Biodesiel aviation draft

Biodiesel from EgyptianBiodiesel from Egyptian
AlgaeAlgae
BYBY
Dr. Farouk Kamel El-BazDr. Farouk Kamel El-Baz
Prof. of Plant Biochemistry, Agric. & Biol. Res. DivisionProf. of Plant Biochemistry, Agric. & Biol. Res. Division
Former NRC Vice President & Awarded the State ofFormer NRC Vice President & Awarded the State of
Egypt Prize of Merit in Advanced TechnologicalEgypt Prize of Merit in Advanced Technological
Sciences ,2008Sciences ,2008

1- Increased Rate of Energy Consumption
1980 -2005

Increasing of
Consumption
rate 4000
Biogas 900
Nuclear
energy 500
Hydro 400
Coal 1200
Oil 1000
One Million Ton
(equivalent(
Total 6600 M Ton
Total 10600 M T

2- Price Fluctuation of Oil and
Petrochemical Products

30$
Jan 2003
147$Oct.
2008
37$Dec.
2008
Price/
$
30$
Jan 2003
147$Oct.
2008
37$Dec.
2008
Price/
$
Increased price of Oil and
Petrochemical Products
30$
Jan 2003
147$Oct.
2008
37$Dec.
2008
Price/
$

3- Dramatic Increase in World
Population Figures

10 Billions People at 2050 need their Energy
Resources
‫كبرى‬ ‫صناعية‬ ‫دول‬
‫نامية‬ ‫دول‬

Its is expected that the world
population will exceeds 10 Billions
at 2050

4- Shortage of Conventional Energy
Sources

In Egypt Population and Human
Growth Rate of approximately
2% / year
Year 2006 76.5 M
Year 2007 78 M
Will reach 125 million by 2050

‫نظرية‬ ‫معدلت‬
‫منشودة‬ ‫معدلت‬
‫واقعية‬ ‫معدلت‬
150‫نسمه‬ ‫مليون‬

Egyptian Annual Subsidise for Energy LE
more than 96 Billion
And this value is expected to increase yearly
Unbalanced Consumption / Production

Al-Ahram News Paper 17-05-2010 , Page 1
Subsidies of Petroleum Diesel exceeds the
allocated budget of Education and Health by
more than 9 times

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008
‫عام‬/‫طن‬‫مليون‬
Consumption
10.2
8.2
6.9
8.1
Production
Production & Consumption of Diesel
during 2001 - 2008

Biofuels
are fuels produced from renewable
organic sources

Biofuel
Charcoal - waste of plants
Biogas
Biodiesel - Bioethanol
1. Liquid
2. Gas
3. Solid
1. Liquid

Biodiesel are:
 Renewable diesel
– A mixture of fatty acid methyl
esters (FAME)
– Equivalent to petroleum diesel

Transesterification of oil to biodiesel by
using alcohol
Catalyst
Oil Alcohol Glycerol Fatty Acid ester
Biodiesel

Advantages of Biodiesel
1. Safe to handle, store & transport
2. Advantages over Oil Diesel:
• Less toxic, less risk
• Low Sulfur content

• Reduces other pollutants
• Reduction in sulfur oxides – acid rain
• Reduction in methane
• Reduction in particulate matter

Environmental Impacts
-20%
-90%
-10%
-42%
-10%
-58%
+5%
+10%
-21%
-58
%
Petrodiesel B20 B 100
Quality of biodiesel as compared with petroleum diesel

Disadvantages of Biodiesel
• The B 100 % would need engine modifications
• Relative high solubility effect
• Effect of color after prolonged contact
• Effect on rubber parts

Global Production of Biodiesel

• EU production at 2007, 10.3 Million Tons
• By 2020, 10 % of EU Diesel Consumption
will be from Bio sources.
• USA Plans to be the Major Producer by
2010.
Biodiesel Future Plans

• India Plans to produce 4 Million tons annually
• Israel Plans to produce 4-5% of Global
Requirements (4-5 Million MT)
• China Plans to increase the biodiesel
production at 2012 by 900% of that at 2007

Top 10 countries in terms of biodieselTop 10 countries in terms of biodiesel
potentialpotentialRankRank CountryCountry BiodieselBiodiesel
PotentialPotential
(ML)(ML)
ProductionProduction
($/L)($/L)
11 MalaysiaMalaysia 14,54014,540 0.530.53
22 IndonesiaIndonesia 75957595 0.490.49
33 ArgentinaArgentina 52555255 0.620.62
44 USAUSA 32123212 0.700.70
55 BrazilBrazil 25672567 0.620.62
66 NetherlandNetherland 24962496 0.750.75
77 GermanyGermany 20242024 0.790.79
88 PhilippinesPhilippines 12341234 0.530.53
99 BelgiumBelgium 12131213 0.780.78
1010 SpainSpain 10731073 1.711.71

OPPERTUNITIESOPPERTUNITIES
National and InternationalNational and International
• National recommendation for the production andNational recommendation for the production and
expansion of biodiesel from algae alongside withexpansion of biodiesel from algae alongside with
other sources of biofeul.other sources of biofeul.
•Under the Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotionUnder the Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion
of the use of energy from renewable sources thisof the use of energy from renewable sources this
share rises to a minimum 10% in every Membershare rises to a minimum 10% in every Member
State in 2020State in 2020
06/16/1306/16/13
Biodiesel from algae; oppertuity andBiodiesel from algae; oppertuity and
challengeschallenges

Biodiesel and AviationBiodiesel and Aviation
The EU initiative, labelled "The EU initiative, labelled "
European Advanced Biofuels Flight pathEuropean Advanced Biofuels Flight path""
recommend productionrecommend production of two millionof two million
tonnes of sustainably produced biofuel fortonnes of sustainably produced biofuel for
aviation by 2020aviation by 2020
06/16/1306/16/13

Biodiesel and AviationBiodiesel and Aviation
 Egyptian Aviation authorities to haveEgyptian Aviation authorities to have
national supply for biodiesel by 2020.national supply for biodiesel by 2020.
 Egypt Air consumption of jet fuel is !!!!!Egypt Air consumption of jet fuel is !!!!!
Annually.Annually.
 A big percent of this volume to be fromA big percent of this volume to be from
biofuelbiofuel

SolutionsSolutions
 There is no single solution for all purposes.There is no single solution for all purposes.
 One solution might be the best for oneOne solution might be the best for one
purpose.purpose.
 Biodiesel can be obtained from differentBiodiesel can be obtained from different
sources; Jatropha, Jojoba, Croton, recycledsources; Jatropha, Jojoba, Croton, recycled
oils and fromoils and from AlgaeAlgae..
 Different factors determine the best solutionDifferent factors determine the best solution
for certain purpose;for certain purpose; Quality, water andQuality, water and
fertile land availability, geography,fertile land availability, geography,
productivity &productivity & economyeconomy..
06/16/1306/16/13

Quality and tests for Aviation DieselQuality and tests for Aviation Diesel
06/16/1306/16/13

06/16/1306/16/13

Water and Fertile landWater and Fertile land
availabilityavailability
 Egypt has a limited water resourcesEgypt has a limited water resources
 Recycled water from Industry andRecycled water from Industry and
Agriculture has drawbacksAgriculture has drawbacks
 The cost of land reclamation in the desertThe cost of land reclamation in the desert
is increasing day by day.is increasing day by day.
06/16/1306/16/13

GeographyGeography
((Intense sun radiation all over the yearIntense sun radiation all over the year))
06/16/1306/16/13

Biodiesel from AlgaeBiodiesel from Algae
Now or NeverNow or Never

36000different Algae species
Unicellular
Solitary Colony
Multi-cellular
RED
Green
BROWN

CO2
Nutrients
Algae
Light
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Pigments
• Vitamins
• Pharmaceuticals
• S- Polysaccahriedes
• Fatty acids
• Oil

1.Short life cycle ( approx. 1-10 days)
2.Fast Growing with High productivity:-
a. Microalgae commonly double their
biomass within 24 hour
b. Biomass doubling times during the log.
phase as short as 3.5 h.
Advantages of Algae over other plants

3. High photosynthetic efficiency (31 folds)
4. No competition with food crops
5. Can be cultivated with Salty water
6. Oil productivity depends on the algal
growth rate and the oil content of the biomass

7. Metabolic pathways can be directed by stress
factors ( Nutrients deficiency, low or high
temperature, pH ..), to produce the required
targets.
8. High oil productivity (could reach 50-80 % of dry
weight)
9. Microalage with high oil productivities are
desired for producing biodiesal.

0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
‫الطحالب‬‫النخيل‬‫الجاتروفا‬
Gallon/
Hectare/
Year Algae
Date
Jatrova
‫جالون‬// ‫هكتار‬
‫عام‬
Superior Oil Production from Algae
compared to other sources
Gatropha Palm Algae

Palm Oil : 6000 L / ha / year
Algae : 20000-150000 L / ha /year

Superiority of microalgae in producing
biodiesel
Algae are one of the best sources of biodiesal:
1.It can produce : up to 25 times the amount
of oil per acre as soybeans
2.Up to 7-30 time greater oil than palm oil

Biodiesel production from different sources

OilOil US$/TonUS$/Ton
CanolaCanola 750750
Sun FlowerSun Flower 720720
Palm OilPalm Oil 700700
Algae OilAlgae Oil 500500
Different Oils Prices Comparisons

Commercially, microalgae are
cultivated either in open ponds
or in closed photobioreactors

2. Closed System Photobioreactors

Commercial Glass Photo bioreactors
(700m3
) producing Chlorella biomass ,
Klotze Germany

Haematococcus plant
operated by Algatech Ltd,
Kibbuz Ketura, Israel

Photobioreactor is more successful,
algae growth rate and productivity
are usually high than the open
ponds

Comparison of open and closed algaeComparison of open and closed algae
production systemsproduction systems
VariableVariable PhotobioreactorPhotobioreactor OpenOpen
PondsPonds
Area neededArea needed
5681 m5681 m22
7828 m7828 m22
Annual biomassAnnual biomass
ProductionProduction
100 000kg100 000kg 100 000kg100 000kg
Oil ProductionOil Production 137m137m33
/ Hectare/ Hectare 99 m99 m33
/ Hectare/ Hectare
Annual CO2
Consumption (Kg) 183.3 183.3

• This comparison is for an annual production level of
100 tons of biomass in both cases.
• Photobioreactor provide much greater oil yield /
hectare Compared with raceway ponds both
production methods consume an identical amount of
CO2

Microaleage can provide several different
types of renewable biofuels these include:-
1. Bio diesel derived from microalgae oil
2. Photobiologically produced biohydrogen
3. Methane produced by anaerobic digestion of
the algal biomass

Algae Production at the
National Research
Centre

1. Algae strains with high productivity
were isolated and identified

Locally Studied Algae Species
Considered for oil production
Algae
1- Dunaliella Green
2-Scenedesmus Green
3- Chlorella Green
4- Spirulina Blue Green

Botryococus brauniiBotryococus braunii 80 % Oil80 % Oil

2. Microalgae are produced on Lab. and semi
pilot scale all year around with different
outputs:-
Pigment – antiviral – antibacterial – anticancer
–nutraceuticals – Omega 3 & Omega 6 fatty
acids, sulphtated polysaccharides, oil ……..)

Indoor Algae Cultivation at
NRC

Open ponds are used for algae
production under open air conditions

Open pond ( Capacity 15000 L= 15 m3
)

Open ponds should have
- 10 m width
- 100 m length
- 30 cm depth
• Built in concrete blocks on a 10 cm thick sole
• A paddle wheel or rotating arm are used for
culture agitation mixing and preventing the
algal cells from settling on the bottom

60-80 tonsfeddan dried algae
(moisture 7-9%)
Annual yield

Photobioreactors are used for
growing algae with the capacity
of 5000L

Photobioreactors
• They can established & maintained
either indoor or outdoor. However the
outdoor is more successful because they
can utilize free sunlight
• They consist of :
1.Transparent tubes made of glass or
plastics and fixed generally in the north
– south direction to enable the maximum
light penetration

2.Pumping system ( 50 cm / sec.), dosing
pump
3.Feeding vessel contain nutrient solution &
CO2
4.Harvesting pump or filter system

Drawbacks of PBRs
1- Oxygen poisoning –photoxidation –
damage of the cell
2- Over heating
3- Loss of transparency- light penetration
decreased.
4- Difficulty in scaling up

Oil percentage increaseOil percentage increase
FromFrom ToTo
55 3838
77 3838
88 5959
6.56.5 1919
Increase of oil productivity in some algae strains
StrainStrain
DunaliellaDunaliella
ChlorellaChlorella
ScenedesmusScenedesmus
SpirulinaSpirulina

Fatty acids composition of
Spirulina oil

Fatty acids (%) of total fatty acid
C8:0 Caprylic acid 1.52
C10:0 Capric acid 0.12
C12:0 Lauric acid 0.34
C14:0 Myristic acid 0.62
C16:0 Palmitic acid 31.5
C16:1 Palmitoleic acid 0.70
C16 Total 32.2
C18:1 Oleic acid 12.6
C18:2 Linoleic acid 16.46
C18:3 Linolenic 19.94
Total C18 49.0
C 20:4 Arachidonic acid 1.8
C 20:5 Timnodonic 4.8
Total C20 6.6
C 22:0 Docosanoic 10.6
Total saturated 44.7
Total mono-saturated 13.3
Total polyunsaturated 43.0

 The fatty acid profile of Spirulina cultivated in
photobioreactors showing that palmatic C16:0,
olic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and
arachidic acid (C22:0) were the most prevalent.
 It was also clear that total saturated fatty acid
represented 44.7% of total fatty acids, compared
to total unsaturated fatty acid (56.3%)

 The results of the present study also indicated
that fatty acids with 4 or more double bonds
[(C20:4) and (C 20:5)] represented only 6.6 % of
the total fatty acids .

 Schenk et al. (2008) suggested that the ideal mixture of
fatty acids to be: C16:1 : C18:1 : C14:0 in the ratio of 5:
4: 1 such a biodiesel would have the properties of very low
oxidative potential.
 In the present work this ratio is nearly 0.7: 12.6: 0.62
in Spirulina and 4.8: 12.9: 14.6 in Chlorella,further
processing and additives are required

Fatty acids compositions (% of total
fatty acids) of Chlorella vulgaris

Fatty acids Common name
%of total
fatty acids
C 14:0 Myristic acid 14.6
C 14:1 Myristoleic acid 6.2
Total C 14 20.8
C 16:0 Palmitic acid 54.3
C 16:1 Palmitoleic acid 4.8
C 16:2 Hexadecadienoic acid 1.7
Total C 16 60.8
C 18:1 Oleic acid 12.9
C 18:2 Linoleic acid 4.1
C 18:3 Linolenic acid 1.4
Total C 18 18.4
Total saturated 68.9
Total mono-saturated 23.9
Total polyunsaturated 7.2
TU/TS 0.45

 The fatty acid profile of Chlorella cultivated in
photobioreactors showing high value (54.3%) of palmatic
acid which met the requirement of European legislation
for biodiesel.
 High content (12.9 %) of Oleic acid of Chlorella fatty
acid profile may be utilized for good quality biodiesel
production

Acceptability of microalgal oil for biodiesel
Depending on the total unsaturation of the oil
which is indicating by
lodine value
• Not exceed 120g I2 / 100 g oilstandard of the
European union ( En 14214 ) for biodiesel of
vehicle use
• Not exceed 130 g I2 / 100 g oil for use as heating
oil ( standard 14213 )

• Fatty acids and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
FAME with 4 and more double bonds are
susceptible to oxidation and this reduces their
acceptability for use in biodiesel
• In European Union separate standards exist
for biodiesel of vechicle use ( 14214) ( limit
linolenic acid and its ME to 12% ) and no
limitation exists for use as heating oil ( 14213 )

 Our results indicated that Chlorella fatty acid profile
contain linolenic acid (1.4%) less than 12%.

Specification of algal oil produced at
NRC
Strains Degree of
saturation
Degree of
Unstauration
Dunaliella 18 80
Spirulina 42 43
Chlorella 70 28
Scenedesums 70 26

Experiment Method Result
Density, @ 15.56 o
C
Specific Gravity
API gravity @ 60 o
F
ASTMD-1298 0.8655
0.8664
31.82
Kinematic viscosity, cSt, @ 40o
C ASTM D-445 6.81
Total Sulphur, wt % ASTM D-4294 0.74
Ash content, wt% ASTM D-482 0.004
Gross heating value, kj/kg ASTM D-240 41896
Flash point ASTM D-240 96
Cetane index 38
Physical analysis of Spirulina biodiesel

Properties of a blend of biodiesel and solar (50%each)
compared to the standard specifications of diesel fuel
Property Diesel fuel Biodiesel/solar
blend
-Density, at 15.56 o
C
-Specific Gravity
-API gravity at 60 o
F
0.82-0.87
0.82-0.87
31-41
0.8655
0.8664
31.82
-Kinematic viscosity, cSt,
at 40o
C
≥7 6.81
-Total Sulphur, wt% ≥1.2 0.74
-Ash content, wt% ≥0.01 0.004
-Gross heating value,
kj/kg
47000 41896
-Flash point, o
C ≤55 96
Cetane number- ≤55 38

Distillation characteristics of the 50%
blend compared to that of solar
It seems that the volatility of the biodiesel blend
is higher than that of regular solar. Since the
10% distillation of the blend occurs at155 o
C
compared to 205 o
C in case of solar, it might be
expected that the starting ignition quality will
be better using this blend

Solar Biodiesel/solar blend
Distillation
Initial boiling point,o
C
10 ml
20 ml
30 ml
40 ml
50 ml
60 ml
70 ml
80 ml
90 ml
Recovery, ml
Residue, ml
Loss %
170
205
235
264
275
278
300
310
315
322
91
8
1
110
155
185
191
200
220
230
240
260
300
92
6
2
ASTM distillation results of Biodiesel/solar 50% blend
compared to Solar

Economy for the production ofEconomy for the production of
Biodiesel from AlgaeBiodiesel from Algae
Egyptian Dutch ConsortiumEgyptian Dutch Consortium
::
 National Research Center;National Research Center; Consortium PIConsortium PI
 Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo UniversityFaculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University
FOPCUFOPCU
 Wageningen University and Research) WURWageningen University and Research) WUR
06/16/1306/16/13

Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen University and Research
Pioneer algae research institutePioneer algae research institute
in Holland and Europein Holland and Europe
06/16/1306/16/13

Faculty of PharmacyFaculty of Pharmacy
Will play role in the isolation andWill play role in the isolation and
identification of Algae bio-activesidentification of Algae bio-actives
suitable for nutraceutical purposesuitable for nutraceutical purpose
and other high cash valueand other high cash value
productsproducts
06/16/1306/16/13

Consortium ObjectivesConsortium Objectives
 Overall Objective ;Overall Objective ;
Development of a sustainable for theDevelopment of a sustainable for the
production of renewable energy sourceproduction of renewable energy source
from Energy.from Energy.
 The Specific Objectives;The Specific Objectives;
Setting up a pilot production unit ofSetting up a pilot production unit of
biodiesel from algaebiodiesel from algae
06/16/1306/16/13

Consortium ActivitiesConsortium Activities
 EngineeringEngineering
 BiotechnologicalBiotechnological
 ChemicalChemical
 PharmaceuticalPharmaceutical

Estimated ResultsEstimated Results
Production of algal oil usingProduction of algal oil using
photobioreactor and openphotobioreactor and open
ponds.ponds.
Production of Biodiesel byProduction of Biodiesel by
algal oil transestrification.algal oil transestrification.
06/16/1306/16/13

 Production of high valueProduction of high value
nutraceuticals from algae.nutraceuticals from algae.
 Setting up economical demo unitSetting up economical demo unit
ready for scaling up nationally andready for scaling up nationally and
internationally.internationally.
 Enhancing Egyptian capabilities forEnhancing Egyptian capabilities for
biodiesel production from Algae.biodiesel production from Algae.

Nation’s wealth is not
how much they have
or how much they know
BUT
By how much
they Know what to do
with what they have
Thanks

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