This power point presentation will tell you from basics to advance nano-technologies that are being used in health sciences. It will explain abut the various nano-materials that are helping in diagnostics, therapeutics and medical research.

1. Nanotechnology in Health
Sciences
Dr. Ajai Mohan Singh
Department of Dentistry
Tata Main Hospital
This presentation has been uploaded to KM site.

2. Objective
To familiarize you with nanotechnology, nanomedicine &
nanodentistry.
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3. What is Nanotechnology?
• The prefix “nano” stems from the ancient Greek word “Dwarf”.
• In science, it means one billionth of something, thus a nanometer is
one billionth of a meter or 0.000 000 001 (10-9) meters.
• A nanometer is about 3 -5 atoms wide or so, approximately 40,000
times smaller than the thickness of a human hair.
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4. Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnologies - are the design, characterization, production, and
application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape
and size at nanometer scale.*
* The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering- “Nanoscience and nanotechnologies:
opportunities and uncertainties” (2004)
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5. Nanomedicine
• Nanomedicine is a branch of medicine that applies the knowledge
and tools of nanotechnology for the prevention and treatment of
diseases.
• Nanomedicine involves the use of nanoscale materials, such as
biocompatible nanoparticles and nanorobots, for diagnosis, delivery,
sensing or actuation purposes in a living organism.
Ref: https://www.nature.com/subjects/nanomedicine
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6. Nanomedicine: what for
• The ability to manipulate structures and properties at the nanoscale
in medicine is like having a sub-microscopic bench on which one can
handle cell components, viruses and pieces of DNA using a range of
tiny tools.
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7. Nanomedicine: Aims
Comprehensive monitoring, control, construction, repair, defence and
improvement of all human biological systems working from the
molecular level using engineered devices to ultimately achieve medical
benefit.
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8. Nanoscale in biology
glucose ~1 nm wide
proteins (antibodies) (~10 nm)
viruses (~100 nm)
bacteria (~1,000 nm)
human cells (~10,000 nm).
Ref:The Australian Centre for NanoMedicine; http://www.acn.unsw.edu.au/what-is-
nanomedicine
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9. Approach to nanomaterial manufacturing
1. Top-down approach –is reducing
the size of existing structure
down to a nanoscale level.
2. Bottom-up approach –is
assembling the individual atoms
and molecules into nanomaterial.
3. Functional approach –does not
consider the method of
production of a nanoparticle;
rather it values on the production
of nanoparticles with a specific
function.
Ref: J Clin Exp Dent. 2012;4(2):e119-24.
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10. Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles
• Carbon nanotube
• Liposome
• PEG coated liposome
• Neosome
• Dendrimer
• Nanoshell
• Quantum dot (QD)
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11. Bottom up approach-fabrication of Carbon
nanotube
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12. Carbon Nano Tubes
• Graphene-Single carbon atom sheet-
used for DNA sequencing.
• Single walled tiny hollow rods-one
atom thick wall.
• Show extra ordinary optical,
mechanical, thermal and electrical
properties.
• Are being used to produce light
weight and extremely strong
materials, which enhance the
capabilities of devices such as sensors.
• Provide a novel means of drug
delivery with better specificity.
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13. Liposomes
• Small (<200 nm.) spherical
vesicles, composed of lipid bilayers
surrounding aqueous inner phase
• Used to encapsulate active drugs
and to target specific sites e.g.
cancer cells.
• Liposomes fuse with the cell
membrane and deliver the
molecule.
• Eg.: amphotericin B, Doxorubicine,
amikacin, Daunorubicin
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14. Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) Liposomes
• PEG (polyethylene glycol) makes the
liposome less vulnerable to immune
system.
• PEGylation can impart several significant
pharmacological advantages over
unmodified form; for example-
Improved drug solubility
Enhanced protection from proteolytic
degradation
Increased drug stability
Enhanced circulating life
Reduced dose frequencies and toxicity
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15. Neosomes
• Non ionic surfactant vesicles-alternative to
liposomes
• Same physical properties as of liposomes.
• Neosomes remove the disadvantages of
liposomes like chemical instability, variable
purity of phospholipids & high cost.
• Potential for targeted drug delivery-
hydrophilic, hydrophobic & amphiphilic
drug.
• Enhance the penetration of drugs.
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16. Dendrimers
• Man made molecules, having a tree
like structure with small molecular
branches around a central core
molecule
• 2-20 nm size
• Devices based on dendrimers may be
used for cell recognition, diagnosis of
cancer, drug delivery, detecting drug
level in tumers and cancer cell death.
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17. Nano Shells
• Nano shell is a type of nanoparticle with a
dielectric (e.g., silica) core and a thin metal
outer layer(Au).
• 20-150 nm size.
• Applications: treatment of severe
periodontal and other infections, targeting
& killing cancer cells, soft tissue welding,
and targeted drug delivery.
• Once the tumer cells take them up, by
applying a near infra red light which is
absorbed by nano shells, it is possible to
generate intense heat to selectively kill the
tumer cells sparing the neighbouring
healthy cells.
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18. Quantum Dots
• 2-10 nm size; can contain 100 to 10,000 Cd or Zn atoms.
• Unique optical and electronic properties such as bright
and intensive fluorescence.
• QDs can be excited with the same light wavelength, and
their narrow emission bands can be detected
simultaneously for multiple assays.
• Application in sensors, drug delivery and biomedical
imaging.
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19. Classification of nanomaterials
• Four Classes:
1. Zero dimensional- nanomaterial’s size is limited to 100 nm in all dimensions.
2. One dimensional- extend beyond 100 nm in one dimension; e. g. nanofilms and nanofoils.
3. Two-dimensional- extend beyond 100 nm in two dimensions; e. g. carbon nanotubes.
4. Three-dimensional- extend beyond 100 nm in three dimensions; e. g. quantum dots,
nanoshells, and dendrimers.
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20. Application of nanomedicine
• Diagnostics: looks at using nanotechnology
to aid in the diagnosis of diseases using
sensors, analytical assays, or imaging
technology.
• Therapy: is usually focussed on drug
delivery and interactions in the body that
will allow specific targeting, for example, of
cancer cells.
• Theranostics: Theranostics is a new field of
medicine which combines specific targeted
therapy based on specific targeted
diagnostic tests.
Ref:The Australian Centre for NanoMedicine;
http://www.acn.unsw.edu.au/what-is-nanomedicine
Diagnosis of cancer cell and drug delivery done
together-Theranostics
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21. Diagnostic: Imaging
• Nanomaterials are extensively being used as contrast medium in non-
invasive medical imaging tools that include CT, MRI, PET, single
photon emission CT, USG and optical imaging
• Examples of contrast agents- nanosized metal oxides, dendrimers,
quantum dots, etc.
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22. Diagnostic: Imaging-quantum dots
• Quantum dots-nano-crystals of
cadmium and zinc are semiconductors
• tag biological molecules
• They produce sequence of colours
when subjected to ultraviolet light
Photograph showing: NIR-II fluorescence imaging of a xenograft tumor with high uptake of 6PEG-Ag2S QDs. Time course of NIR-II fluorescence images of the
mouse injected with 6PEG-Ag2S QDs. Adapted from Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 124 (2014) 118–131
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23. Diagnostic tools
• A “lab on a chip” of a postage stamp is already available and is being
used to monitor ‘Lithium’ level for maniac depressive patients at
home with reduced cost and greater convenience.
• Colloidal ‘Gold’ particles are in use for testing the pregnancy,
ovulation, and HIV.
• Magnetic nanoparticles are being used for cell sorting in clinical
diagnostics.
• Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MRIs-since 1993.
• Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are showing better promises in the
detection of Alzheimer plaques.
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24. Nanoinstruments
• Carbon nanotubes can be used instead of glass pipettes for delivery
into cells
• Nanosilver coating is increasingly being used in catheters for its
antibacterial properties.
• Wound dressing may also incorporate nano-silver for its antibacterial
properties.
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25. Therapeutic Uses: Drug delivery using
Nanoparticles
Nano pharmacology: an application of nanotechnology to the
development and discovery of drug delivery methods.
Applications:
To deliver the drug to exact location
To Reduce side effects and toxicity
To increaed bioavailability
To Molecular targeting by nano engineered devices
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Continued…….

26. ….Therapeutic Uses: Drug delivery using
Nanoparticles
• Drug delivery vehicle: polymeric particles, dendrimers, nanoshells,
liposomes, micelles and magnetic nanoparticles.
• Common pharmaceutical issues can be overcome by using
nanoparticles for drug delivery that will increase the solubility, limit
the systemic toxicity, increase the bioavailability, improve immune-
compatibility and cellular uptake.
08/02/2018 28Continued……

27. …Therapeutic Uses: Drug delivery using
Nanoparticles: Targeted Drug Delivery System
• Advantages: prevents local irritation and decreases local & systemic
toxicity (due to encapsulation of drug as in liposomes or micelles).
• Disadvantages: drug delivery mechanism may introduce toxicity of
their own and have unintended side effects.
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28. Therapeutic Uses of Nanotechnology in
Cancer Treatment
• Thermotherapy: a form of cancer treatment that uses heat to destroy
cancer cells.
• Nanomaterials used in the devices of thermotherapy are nanosized
iron oxide, gold coated silica nanoparticles (nanoshells), Hafnium
oxide nanoparticles.
• Thermotherapy: more localised with lesser side effects.
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29. Therapeutic uses: Tissue Repair &
Replacement
• Biocompatible nanomaterials and coatings are being used to increase
the adhesion, durability and lifespan of implants.
• Eg.: Nanopolymer-Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be used to coat
implantable devices that are in contact with blood; like artificial heart,
vascular grafts, catheters for dispersion of clots or to prevent their
formation.
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30. FDA Approved Nanodrugs
• Liposomes: amphotericin B, Dounorubucin, Doxorubicin, cytarabin,
Morphine, amikacin
• Emulsions: Cyclosporin A
• Engineered nanoparticles: Diclofenac
• Polymeric nanoparticles: Paclitaxel
• Nanocrystals: Finofibrate, magestrol
Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5720487/table/t1-ptj4212742/?report=objectonly
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31. Nanodentistry: Definitions
The science and technology of diagnosing, treating
and preventing oral and dental diseases, relieving
pain, preserving and improving dental health by
using nanostructured material.
Ref: J. Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013 Jan-Jun; 4(1): 39–44. doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.107258
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32. Nanomaterials used in Dentistry
• Nanoimpression materials
• Nano ceramics
• Dental Implants
• Nano glass ionomer cements
• Denture base nanoresins
• Nanocomposite denture teeth
• Water as disinfectant
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33. Nano impression material
• Addition silicon Vinylpolysiloxane impression material when
integrated with nano fillers provide following advantages
1. Better flow
2. Improved hydrophilic properties
3. Lesser voids at margins
4. High tear strength
5. Resistance to distortion & heat
6. Snap set-reduces error by micromovement
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34. Nanohydroxyapatite
• Biologically inspired rosette nanotubules and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite
can be used as bone substitute.
• The nano-hydroxyapatite rods have been used to synthesise the human
enamel.
Source: Udhayakumar, G., Muthukumarasamy, N., Velauthapillai, D. et al. Appl. Phys. A (2017) 123: 655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-017-
1248-z
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E.g. Ostim ® (osartis GmbH Germany) HA; VITOSS ® (orthovita Inc, USA) HA+ TCP; - NanOssTM (Angstrom
Medica ,USA) HA

35. Nano ceramics
• Alumina nano particles used as ultra fine polishing agent and as nanofillers in
composite restorative materials.
• Silica- ultra fine polishing agent, used as nanofillers in composite restorative
materials.
• Zirconia (Zirconium dioxide) ZrO2 – highly osteoconducive for odontoblast and is
also being used as nanofiller.
• Lithium Disilicate porcelain- Crown and bridge. E. g. Lava ultimate-silica (20 nm)
Zirconia (4-11 nm)
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36. Dental Implants
• Attache nanotubes, beads to the
implant surfaces.
• Spray TiO2 plasma or blast Al2O3,
or to acid etch the implant
surfaces.
• Surface coating with nontextured
titanium, nanohydroxyapatite or
pharmacological agents like
Bisphosphonates.
• Surface modifications improve
the implant properties-chemistry
that will help osseointegration &
success of a dental implant.
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37. Nano glass ionomer cements
• Nano glass ionomer cements are constituted by dispersible
nanoparticles which can be added to various solvents, in which they
are dispersed homogenously.
• Advantages:
1. Higher dentine and enamel bond strength
2. High stress absorption
3. Longer shelf life
4. Durable marginal seal No separate etching required
5. Fluoride release
Example : Adper Single Bond Plus Adhesive (3M) (10% wt. Silane treated 5 nm spherical silica)
Ref: Dr. Ifzah, Dr. Zain Patel NANODENTISTRY- A Review Volume 4 Issue VIII, August 2016 www.ijraset.com Accessed on 11/10/2018
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Figure demonstrates the difference in
suspension stability between the
nanoparticles in Adper Single Bond
Plus adhesive and the much larger
particles averaging 0.4 microns in
diameter in Optibond Solo Plus™
adhesive (filled 15% by weight).

38. Nanocomposites
• The nanofillers used in nanocomposites include an aluminosilicate
powder with a mean particle size of 80nm and a 1:4 M ratio of
alumina to silica and a refractive index of 1.508.
• Advantages:
o High filler loading
o Increased hardness.
o Improved flexural strength, toughness and translucency.
o Decreased polymerization shrinkage (50%).
o High polish retention
o Desirable handling characteristics
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39. Nano denture base resins
• Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles when
added as pigments in PMMA, provide colour of the gingiva.
• Low porosity and prevent the adherence of Candida Albicans.
• Addition of carbon nanotubes provide superior strength.
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles

40. Artificial denture teeth
Artificial denture teeth made up of PMMA containing nanofillers have
following advantages:
• Superior surface hardness and wear resistance
• Highly polish able
• Stain and impact resistant
• Lively surface structure
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41. Disinfectant-Engineered Water Nano
Structure
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• Water droplets are brought down to 25
nm size.
• Charged with electrons and reactive
oxygen species.
• EWNS highly mobile and can interact
with pathogens both in air and on
surface.
Ref:https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/EN/C3EN00007A#!divAbstract accessed on 13_11-2018

42. Conclusion
• Although, the realization of the full potential of nanotechnology in
health sciences may be years or decades away, recent advances in
nanomedicine have started a paradigm shift in health care area.
• In long term, the nanotherapies could be more economical, more
effective and safe.
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43. Thank you
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