf] afn'jf, km/s–km/s cfsf/sf lu§L k|of]u x'bf 9nfg sdhf]/F
x'G5 . To;sf ;fy} l;d]G6, afn'jf / lu§Lsf] ld>0f agfpFbf /fd|/L 3f]Ng'k5{ . o:tf]
ld>0fsf] cg'kft !M@M$ eGbf sd x'gxbg . o:tf ljifodf ;fdfGo Wofg lbP dfq
' 'F }
klg 3/ alnof] x'G5 / t'ngfTds ¿kdf e'Orfnf]sf] hf]lvd Go"g x'G5 .
F
To;}u/L ufpF3/df 9'ªuf / df6f]sf] hf]8fOaf6 uf/f] nufP/ 3/ agfpg] k|rng

5 . o;/L 3/ agfpFbf uf/f]aLrsf] hf]gL{ alnof] agfpg]tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .
b'Oj6f uf/f] hf]8gsf lgldQ bfFtL 5f8g] / kl5 To;df uf/f] nufpg] rng /x]sf]
{
5 . o;sf] ;f6f] v'8l snf 5f8]/ uf/f] nufpg' /fd|f] x'G5 hxfF csf]k6Lsf] {
ufx|fnfO{ ;lhn} t/ alnof];u hf]8g ;lsG5 . To;}u/L, uf/f]nfO{ e'Orfnf]af6
] F F
gn8g] agfpg / ‰ofn9f]sfsf] s'gfaf6 lr/f kg{ glbg 7fpF–7fpFdf sf7, afF;
jf sªlqm6 9nfgsf] k§L lbg'k5{ . uf/f]sf s'gfdf ‰ofn9f]sfsf] 5]plt/sf]
efudf 7f8f] afF;, sf7 jf kmnfdsf] 808L /fVg' cem >]o:s/ x'G5 .
u}/;+/rgfTds j:t'sf] ;'/Iff
e'Orfnf]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu 3/ agfpg] 7fpF / 3/ alnof] eP/ dfq
F
x'bg . esDkLo hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft /xg xfdL a:g] 3/leq /flvPsf j:t'nfO{ klg
F } "
Jojl:yt / ;'/lIft lx;fan] /fVg'k5{ .
b}lgs cfjZostfsf 3/fo;L ;fdfgnfO{ u}/;+/rgfTds j:t' elgG5 . h;df
sf]7fdf /flvg] b/fh, leQfdf ;hfOPsf kmf]6f] k|md, l;lnª–kªvf, ¥ofs, afb{nL
]
jf sf};Ldf /flvPsf km"nsf udnf, 5tsf] kfgL 6ofªsLh:tf ;fdu|L k5{g .
3/leq /xg] To:tf j:t' e'Orfnf] uPsf ;dodf xlNnP/ v:g jf 6'6gkm'6g
F
;S5g . TolQ dfq xf]Og, dflyaf6 v:g] tL j:t'n] kl/jf/sf ljz]ifu/L afnaflnsf,
a"9fa"9L, lj/fdL / czQm ;b:onfO{ a9L xflg k'¥ofpF5g . To;/L v:g] j:t'af6
7"nf / alnof dflg;sf] klg Hofg hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ctM To:tf j:t'nfO{
gv:g]u/L 8f]/L, lsnf sf6f, sAhf cflbn] alnof] u/L a]// /fVg'k5{ . To;f] u/]df
]
/flvPsf j:t' v;]/ Ifltu|:t x'g] jf gf]S;fg x'g] qmddf sdL dfq cfpFbg, ltgn]
}
lsr]/ dflg; dg]{ jf 3fOt] x'g] ;Defjgf klg Go"g x'G5 .
e'Orfnf] cfPdf 3/leqsf u}/;+/rgfTds j:t'sf] gf]S;fgL x'gglbg ;'/IffTds
F
pkfo ckgfpg' h?/L x'G5 . To:tf ;'/Iff pkfo lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
b/fh, k':ts /fVg] ¥ofsh:tf cUnf / ux|fF} j:t'nfO{ leQfdf sfF6L jf sAhf
“

7f]s/ ;fdfGo wSsf jf sDkgn] gxNnfpg] u/L /fVg'k5{ . b/fh jf ¥ofssf]
]
tNnf] v08df ux|fF} a:t' /fVg] / dflyNnf v08df t'ngfTds ?kdf xn'sf j:t'
/fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} b/fh / ¥of;ssf] dfly ux|fF} / ;lhn} n8g]
j:t' /fVg' x'bg .
F }
3/df /x]sf sL6gf;s cf}iflw, Uof;, d§Lt]n, k]6fn, l8h]n jf To:t}
«]
k|HHjngzLn kbfy{ j:t' hyfefjL /fVg x'bg . To:tf j:t'nfO{ ;fdfGo
F }
wSsfn] c;/ gkfg]{ / cGo j:t'n] lyRg] jf lsRg] ;Defjgf sd ePsf] 7fpFdf
/fVg'k5{ .
leQfdf ;hfOg] kmf]6f] k|md, P]gfnufotsf j:t'nfO{ alnof];u afFWg] jf
] F
lsnf–sfF6Lsf] d2tn] v:g g;Sg] u/L c8ofpg'k5{ .
l;lnª kªvfh:tf 5tdf em'G8ØfP/ /flvg] j:t'nfO{ cªszdf alnof];u
' ] F
em'G8Øfpg'k5{ .
¥ofsdf /flvPsf ;fdfgnfO{ v:g glbg 8f]/L jf lkmQfn] afw]/ /fVg'k5{ .
;'Tg] cf]5Øfg, 6]an, s';L{sf] 5]pdf cUnf / ux|ªuf j:t' /fVg' x'bg .
' ' F }
sf};Lsf udnf v'nf ¿kdf g/fv]/ 8f]/Ln] afFw/ jf gn8g] u/L /fVg'k5{ .
]
sf};Lsf] kfgLsf] 6ØfªsLnfO{ bfofFafofFaf6 6]jf lbO{ gxlNng] u/L /fVg'k5{ .

cfGtl/s k"j{tof/L
e'Orfnf]af6 x'g;Sg] Iflt Go"g ug{ ;+/rgfTds / u}/;+/rgfTds ;'/Iffsf]
F
k|aGwn] dfq x'bg . e'Orfnf] sltv]/ s'g Ifdtfsf] cfpF5 eGg] hfgsf/L x'g
F } F
g;Sg] ePsfn] o;af6 cfk"m ;'/lIft /xg / kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5d]snfO{ ;'/lIft
/fVg s]s:tf sfd ug'k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos x'G5 . o; qmddf
{
e'Orfnf] hfg'eGbf cl3, e'Orfnf] hfFb} ubf{ / uO;s]kl5 s] ug]{ eGg] hfgsf/L
F F
/fVg' h?/L x'G5 / To;} cg'¿k k"jtof/L ug'k5{ .
{ {
;fd'bflos tyf kfl/jfl/s of]hgf
e'Orfnf] hfg'cl3 o;af/]df ;fd'bflos 5nkmn rnfpg' cfjZos 5 . o:tf]
F
5nkmn kl/jf/leq klg rnfpg'k5{ . e'Orfnf] uPdf s;/L aRg ;lsG5 eGg]
F
hfgsf/L cfk"mn] lng], kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] / ug'kg]{ sfd
{
l;sfpg] tyf ;d'bfodf klg To:t} hfgsf/L lbg' ;r]t gful/ssf] st{Jo x'G5 .
o:tf] hfgsf/L lng] jf lbg] ljifo lgDg cg';f/ x'g;S5g M
e'Orfnf] uOxfn]df cfˆgf], kl/jf/sf ;b:o / l5d]sLnfO{ s;/L ;'/Iff k|bfg
F
ug]{ eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn u/L cfkTsfnLg of]hgf agfpg'k5{ . e'Orfnf]sf]
F
klxnf] wSsf /f]lsgf;fy aflx/ lgl:sg g;s]sf jf Ifltu|:t 3/df y'lgPsf
“

JolQmsf] p4f/ u/L ;'/lIft :yfgdf Nofpg] of]hgf klxn] g} agfpg'k5{ .
e'Orfnf] uOxfn]df kLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxtsf] nflu :yfgLo txdf cfjZos
F
of]hgf agfpg'k5{ . cfkTsfnLg a;f]af;sf lgldQ v'nf 7fpFsf] lgSof]n, {
cf}iflwsf] k"j{ Joj:yf, cfkTsfnLg cf>osf] lgldQ cfjZos kg]{ kfn jf
6]G6, lkpg] kfgLsf] ;|ft, vfBfGg / cfKtsfnLg lzIffsf af/]df of]hgf tof/
]
u/L ;d'bfosf ;b:oaLr sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'k5{ . {
3/leqsf] ;'/lIft :yfgsf] klxrfg u/L /fVg] / kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ e'Orfnf]
F
uOxfn]df ;s];Dd To:tf] ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g cEof; u/fpg] .
3/sf] leqL uf/f] jf lkn/sf ;Fusf 7fpF, 3/leqsf /flvPsf 7"nf / alnof
}
kmlg{r/sf] 5]p5fpsf efu t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;'/lIft dflgG5g . t/ e¥ofª,
aflx/L uf/f]sf] 5]p, l;;fo'Qm ‰ofn jf glhssf efu c;'/lIft x'G5g . 3/df
o:tf ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft :yfg sxfF–sxfF 5g eGg] kQf nufO/fVg] / e'Orfnf]
F
uPsf] ;dodf ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g] of]hgf tyf cEof; ug'k5{ . {
e'Orfnf]kl5sf] b'O–tLg lbgsf] ;do ;a}eGbf cK7of/f] ;do xf] . Tolta]nf
F {
vfgf, kfgLnufot cTofjZos j:t'sf] 7"nf] cefj x'g;Sb5 . To;}n]
e'Orfnf]kl5sf tLg lbg;DdnfO{ k'Ug]u/L glau|g] tof/L vfg]s/f, cTofjZos
F '
cf}iflw, lkpg] kfgL, ;/;kmfOsf ;fdfg, 6r{nfO6, /]l8of] OToflbsf] klxn] g}
aGbf]a:t u/L /fVg'k5{ . o:tf] ;fdfg /flvPsf] emf]nfnfO{ e'Orfnf]sf] ;dodf
F
;lhn} lnP/ aflx/ hfg ;lsg]u/L 3/sf] ;lhnf] :yfgdf /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
sfdljz]ifn] kl/jf/sf ;b:o 3/aflx/ x'g' gf}nf] s'/f xf]Og . e'Orfnf] uPsf]
F
;dodf kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o Ps} 7fpFdf gePdf s;/L / sxfF e]6g ;lsG5
jf s'g ;b:o sxfF uPsf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lnO/fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
cfktsfnLg ;dodf cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ bdsn, /]8qm;, k|x/Lh:tf
;+:yfsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ 3/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ /fVg nufpg'k5{ / To:tf
lgsfodf ;Dks{ ug]{ tl/sf klg l;sfpg'k5{ .
cfkTsfnLg j:t'sf] Joj:yf
e'Orfnf] uPdf ef}lts ;+/rgf 9Nbf lslrP/ jf lylrP/ dflg; dg],{ 3fOt] x'g]
F
tyf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ / wg;DklQsf] Iflt x'g;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf kLl8tnfO{
cTofjZs ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf ;fy} cfˆg} lgldQ klg
cfkTsfnLg j:t'sf] cfjZostf k5{ . To;}n] cfkTsfnLg ;dodf rflxg] dxTjk"0f{
;fdfg Pp6} emf]nfdf /fVg'k5{ . o:tf] ;dosf nflu rflxg] s]xL ;fdfg Pp6f
emf]nfdf /fv]/ ;lhn} e]6g ;lsg] 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ / 5/l5d]snfO{ ;d]t To;f]

ug{ k|l] /t ug'k5{ . o:tf ;fdfg :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t klg x'g
{
;S5g . oBlk cfkTsfnLg emf]nfdf lgDg k|sf/sf ;fdfg /fVg'k5{ M
“

k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu rflxg] dnxdk§L jf AofG8]h, l86f]n, PG6L;]lK6s
lqmd, l;6fdf]n, ;kmf ?jf / sk8fsf] Kofs]6 agfP/ cfkTsfnLg emf]nfdf
/fVg'k5{ .
cfktsfnLg ;dodf cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ bdsn, /]8qm;, k|x/Lh:tf
;+:yfsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ 3/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ /fVg nufpg'k5{ / To:tf
lgsfodf ;Dks{ ug]{ tl/sf klg l;sfpg'k5{ .
cfkTsfndf rflxg] rfprfp, lrp/f, la:s'6h:tf xn'sf vfg]s/f, 6r{nfO6,
'
nfO6/ jf ;nfO, lknf;, k]rs;h:tf cf}hf/ /fVg] .
pk/f]Qm cfkTsfnLg emf]nfsf ;fy} e'Orfnf]sf] wSsfn] 3/sf ‰ofn jf 9f]sf
F
c8lsP/ aflx/ lg:sg sl7g x'G5 . To;sf nflu 9f]sf jf ‰ofn vf]Ng
;lhnf] x'g] kmndfsf] 58 e]l6g] :yfgdf /fVg] .

e'OFrfnf] uPdf ckgfpg' kg]{ zts{tf
e'Orfnf] nfdf] ;do hfFbg . clwsf+z e'Orfnf]sf] wSsf a9Ldf b'O{ ldg]6 dfq
F } F
hfG5 . olt 5f]6f] ;do dfq hfg] e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf jf zlQm eg] lgs} ljgfzsf/L
F
x'G5 . 5f]6f] ;do hfg] / 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] e'Orfnf]sf] ;dodf ;a}n] cfk"mnfO{
F
w}o{ agfP/ cfkTsfnLg ;'/Iffsf Joj:yf ug'{ lgs} ufx|f] klg x'G5 . To;}n] w]/}
dflg; e'Orfnf]sf] ;dodf cflQg] / hyfefjL bf}8g] / 3/af6 aflx/ efUg] jf
F
dflyNnf] tnfaf6 xfdkmfn]/ aRg] k|of; u5{g . t/ To;f] ubf{ emg} vt/f x'g]
oyfy{nfO{ xfdLn] la;{g x'bg . ;s];Dd w}otf;fy cfk"m;lxt dlxnf ;b:o,
F } {
afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm / la/fdLsf] ljz]if Vofn ug'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ 3/df
{
klxn] g} ;'/lIft eg]/ klxrfg u/]sf :yfgdf k'¥ofpg] k|oTg ug'k5{ . e'Orfnf]
{ F
uPsf] ;dodf lgDg cg';f/sf zts{tf ckgfpg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 M
e'Orfnf] hf“bf ug{ gx'g] sfd
“
bf}8/ e¥ofª cf]ln{g' jf dflyNnf] tnfdf pSng' x'bg,
] F }
‰ofn tyf sf};Laf6 xfdkmfNg' x'bg F }
l;;fsf] ‰ofn tyf xlNnP/ n8g ;Sg] b/fh, ¥ofs, leQfsf] P]gf,
k|mdh:tf j:t'sf] 5]p5fp a:g' x'bg,
] F }
3/aflx/ lgl:sPsf] cj:yf jf aflx/ lxFl8/x]sf] cj:yfdf n8g ;Sg] 7"nf
¿v, lah'nL jf 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0fsf vDaf, k'/fgf / cUnf 3/sf] 5]p5fp
tyf k'ndfly jf d'lg a:g' x'bg .
F }
e'Orfnf] hf“bf ug'kg]{ sfd
“ {
klxn] g} ;'/lIft eg]/ lrlgPsf 9f]sfsf] rf}sf]; d'lGt/, 6]an', vf6h:tf
“

kmlg{r/sf] d'lg jf To:t} ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g'k5{ .
e'Orfnf]sf] ;dodf ;s];Dd cfˆgf] 6fpsf] / ;+jbgzLn cªunfO{
F ]
hf]ufpg'k5{ . tlsof jf c? s'g} j:t'n] 6fpsf] 5f]Kg], s]xL ;fdfg ge]l6P
cfˆgf] xft / kfv'/f hf]8/ 6fpsf] / cfFvfsf] /Iff ug'k5{ .
] {
e'Orfnf] uPsf] ;dodf ;s];Dd 3f]K6f] k/]/ a:g' /fd|f] x'G5 .
F
efG5fdf cfuf] afn]/ sfd ul//x]sf] a]nf e'Orfnf] uof] eg] cfuf] tTsfn}
F
lgefpg'k5{ . ;s];Dd Uof; r'nf]sf /]un6/ klg aGb ug'k5{ .
' ] {
;fF3/f] uNnLdf lxFl8/x]sf] cj:yfdf e'Orfnf] hfFbf sdhf]/ 3/sf] 5]p5fpsf]
' F
If]qaf6 hf]lug'k5{ / ;'/lIft v'nf :yfglt/ hfg'k5{ .
;jf/L;fwg rnfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf e'Orfnf] uP ;jf/Lsf] ult la:tf/} sd
F
ub}{ af6f]sf] 5]plt/ nu]/ /f]Sg'k5{ . ;jf/L;fwgnfO{ PSsf;L /f]Sbf emg 7"nf]
b'36gf x'g;S5 . ;jf/L /f]Sbf jf pleFbf cfsfz]kn, 7"nf lah'nLsf kf]n j
{ '
n¶f, cUnf ¿v, ;fOgaf]8{ OToflbsf] 5]pdf a:g' jf /f]Sg' x'bg .
F }
sy+sbflrt, e'Orfnf]af6 3/ elTsP/ To;n] k'l/xfNof] eg] w}otfsf ;fy
F {
cfkm" afFRg] s'/fdf ljZj:t eP/ vf]hL tyf p4f/ 6f]nLsf] k|tLIff ug'k5{ .
{
cflQP/ lrRofpg], s/fpg] ubf{ d'6' / lbdfudf cgfjZos bafa kg]{ x'bf F
;s];Dd zfGt /xg] k|of; ug'k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf l;¶L, ;';nL ahfP/
{ ]
tyf aHg] ;fdfg e]l6P To;nfO{ ahfP/ p4f/sdL{nfO{ yfxf lbg] k|of;
ug'k5{ .
{
e'Orfnf] uO;s]kl5 ckgfpg' kg]{ zts{tf
“
klxnf]k6s e'Orfnf] uO;s]kl5 km]l/ klg cGo ;fgf 7"nf wSsf nfUg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
F
e'Orfnf]sf] clwsf+z 36gfn] klxn] 7"nf] e'Orfnf] uPkl5 w]/} k6s ;–;fgf wSsf
F F
nfUg] / ;fgf] e'Orfnf] uPsf] s]xL ;dod} 7"nf] e'Orfnf] hfg;Sg] kfOG5 . To;}n]
F F
e'Orfnf]sf] klxnf] wSsf zfGt ePkl5 b]xfosf sfd ug'k5{ M
F {
3/leqsf]] cfuf], Uof;, lah'nL tTsfn} aGb ug],{
cfkTsfnLg emf]nf / cGo cfjZos 7flgPsf j:t' af]s/ t'?Gt} aflx/ lg:sg],
]
dlxnf, afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm / la/fdLnfO{ 3/af6 aflx/ Nofpg
k|fyldstf lbg],
3/af6 aflx/ lgl:sPkl5 klxn] lgwf{l/t v'nf / ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg],
e'Orfnf] cfpFbf aflx/ ePdf tTsfn 3/leq gk:g], k:g} kg]{ ePdf kl5Nnf
F
wSsfn] 3/ gelTsg] osLg u/]/ dfq leq k:g],
e'Orfnf] uPkl5 ljleGg k|sf/sf xNnf rNg;S5g , To;}n] tL xNnfsf] kl5
F
gnfuL jf:tljstf a'‰g] k|of; ug]{ .
“

kLl8tsf] p4f/ tyf /fxt
Joj:yfkg
7"nf] e'Orfnf] uPdf clwsf+z ef}lts ;+/rgf Ifltu|:t x'G5g . lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g,
F
vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf] k|0ffnLdf ;d]t Iflt x'g] ePsfn] vfg] kfgL, lah'nL /
;~rf/nufot vfBfGgsf] cefj x'G5 . 3/ n8]/ vfBfGg / b}lgs cfjZostfsf
j:t' k'l/P/ pkef]usf nflu cg'ko'Qm x'g] cj:yf cfpF5 . sltko 3/df dflg;
y'lgP/, lylrP/ dg]{ / 3fOt] ePsfsf] ;d]t ;dod} p4f/ / pkrf/ x'g g;Sbf
Hofg hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;}n] e'Orfnf] /f]lsPkl5 ;'/lIft /x]sf ;a}n] p4f/
F
/ /fxtsf sfo{df ;lqmotfsf ;fy nfUg'k5{ .
cfk"m / cfˆgf] kl/jf/ ;'/lIft eO;s]kl5 6f]nl5d]sdf p4f/ sfo{df d2t
k'¥ofpg ;lqmo /xg'k5{ . jf:tjdf 6f]nl5d]ssf JolQmn] g} ;a}eGbf klxn]
cfˆgf] l5d]ssf dfG5]nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g . ;]gf, k|x/L jf /]8qm;sf
:jo+;js p4f/sf nflu cfOk'Ug ;do nfU5 . To;}n] ;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:o
]
ldn]/ 5/l5d]ssf] p4f/df nfUg'k5{ . o;/L p4f/ ubf{ ;a}eGbf klxn] 3fOt]
ePsf / ljz]ifu/L dlxnf, s]6fs6L, j[4j[4f, czQm, la/fdLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'
dfgjLo st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .

e'OFrfnf] /f]lsgf;fy ug]{ p4f/
e'Ornf]af6 Iflt ePsf ;+/rgfleq y'lgPsf jf k'l/Psf kLl8tnfO{ tTsfn aflx/
F
NofP/ ;'/lIft cf>o:yn jf pkrf/s]Gb| / c:ktfn k'¥ofP/ ltgLx¿sf] hLjgsf]
/Iffug]{ sfo{nfO{ e"sDkLo p4f/ elgG5 . o:tf] p4f/df JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo,
gful/s ;dfh / ;/sf/ ;lxt ;du| /fli6«o ;+oGqs} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .
p4f/df hgzlQm, ;|ft / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, ;'/Iff, p4f/sf k|ljlwsf] k|of]un]
]
k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf p4f/sfo{;u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ kIfaLr
F
;+jbgzLn, k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;fjfwfgLk"0f{ ;dGjo / ;befjsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
]
p4f/sf qmddf ;fd'bflos 5nkmnaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] cfkTsfnLg lj:yfkg
of]hgfcg';f/ sfd ug'k5{ . o:tf] of]hgf 7"nf ljzfnahf/, Jofkfl/s tyf
{
cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg, c:ktfn, xf]6n, ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ejgdf ;d]t
]
ul/Psf] x'gk5{ . e"sDksf ;dodf kLl8tsf] p4f/sf nflu tof/L cj:yfdf
'
“

/flvPsf] un, 6r{ nfO6, xyf}8f, k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdu|Lh:tf cfjZos
cf}hf/sf] pkof]u ug'k5{ . :yfgLo txdf x'g] o:tf k"jtof/Ln] e"sDksf] kL8faf6
{ {
tTsfn} p4f/ u/L /fxt k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf JolQmut k|of;n] ;Defljt
7"nf] Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u ldN5 .

p4f/ sfo{sf] juL{s/0f
e'Orfnf] hfg;fy bIf p4f/ 6f]nL 36gf:yndf k'Ug sl7g x'G5 . To; cj:yfdf
F
:yfgLo ;d'bfo jf :jo+;jsfåf/f ul/g] p4f/n] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]N5 . To;}n] p4f/
]
sfo{nfO{ p4f/df kx'r / cGo b[li6sf]0faf6 ljleGg r/0fdf juL{s/0f u/]/
F
cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF p4f/ sfo{nfO{ p4f/sf If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug]{ ;'/Iff lgsfosf ljlwnfO{ ;d]t k|:t't ug'{ pko'Qm ePsfn] Osf]– g]kfnåf/f
k|sflzt kof{j/0f dfl;ssf] jif{ !$, cªs *, df3 @)^#, k"0ff{ªs &! df

k|sflzt k|x/L lg/LIfs >L ljZj clwsf/Låf/f lnlvt …g]kfndf e"sDkLo p4f/ M
;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tLÚ n]vaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ p4f/k|lqmofnfO{
lgDgcg';f/ cufl8 a9fpg' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 M
cfkm}F jf l5d]sLn] ug]{ p4f/
e'Orfnf]af6 x'g] Ifltsf] :t/nfO{ e'Orfnf]sf] Ifdtf, s]Gb|laGb', ;do, :yfg /
F F
;+/rgfut lgdf{0fsf :j?kn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . lbpF;f] uPsf] e'Orfnf]sf] t'ngfdf
F
/flt uPsf] e'Orfnf]af6 w]/} Iflt x'G5 . To;}u/L labfsf] lbgdf e'Orfnf] uPdf
F F
:s'n, sfof{noh:tf ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgfdf Iflt k'u] klg dfgjLo Iflt sd x'G5 .
g]kfndf ljutdf ePsf e"sDkLo c;/, cWoog / cg'ejcg';f/ ;fdfGotof
e"sDksf] rk]6fdf kg]{ hLljt JolQmx¿dWo] %) k|ltzt dflg; ;fdfGo 3fOt]
x'g] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf JolQm cfFkm} jf kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:osf] tyf l5d]sL /
;'/IffsdL{sf] ;fdfGo ;xof]uaf6} ;'/lIft x'g ;S5g . o;sf nflu ljz]if bIftf
/ ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb}g . ufpF3/d} pknAw sDan, 8f]/L, pkrf/ k4lt
{
cflbsf] k|of]u u/L 3fOt]sf] p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fd'bflos p4f/stf{n] ug]{ p4f/
jt{dfg ljZjdf p4f/sf nflu ;fd'bflos p4f/–;d"xsf] ljsf; tyf k|of]u
;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t eO/x]sf] 5 . oBlk e"sDkåf/f ;8s
oftfofth:tf kx'rdfu{ Ifltu|:t x'g] / Joj;flos p4f/stf{sf] ;ªVof hlxn]
F
klg cToGt} Go"g x'g] x'bf p4f/df ;d:of b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . oftfoftsf] cefj
F
ePdf ;Lldt ;ªVofdf /x]sf Joj;flos p4f/stf{ rfx]/ klg kLl8t;Dd ;dod}
“

k'Ug ;Sb}gg . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;d'bfodf /x]sf p4f/sdL{ g} ;a}eGbf pQd
;xof]uL / p4f/stf{ x'g ;S5g . o; tYon] p4f/stf{sf] pTkfbg ;d'bfodf
x'gkg]{ ts{nfO{ an lbG5 .
'
e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf nflu ;fd'bflos ¿kd} p4f/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg tyf ;Lk
ePsf hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg ug'{ k5{ . o; cy{df txut ¿kdf cf}krfl/s tflnd
tyf k|lzIf0f / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] lj:tf/ :jo+;jssf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t
]
zt{ xf] . To:t} cfwf/e"t p4f/ tyf /fxt ;fdu|L ;fj{hlgs jf ;fd'bflos ¿kdf
Joj:yf ug'k5{ . o; lsl;daf6 k|lzlIft :jo+;jsn] e"sDksf] k|efjaf6 hLljt
{ ]
/xg] JolQmx¿dWo] u}/;+/rgfut lgdf{0fdf jf xNsf¿kdf r]lkP/ /xg] #)
k|ltzt JolQmx¿sf] p4f/ ug{;S5 . o:tf p4f/ ;d"xnfO{ cfwf/e"t vf]h tyf
p4f/;DaGwL k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug'k5{ . o:tf] k|lzIf0fdf 36gf:ynsf] 3]/faGbL,
{
vt/fsf] klxrfg, 3fOt] jf x/fPsfsf] vf]hL tyf :t/ lgwf{/0f, cfwf/e"t p4f/
;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u tyf 3fOt] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL 1fg tyf ;Lk k5{g . o:tf]
:jo+;jsf] ;d"xn] bIf p4f/stf{sf] pkl:ylt ePkl5 36gf:ynsf] 3]/faGbL,
]
3fOt]sf] vf]hLdf 7"nf] ;xof]u lbG5 .
eUg ;+/rgfdf vf]h tyf p4f/
eUg ;+/rgfdf 3fOt]sf] vf]hL tyf p4f/ ug'{ cToGt} k|fljlws, ;fxl;s /
r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ;g !(*% df d]lS;sf] ;x/df uPsf] e'Orfnf]kl5 eUgfjz]ifaf6
F
hlt dflg;sf] p4f/ ePsf] lyof] To;eGbf a9L p4f/stf{x¿n] Hofg u'dfpg'
k/]sf] lyof] . To:t} ;g @))! df cd]l/sfsf] 6jLg 6fj/df p4f/ ug{ uPsf ;of}F
p4f/stf{x¿sf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] . p4f/stf{ cfkm}F hf]lvddf k/]df kLl8tsf]
p4f/ x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] o:tf] p4f/df vl6g] p4f/stf{sf] lgldQ cfkmgf]
;d"xsf] ;'/Iff g} klxnf] k|fyldstf x'G5 .
e"sDksf] c;/kl5 hLljt /xg] ;ªVofsf] nueu !% k|ltzt ;ªVof eUg ePsf
;+/rgfleq k/]sf, k'l/Psf jf RoflkPsf x'G5g . ltgLx¿sf] p4f/sf nflu
ljlzi6 tflnd k|fKt hgzlQm tyf p4f/ ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf k5{ . p4f/stf{sf]
kl/rfngb]lv lnP/ p4f/stf{ :jo+ / kLl8tsf] ;'/IffnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' dfgL ;+/rgfut
eUgfjz]ifdf kLl8tsf] vf]hL, kLl8t;Dd kx'r, kLl8tsf] Joj:yfkg / eUgfjz]ifaf6
F
kLl8tnfO{ aflx/ lgsfnL pkrf/:yn;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfo{ p4f/cGtu{t kg]{ sfo{x¿
x'g . oL k|To]s sfo{sf nflu lglZrt sfo{ljlw / ;|ft–;fwgsf] k|of]u ug'kg]{
] {
x'G5 .
eUgfjz]ifdf kl/0ft ePsf ;+/rgfsf] leQf, 5t jf cGo s'g} efunfO{ sf6L
ToxfFleqaf6 kLl8tsf] p4f/ ul/g] o; k|sf/sf] sfo{df vf]h tyf p4f/;DaGwL
“

cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|rlnt ;femf ;ªst / ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5, h;n] ubf{ cGo
]
/fi6«af6 cfPsf p4f/sdL{n] ;d]t ;lhn} sfd ug{ ;S5g . ljkbsf cj:yfdf
p4f/;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu ePsf Joj:yfaf/] cfk;df hfgsf/L lng jf lbg
;femf ;ªstljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . International Search and Rescue Advisory
]
Group åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] tyf ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3åf/f cjnDag ul/Psf] of]
'
;ªst–k|0ffnLnfO{ INSARAG raking System elgG5 .
]
e"sDkLo vf]h tyf p4f/sfo{df cGt/f{li6o ;ªst–k|0ffnL] k|efjsf/L ePsfn]
]
of] ljZjsf ;a} d'nsdf k|of]u x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf] vf]h tyf p4f/
'
tflnd o"P;PcfO8L / cf]Pkm8LP sf] cfly{s ;xof]u tyf Pl;og l8hf:6/
lk|k8g; ;]G6/sf] kxndf ;g !((* b]lv k|f/De ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] tflnd
] { ]
cfkTsfnLg p4f/ tyf vf]hsf] If]qdf /fli6«o tyf If]qLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
nIocg'¿k ;~rfng ug]{ ul/G5 . o; sfo{qmdn] xfn;Dd g]kfn k|x/L, g]kfnL
;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L, g]kfn /]8qm; / ljleGg c:ktfnsf hjfg tyf :jo+;jsnfO{
]
;d]6sf] 5 . o;/L pTkflbt hgzlQmdWo] s]xLn] If]qLo :t/df k|lzIfs, kf7oqmd
]
;+of]hs tyf kf7oqmd lg/LIfssf] e"ldsf ;d]t lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g .
cTofw'lgs p4f/ 6f]nL
;+/rgfsf eUgfjz]ifleq hLljt /xg] cf};t ;ªVofdWo] 5 k|ltzt dflg;
p4f/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cToGt} cK7of/f] / ;+jbgzLn cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g .
]
eUggfjz]if ag]sf ;+/rgfsf] k|sl[ t, vt/fsf] cj:yf tyf k|fljlws ;fwgsf]
cfjZostfsf kg]{ x'bf hl6n cj:yfdf /x]sf kLl8tsf] p4f/ ;fdfGo :t/sf
F
p4f/stf{ / p4f/ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uåf/f ;Dej x'bg . o;sf nflu >Job[io k|:t't
}
ug{;Sg] ljB'tLo vf]h pks/0f, qm]g, x]lnsK6/h:tf ;fwg / To;}adf]lhd
k|lzlIft hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
eUg ;+/rgfaf6 hLljt p4f/ / ;do;Ldf
e"sDkLo k|sf]ksf sf/0f eUgfjz]ifdf k/]sf kLl8t JolQm hLljt /xg] ;Defjgf
;+/rgfsf] Ifltu|:t cj:yfdf lge{/ u5{ . olb ;+/rgf k"0f{¿kdf gi6 ePsf] 5
jf ejgsf] dflyNnf] tnf csf]{ tnfdfly k'0f{¿kn] ba]sf] 5 eg] ToxfF k'l/Psf
dflg; hLljt /xg] ;Defjgf lgs} sd x'G5 . olb ;+/rgf cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq
elTsPsf] jf aLraf6 wl;Psf] tyf Psflt/sf] efu elTsP/ csf]l{ t/ v;]sf] 5
eg] To:tf] ;+/rgfdf k'l/Psfsf] hLljt} p4f/ x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . eUg
;+/rgfleq klg ;a}eGbf a9L hLljt /xg] ;Defjgf cGt/s'Gt/df x'G5 .
eUgfjz]ifsf cGt/s'Gt/sf ;+/rgfut jf u}/;+/rgfut j:t' jf lgdf{0fsf
“

sf/0f aGg] vfnL 7fpFdf eg] kLl8t JolQm nfdf] ;do;Dd klg hLljt /xg
;S5 . To;}n] e"sDk cfPdf leQfsf] glhs, vf6, 6]ansf] d'lg, zf}rfno jf
'
Zgfgfuf/h:tf :yfgnfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;'/lIft dfGg] ul/G5 .
eUg ;+/rgfdf k'l/Psf kLl8tsf] hLljt /xg] ;Defjgfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ eg]sf]
g} p4f/sfo{sf] ;do;Ldf xf] . e"sDkLo p4f/ eUg ;+/rgfleq hlt l56f] k|f/De
ug{ ;Sof] Tolt g} a9L dflg;sf] hLljt} p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o :t/df
ul/Psf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ e"sDk uPsf] cfwf 306fleq p4f/ ug{ ;lsPdf
eUgfjz]ifdf k'l/Psf dWo] (! k|ltzt / @$ 306f;Dddf *! k|ltztnfO{ hLljt}
p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L $* 306f;Dddf ^&=& k|ltzt, &@ 306f;Dddf
##=& k|ltzt, (^ 306f;Dddf !( k|ltzt / !@) 306f;Dd &=$ k|ltzt
kLl8tsf] dfq hLljt} p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L kLl8t;Dd p4f/stf{sf] kx'r F
hlt l9nf] xFb} hfG5, Tolt g} hLljt p4f/sf] ;Defjgf sd x'b} hfG5 . o;sf/0f
' F
klg p4f/stf{sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / kof{Kt ;fwgsf] hf]xf] ug]{ sfo{nfO{ :yfgLo
tx;Dd ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
p4f/sf] If]q / p4f/ lgoGq0f
p4f/stf{sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{] xf] p4f/sfo{sf] If]q s]xL 3/ jf s]xL kLl8tx¿df
dfq ;Lldt /xg;S5 t/ Joj:yfks jf lgoGqssf nflu e"sDkLo p4f/sf] If]q
ufpF, ;x/, c~rn, If]q / ;du| /fi6« g} x'g;S5 . ut jif{ kfls:tfg / ef/tdf
uPsf] e"sDkdf p4f/sf] If]q Jofks lyof] eg] OG8f]gl] ;ofsf] ;'gfdLn] t p4f/sf]
If]qnfO{ ljZjJofkL g} agfOlbPsf] lyof] . To;}n] e"sDkLo p4f/sf] If]q klg
e"sDksf] zlQm, km}nfj6 / Ifltsf] tTsfnLg cg'dfgn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . p4f/sfo{
/fli6«o Ifdtfn] gEofpg] eO{ cGt/fli6«o If]qsf] ;xof]u lng'kg]{ x'g;S5 .
To;}u/L e"sDkn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] If]qn] p4f/sfo{sf] lgoGq0f–z[ªvnf lgwf{/0f

u5{ . g]kfnsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/ e"sDksf] c;/cg'¿k :yfgLo ;+oGq,
lhNnf:t/Lo ;+oGq, If]qLo ;+oGq jf /fli6«o ;+oGqn] e"sDkLo p4f/df sdf08
tyf lgoGq0f u5{g . t/ g]kfndf cg'dfg ul/P adf]lhd g} e'Orfnf] uPdf F
/fi6«sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+oGq kl/rflnt x'gkg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgoGq0fsf]
'
z[ªvnf / ltgLx¿sf] sfd– st{Jo tyf clwsf/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g] Joj:yf 5 M

s]Gb|Lo sdf08
of] sdf08 cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf /fi6«df ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] :t/df /xg] sdf08
xf] . o;df /0fgLlts lgb]zs jf s]Gb|Lo cfkTsfnLg lgb]zssf] ¿kdf /fi6«fWoIf
{ {
:jo+ jf k|wfgdGqL jf u[xdGqL k|dv /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; sdf08df
'
;DalGwt If]qsf /fli6«o ;+oGqsf ;a} k|dv kbflwsf/Lx¿ /xG5g .
'
“

s]Gb|Lo sdf08n] p4f/sf nflu tTsfn /0fgLlts of]hgf tyf gLltsf] lgdf{0f,
k|fyldstfsf] lgwf{/0f, ;fwg ;|ftsf] Joj:yf, cGo lgsfo jf ljb]zL /fi6«;u
] F
;dGjo ug'sf ;fy} s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 ;Dk"0f{ p4f/sfo{nfO{ kl/rfng, lgb]zg /
{ {
lgolGqt u5{ . tNnf OsfOn] cf–cfkmgf] sdf08 z[ªvnfsf] dfWodaf6 eP–

u/]sf sfd sfjf{xL, j:t'l:ylt / cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf of] sdf08nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpF5g .
If]qLo sdf08
If]qLo p4f/ tyf lgoGq0f sdf08df If]qLo :t/sf ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf pRr
kbflwsf/Lx¿ /xG5g . o;n] p4f/sf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf agfP/
p4f/sfo{nfO{ kl/rflnt, lgb]l{ zt tyf lgoGq0f ug],{ ;|ft ;fwgsf] Joj:yf Pj+
]
ljt/0f ug]{ / s]Gb|Lo sdf08n] agfPsf /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
sfo{ u5{ . To;}n] k|sf]ksf] ;dodf of] sdf08n] /0fgLlts lgoGq0f sIfsf]
e"dLsf ;d]t lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .
p4f/ sdf08 kf]i6
e"sDkLo p4f/sfo{df cToGt} dxŒjk"0f{ / p4f/sfo{df k|ToIf e"ldsf p4f/
sdf08 kf]i6n] lgjf{x u5{ . To;}n] k|sf]ksf] ;dodf p4f/sf nflu of] lgsfo
sfof{Gjog sdf08 (operation command) sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;df d'Vo
¿kdf p4f/stf{x¿ / :yfgLo lgsfosf JolQmx¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . of]
sdf08cGt/ut ljleGg OsfO{ sdf08/x¿ /xG5g / ltgn] k|ToIf ¿kdf p4f/sf]
sfo{ u5{g . ;fdfGotof p4f/ sdf08n] lgDg sfo{x¿ u5{ M
• :yfgLo If]qsf] p4f/sfo{nfO{ kl/rfng ug],{
• p4f/sfo{sf] lgoGq0f k|ToIf ¿kn] u/L cfjZos lgb]zg lbg],
{
• p4f/ If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ / ;'/Iffsf] k|aGw ldnfpg],
• p4f/ If]qnfO{ ;]S6/, s8{gdf ljefhg u/L cfjfudg, ;~rf/,
:jf:Yo;]jfh:tf cTofjZos ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg],
• kLl8tsf] vf]hL / kLl8t;Dd kx'r agfO{ p4f/ ug],{
F
• 3fOt]x¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ 36gf:ynd} k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ /
cfjZos k/]df c:ktfn;Dd k'¥ofO{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug],{
• 3fOt] tyf d[t JolQmsf] nut /fVg],
• 3fOt] jf d[tssf ;DaGwdf kl/jf/ tyf cfkmGtnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg],
• ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf lbg],
• k|;;Fu ;Dks{ / hfgsf/L k|sfzg tyf k|zf/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg],
]
“

• em'6f] xNnf tyf cftªs km}lng glbg],
• cfjZos ;fwg / ;|ftsf] Joj:yfkg ug],{
]
• :yfgLo lgsfox¿;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo /fVg],
• p4f/sfo{;u k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] cGo ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿ ldnfpg],
F
• p4f/sfo{sf] ljj/0f, j:t'l:ylt af/]df dflyNnf] sdf08df hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
cfkTsfnLg p4f/sf] ;dodf of] sdf08cGt/ut p4f/stf{x¿n] jf:tljs p4f/sf]
sfo{ u5{g . cfjZostf cg';f/ o:tf sdf08–kf]i6sf] ;ªVof hlt klg x'g;S5 .
sdf08 z[ªvnfsf] lgod cg';f/ p4f/:yndf sfo{/t p4f/stf{nfO{ k/]sf]

;d:of, cfjZostf jf j:t'l:ylt p4f/stf{n] OsfO sdf08/ (unit commander)
nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpF5 . OsfO sdf08/n] To:tf hfgsf/L jf k|fKt ;"rgf cfkm}dfF
;Lldt /fvL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg u5{ . t/ cfjZostf cg';f/ sdf08 kf]i6nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpF5 . To;}u/L To:tf] hfgsf/L sdf08 kf]i6af6 If]qLo sdf08
kf]i6 x'b} s]Gb|Lo sdf08;Dd k'U5 . o;/L sdf08 z[ªvnf dfkm{t cfPsf] ;d:of
F
;dfwfgsf] lgldQ pko'Qm sdf08df k'ukl5 To;sf] ;dfwfg jf j}slNks
]
Joj:yfsf] lg0f{o lbOG5 .
sf7df8f}df 7"nf] e"sDk uOxfn]df p4f/sfo{sf] If]qut ljefhg s;/L ug],{
+
sltj6f o:tf sdf08 kf]i6x¿ /fVg], To:tf sdf08 kf]i6cGt/ut slt sltj6f
p4f/ OsfOx¿ kl/rfng ug],{ k|To]s p4f/ OsfOdf slt ;ªVofdf p4f/stf{
v6fpg], ltgLx¿nfO{ s]–s:tf p4f/ ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg] eGg]tkm{ ;'Id
cWoog ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

pk;+xf/
e'Orfnf] k|fs[lts sf/0fn] x'g] ljgfzsf/L k|sf]khGo 36gf xf] . hnpTkGg
F
k|sf]ksf 36gf, dxfdf/L, x'/Latf;h:tf k|sf]ksf 36gf lgoldt ¿kdf eO/xg]
/ hgwgsf] lgoldt Iflt eO/xg] eP klg 7"nf] e'Orfnf]n] To:tf 36gfnfO{ uf}0f
F
agfOlbG5 . e'Orfnf] sltv]/ sqf] Ifdtfsf] hfG5 eGg] k"j{ ;"rgf gx'g] / Psfw
F
ldg]6d} ljgfzsf/L ¿k lnP/ cfpg] ePsfn] tTsfnLg ;'/Iffdf dflg;sf] Wofg
hfg g;Sg] ePsfn] g} o; 36gfnfO{ ljgfzsf/L dflgPsf] xf] .
ljZjsf ljleGg d'nsdf uPsf e'Orfnf] / tL d'nsdf ePsf sfdsf] cg'ejn]
' F '
o;sf] hf]lvd w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] l;4 ul/;s]sf] 5 . alnof tyf
e"sDkk|lt/f]wL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/L u}/;+/rgfTds j:t'sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg ug{
;lsPdf hgwgsf] Iflt sdx'G5 eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . ;g @))% df
O/fgsf] afd ;x/df uPsf] e'Orfnf]af6 sl/a rfnL; xhf/ dflg;sf] d[To' x'g'
F
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t/, To;sf] Ps dlxgfcl3 cd]l/sfsf] Soflnkmf]l{ gofdf To:t} :t/sf] e'Orfnf]af6
F
b'O{ hgfsf] dfq d[To' x'gn] klg o; tYonfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . t/ o;sf lgldQ
'
;/sf/sf] dfq d'v gtfs]/ ;dod} cfkm"n] plrt sfo{ ug'kg]{ x'G5 . vf;u/L
{
;fd'bflos txdf ul/g] of]hgf / k|lta4tfn] o:tf 36gfaf6 x'g] IfltnfO{ Go"g
ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] …e'Orfnf]n] dflg; dfb}g t/ dflg;åf/f lgld{t ;+/rgf
F {
elTsP/ dflg; d5{gÚ eGg] oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .

;Gb{e;fdu|L
a|xdzdz]/ ha/f– …gAa] ;fnsf] dxfe'Orfnf]Ú
F
e"sDkaf6 ;'/lIft /xg ug'{ kg]{ k"j{tof/L, xft] k'l:tsf tyf cGo k|sfzg,
e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn .
Earthquake Praperedenss Handbook, National society for Earthquake
Technology- Nepal.
ljZj clwsf/L, g]kfndf e"sDkLo p4f/ M ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL, kof{j/0f dfl;s,
jif{ !$, cªs *, @)^#, k"0ff{ªs &! .

Websites of USGS and www.gcrio.org
;ljGb| l;+x, kof{j/0f e"uf]n, k|ofu k':ts ejg, Onfxafb, @))! .
ISDR, Global plateform for Disaster Risk Reductio, 2007 Global Review
jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf– g]kfn (ECO-Nepal) kof{j/0f dfl;s jif{ !#,
cltl/Qm cªs, k"0f{ªs %#, @)^@ h]7 .

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6. earthquakel dks 6

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6. earthquakel dks 6