Back to Nature, Ecological resilience, FUNCTIONAL LANDSCAPING, Biophilic Design for Built-environment, Livable Green Architecture, Building integrated agriculture, Urban Agriculture, ecological cities

1. Wednesday 19 April 2017
Lecture in - Housing & Building National Research Center “HBRC” –
87 El-Tahrir St., Dokki, Giza
Landscaping works - from decorative elements
to sustain resilient Eco-balance systems
"‫الالندسكيب‬ ‫ألعمال‬ ‫الجديدة‬ ‫اإلتجاهات‬-‫التوازن‬ ‫مرونة‬ ‫استدامة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫التزيين‬ ‫من‬
‫الحيوى‬ ‫المحيط‬ ‫نظم‬ ‫فى‬"

2. {ُ‫ب‬
َ‫ه‬ْ‫د‬َ‫ي‬
َ‫ف‬‫د‬‫ب‬‫ز‬‫ل‬‫ا‬‫أ‬ َّ‫م‬َ
‫أ‬َ‫ف‬‫ء‬‫أ‬ َ‫ف‬ُ‫ج‬‫أ‬ َ‫م‬‫أ‬ َّ‫م‬َ
‫أ‬َ‫و‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ُ
‫ب‬
ُ‫ك‬
ْ
‫م‬َ‫ي‬
َ‫ف‬
‫أس‬‫ن‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫ع‬
َ‫ف‬‫ن‬َ‫ب‬‫رض‬‫لأ‬‫أ‬}
[‫د‬‫ع‬‫ز‬‫ال‬:17]

3. 1st Natural Landscape - refers to the
distinguish visible features of natural
environment for specific area of land,
including:
1. living elements, such as flora or fauna
2. natural elements such as landforms,
terrain shape and elevation, or bodies
of water
2nd Artificial Landscape (man made
landscape) - refers to any activity that
modifies the visible features of an area of
land or what is commonly called gardening.
Common types of landscape

4. Landscaping as an Artifact
It is the art and craft of
growing plants with a goal of
creating a beautiful semi natural
environment within built
environment.
Duty of landscaper:
Understanding of the local
context is one of the chief
essentials for successful
landscaping. Different natural
features like terrain, topography,
soil qualities, prevailing winds,
depth of the frost line, and the
system of native flora and fauna
must be taken into account.

5. ‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
‫َا‬‫ه‬‫ا‬َ‫ح‬ُ‫ض‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫س‬ْ‫م‬َّ‫ش‬‫وال‬*َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ال‬ َ‫و‬ِ‫ر‬‫َا‬‫ه‬ َ‫َل‬َ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫إ‬*
ِ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬َّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ َ‫و‬‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫إ‬‫َا‬‫ه‬ َّ‫َل‬َ‫ج‬*َّ‫الل‬ َ‫و‬ِِ ْ‫ي‬َ‫ه‬‫َا‬‫ش‬ْ‫غ‬َ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫إ‬‫ا‬*
ِ‫اء‬َ‫م‬َّ‫س‬‫ال‬ َ‫و‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬‫َا‬‫ه‬‫َا‬‫ن‬َ‫ب‬*َ ْ‫ال‬ َ‫و‬ِ‫ض‬ ْ‫ر‬‫َا‬‫ه‬‫ا‬َ‫ح‬َ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬*
ٍ‫س‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫ن‬ َ‫و‬‫َا‬‫ه‬‫ا‬ َّ‫و‬َ‫س‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬*ْ‫ل‬َ‫أ‬َ‫ف‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫و‬ ‫َا‬‫ه‬َ‫ور‬ُ‫ج‬ُ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬َ‫م‬َ‫ه‬‫َا‬‫ه‬‫ا‬ َ‫و‬ْ‫ق‬*
ْ‫د‬َ‫ق‬‫َا‬‫ه‬‫ا‬َّ‫ك‬َ‫ز‬ ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ َ‫ح‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫أ‬*َ‫ق‬ َ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ََ‫َا‬َ ْ‫د‬َ‫ه‬‫ا‬َّ‫س‬َ‫د‬‫ا‬*
‫العظيم‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫صدق‬
Biosphere
The Begin

6. Metabolic natures of cities
striving from linear towards circular form

7. Conventional cities metabolic
1st Linear metabolism cities – welfare consume, pollution at a high rate

8. Result of Welfare :
(Climate Change & polluted
ecological context)
the relatively large impacts of buildings in
developed world in terms of their emissions of
climate change greenhouse gases.
Source: Max Fordham and partner
Distribution of CO2 Emissions by World Nations for
the Year 2004

9. Deforestation and afforestation
Almost 20 percent (8 GtCO2/year) of total greenhouse gas emissions were from deforestation in 2007.

10. Disturbance of rainfall cycle according to heavy Deforestation

11. Result of Welfare consumption:
Climate Change & Natural polluted eco-context (air, water and soil)
"َ‫ض‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ب‬ ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ق‬‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬ُ‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ ِ‫اس‬َّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫د‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ت‬َ‫ب‬َ‫س‬َ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ب‬ ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫و‬ ِِّ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ُ‫د‬‫ا‬َ‫س‬َ‫ف‬‫ال‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ظ‬ِِْ‫ر‬َ‫ي‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ََُّ‫ع‬َ‫ل‬ ‫وا‬ُُِ‫َم‬‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ون‬ُ‫ع‬"(‫الروم‬:41).

12. Heat Island Effect
The most effective procedures to reduce the
urban heat island effect in cities by planting of
vegetation on a large scale so that the effects of
evapotranspiration, insulation and increased
reflection of incoming solar radiation will cool a
community a few degrees in the summer.

13. 2nd Circular metabolism – minimize new inputs and maximize recycling

14. Back to Nature
That Nature has returned with a
vengeance in architectural theory
and practice goes far beyond the
transmutation of the Vitruvian
qualities of firmitas, utilitas, and
venustas into sustainability’s
motto of equity, biodiversity, and
wise development.

15. Ecological resilience
The concept of resilience in ecological systems was first introduced by the Canadian ecologist Holling
in order to describe the persistence of natural systems in the face of changes in ecosystem variables
due to natural or anthropogenic causes. Resilience has been defined in two ways in ecological
literature:
1. as the time required for an ecosystem to return to an equilibrium or steady state following a
perturbation.
2. as "the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change
so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks".
In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or disturbance by
resisting damage and recovering quickly. Human activities that adversely affect ecosystem
resilience such as reduction of biodiversity, exploitation of natural resources, pollution, land
use, and anthropogenic climate change are increasingly causing regime shifts in ecosystems, often
to less desirable and degraded conditions.
Interdisciplinary discourse on resilience now includes consideration of the interactions of humans and
ecosystems via socioecological systems, and the need for shift from the maximum sustainable
yield paradigm to environmental resource management which aims to build ecological resilience
through "resilience analysis, adaptive resource management, and adaptive governance".

16. 1ST FUNCTIONAL LANDSCAPING:
AIM - SITES & HUMAN HEALING
• AIR FILTRATION & PURIFICATION
• WASTE WATER TREATMENT
• DEVELOPMENT OF NEGLECTED SITES AND BROWN FIELDS FROM
ABANDONMENT TO ENGAGEMENT
• THERAPEUTIC LANDSCAPE

17. Phytoremediation is a cost effective Plant
based approach of remediation that takes
advantage of the ability of plants to
concentrate elements and compounds from
the environment and to metabolize various
molecules in their tissues. Using plants ability
for environmental cleanup -
It refers to the natural ability of certain plants
called hyper-accumulators to bio-accumulate,
degrade, or render harmless contaminants in
soils, water, or air. Toxic heavy metals and
organic pollutants are the major targets for
phytoremediation. It is potentially the least
harmful method because it uses naturally
occurring organisms and preserves the
environment in a more natural state.
Phytoremediation –
Phytoremediation (from Ancient Greek φυτο) phyto, meaning "plant", and Latin remedium,
meaning "restoring balance" refers to the technologies that use living plants to clean up soil, air,
and water contaminated with hazardous chemicals.

18. The NASA Clean Air Study has been in association with
the Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA). Its
results suggest that certain common indoor plants may
provide a natural way of removing toxic agents such as
benzene, formaldehyde and trichloroethylene from the air,
helping neutralize the effects of sick building syndrome.

20. At the British Columbia Law Court, designed by
Arthur Erickson, indoor plantings improve
indoor air quality.
Using green plantings on the interior and exterior
to filter out airborne chemicals, absorb carbon
dioxide, and release oxygen during
photosynthesis.

21. Advanced Compact Reed Bed System For Treating Wastewater
The wastewater is brought to
a suitable site. A tank or a pit
of suitable dimension is
made. The dimensions
depend on the site
conditions and volume of the
wastewater. The tank or pit is
lined by soling and LDP
lining. If necessary, other
types of civil structure can
be made into the treatment
tank. The tank is filled with
coarse mixture of high
porosity, efficient sewage
treating bacteria and
supporting media. Specially
selected plants are then
planted. The roots of these
form an association with the
bacteria to give an effective
sewage treatment. This
system remains functional
for many years with almost
zero maintenance. It looks
like a beautiful flowering
garden and not like ugly
Sewage Treatment Plant.

22. Wastewater Recycling –
Reed Bed System is a clean, economic and
ecofriendly method of domestic sewage treatment as
an alternative to the conventional systems. It can set
them up to suite site conditions.
Housing societies generate three major types of
wastewater:
1. From bath rooms Bath ≈ 40 %
2. From kitchens Kitchen ≈ 15 %
3. From Toilets ≈ 40 %
4. From i.e. vehicle washing and gardening ≈ 5% of total
usage.
It is possible to treat all the above mentioned types of
wastewater, even to drinking water standards, either
individually or combined.
REED BED SYSTEM employs natural principles for
treatment of domestic sewage. Specially selected plants
are made to combine their aeration strength with highly
efficient microbial cultures. The treated water can be
recycled or reused for low end uses.

24. Graywater from a Tel Aviv apartment house is treated for reuse in this Ayala landscape element on the grounds.
How to purify wastewater using just plants
Israel’s Ayala Water & Ecology has an all-natural, maintenance-free system for water cleansing and reuse at farms,
homes, factories and public parks.

25. Shanghai Houtan Park.
The contaminated water
has been cleansed and
made touchable after a
long journey through the
vegetated terraces and
human-made wetland.
Various productive crops
are used in the park that
are harvested by the park
managers and that attract
wildlife. The park covers
about 10 hectares (24.7
acres). It is 1.6 kilometers
in length and 10 to 30
meters in width. It can
cleanse 2,400 cubic meters
of contaminated water daily
(even one drip of water
takes one week to run from
the source to the sink), and
it had attracted thirty-seven
bird species just one year
after it was built.

28. Water Sensitive Urban Design
(WSUD) is an approach to storm
water management that replaces
in-ground storm water pipes with
drains, swales and detention areas
that mimic natural processes. The
purpose of WSUD is to improve
absorption of rainwater into the soil
and to slow and filter any water
which is not absorbed so that high
quality water leaves the site.
Create rain gardens
Rain gardens are designed to retain runoff from
the site and can be used in conjunction with
WSUD or as a stand-alone design response.
They may be container gardens, or sunken pits
that are filled with gravel, sand, soil and
appropriate plants. Depending on the amount
of water entering, these gardens may need to
be fitted with a low flow outlet and an overflow
device for high flows. Rain gardens will require
periodic maintenance to remove sediment that
has built up in the gravel and plants need to be
cut back to encourage new growth.

30. Xeriscaping
gardens landscape (an area) in a style
which requires little or no
irrigation. Other clandestine
elements include gutters as a
rainwater collection system,
peel-and-stick solar panels,
geothermal heat, a water-
evaporation cooling system, and
water-wise landscaping known
as xeriscaping .

31. Transform industrial
wastelands into parks.
Emscher Park in the Ruhr
Valley of Germany. This
place was the epicenter of
the German steel industry
during the twentieth
century. The valley’s
industrial legacy has now
been turned into an eight-
hundred-square-mile (2,072
sq. km) regional park
system bounded by two
rivers.
The entire Ruhr Valley has
become this one huge,
amazing project. Emscher
Park in which it sits is
much more fascinating and
diverse, and rips open tired
landscape paradigms.

32. EMSCHER PARK (GERMANY): FROM DERELICTION TO
SCENIC LANDSCAPES

34. Naomi Sachs director of the Therapeutic Landscapes Network and coauthor of
Therapeutic Landscapes: An Evidence-Based Approach to Designing Healing
Gardens and Restorative Landscapes.

36. Central Park in New York – designed by Olmsted
Park in New York City to connect people with nature. In
the late 1800s infectious diseases like influenza and
tuberculosis were the leading causes of death in the
United States. Overcrowding and poor sanitation were
partly to blame. In many cities people were so
desperate for nature that they picnicked in cemeteries,
the only parklike settings at the time. Olmsted knew
this and realized that people needed parks. Central
Park is not only “the lungs of the city”—it’s the largest
green space in
Manhattan—but it’s also one of the most democratic,
just as Olmsted intended. People of all ages, races,
and classes can gather there on an equal basis,
without having to pay, ..
That is an important part of sustainability. It’s also an
incredible habitat for all flora and fauna, including people.
More and more research is correlating the presence of “nearby
nature” with people’s positive health and well-being. Central
Park is one of the best and most inspiring examples of nearby
nature in the world.

37. 2nd Biophilic Design

38. 14 PATTERNS OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN
Integrating nature elements
with building
• Nature in the Space Patterns
1. Visual Connection with
Nature
2. Non-Visual Connection with
Nature
3. Non-Rhythmic Sensory
Stimuli
4. Thermal & Airflow Variability
5. Presence of Water
6. Dynamic & Diffuse Light
7. Connection with Natural
Systems
Simulation of nature in
building
• Natural Analogues
Patterns
8. Biomorphic Forms &
Patterns
9. Material Connection with
Nature
10. Complexity & Order
• Nature of the Space
Patterns
11. Prospect
12. Refuge
13. Mystery
14. Risk/Peril

39. Nature in the Space
Nature in the Space addresses
the direct, physical and
ephemeral presence of nature
in a space or place. This
includes plant life, water and
animals, as well as breezes,
sounds, scents and other
natural elements. Common
examples include potted plants,
flowerbeds, bird feeders,
butterfly gardens, water
features, fountains, aquariums,
courtyard gardens and green
walls or vegetated roofs. The
strongest Nature in the Space
experiences are achieved
through the creation of
meaningful, direct connections
with these natural elements,
particularly through diversity,
movement and multi-sensory
interactions.

40. Natural Analogues
Natural Analogues addresses
organic, non-living and indirect
evocations of nature. Objects,
materials, colors, shapes, sequences
and patterns found in nature,
manifest as artwork, ornamentation,
furniture, décor, and textiles in the
built environment. Mimicry of shells
and leaves, furniture with organic
shapes, and natural materials that
have been processed or extensively
altered (e.g., wood planks, granite
tabletops), each provide an indirect
connection with nature: while they
are real, they are only analogous of
the items in their ‘natural’ state. The
strongest Natural Analogue
experiences are achieved by
providing information richness in an
organized and sometimes evolving
manner.

41. Nature of the Space
Nature of the Space
addresses spatial
configurations in nature. This
includes our innate and
learned desire to be able to
see beyond our immediate
surroundings, our fascination
with the slightly dangerous or
unknown; obscured views
and revelatory moments; and
sometimes even phobia
inducing properties when they
include a trusted element of
safety. The strongest Nature
of the Space experiences are
achieved through the creation
of deliberate and engaging
spatial configurations
commingled with patterns of
Nature in the Space and
Natural Analogues.

42. Biophilic Design for Built-environment
landscaping from picturesque scenes to
restorative process
Design new urban biophilic experiences and
restorative landscapes for regenerative cultural
pleasure, ecological responsibility, environmental
stewardship and intellectual gain.

43. Biophilic urban Design
Livable Green Architecture
Biophilic city design, utilizing a variety of
strategies and tools, applied on a number
of geographical and governmental scales.
The agenda is one that must extend
beyond conventional urban parks, and
beyond building-centric green design.
It is about redefining the very essence of
cities as places of wild and restorative
nature, from rooftops to roadways to
riverfronts, local and regional parks and
open space systems.

44. Green-skins
living Architecture
Green-skins (living architecture) are a
more specific form of green surfaces
(infrastructure, including green walls
and green roofs,) for dense urban
areas. These offer a new approach for
sustainable urban design and some
forms can be built using ecological
design principles.
ROOF
GROUND
WALL

45. Green infrastructure ameliorates the urban heat island effect, contributes
positively to livability and enables sustainability in higher density urban environments.
Nature, Infrastructure and Cities:
Roads net woks and Public spaces

46. Dusseldorf: a stretch of turfed track in the inner
city, surrounded by very dense screening
vegetation.
Paris: T3 light rail, with turfed track area,
reduced vehicle pavement and street tree
planting.

47. The High Line, New York City.
James Corner Field Operations and Diller Scofidio +
Renfro designed this 2.33-kilometer park on a
former elevated railroad spur on the lower west side
of Manhattan.
New York: Sunday afternoon
peak hour on the High Line.

48. The High Line, an elevated park, runs through Chelsea in New York City. the idea was to save the old rail structure
and turn it into a park. This turned out to be a very good investment for the city, since it helped generate considerable
residential and commercial development in the areas surrounding the High Line, which continues to this day.

51. Al-Azhar Park - from a derelict site into a park

53. Millennium Park, Chicago. This 24.5-acre (9.9-hectare) park transformed an area of rail yards and parking lots into a
prominent civic center near the Lake Michigan shoreline. The park features the work of prominent artists, architects,
and landscape architects, including Frank Gehry, Anish Kapoor, Kathryn Gustafson, Piet Oudolf, and Jaume Plensa.

54. Views of what became
Millennium Park in 1981:
(Left) Train on tracks, now under what
became Chase Promenade South
(Right) View from the Willis Tower of rail yards and
parking lots, with Richard J. Daley Bicentennial
Plaza beyond

55. Jay Pritzker Pavilion
The centerpiece of Millennium Park is
designed by Frank Gehry. The pavilion has
4,000 fixed seats, plus additional lawn
seating for 7,000.
The Lurie Garden is a 2.5-acre
(10,000 m2) public garden; designed
by Kathryn Gustafson, Piet Oudlf,
and Robert Israel. It is the featured nature
component of the world's largest green
roof.

56. Green roof
The term green roof be used to indicate roofs that use some form of green technology,
such as a cool roof, a roof with solar thermal collectors or photovoltaic panels.
Green roofs are also referred to as Eco-roofs, vegetated roofs, living roofs, green-roofs and
HVCP (Horizontal Vegetated Complex Partitions)
A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered
with vegetation and a growing medium, Container gardens on roofs, where plants are
maintained in pots. Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat
grey water.
Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as:
absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, increasing
benevolence and decreasing stress of the people around the roof by providing a more
aesthetically pleasing landscape, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and mitigate
the heat island effect.
There are two types of green roof:
- intensive roofs, which are thicker, with a minimum depth of 12.8 cm (5.0 in), and can
support a wider variety of plants but are heavier and require more maintenance,
- and extensive roofs, which are shallow, ranging in depth from 2 cm (0.79 in) to 12.7 cm
(5.0 in), lighter than intensive green roofs, and require minimal maintenance.

57. Green roofs are used to:
• Reduce heating (by adding mass and thermal resistance value) can also reduce heat
loss and energy consumption in winter conditions.
• Reduce cooling (by evaporative cooling) loads on a building by fifty to ninety percent,
• solar heat reservoir – a concentration of green roofs in an urban area can even
reduce the city's average temperatures during the summer
• Reduce storm water run off
• Natural Habitat Creation - urban wilderness
• Filter pollutants and carbon dioxide out of the air which helps lower disease rates
such as asthma
• Filter pollutants and heavy metals out of rainwater
• Help to insulate a building for sound; the soil helps to block lower frequencies and
the plants block higher frequencies
• Increase agricultural space
• With green roofs, water is stored by the substrate and then taken up by the plants
from where it is returned to the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation.
• Green roofs not only retain rainwater, but also moderate the temperature of the water
and act as natural filters for any of the water that happens to run off.

58. NL Delft TU Bibliotheca – Holland
building design as extension for natural topography

59. kindergarten in vietnam by vo
trong nghia architects A
spiralling green roof tops off a
kindergarden
in marne-la-vallée, a new town 20 kilometers
outside of paris, a research and civil engineering
campus - jean-aphilippe pargade's paris campus
features undulating green roofs

60. Shanghai's Natural History Museum Perkins+Will
Inspired by the form of a nautilus shell, the building spirals
up out of the ground, topped by an accessible green roof

61. California Academy of Sciences
A modern green roof Constructed for low maintenance by
intentionally neglecting many native plant species, with only the
hardiest surviving varieties selected for installation on the roof.

62. Japan’s Namba Parks
a massive retail and office compound in Osaka, Japan,
totally blasts away the boring stereotype of what a mall
is supposed to look like. Built in the footprint of the old
Osaka baseball stadium, the awesome development,
which was completed in 2003 by the Jerde Partnership,
has an eight level rooftop garden that spans several
city blocks and features tree groves, rock clusters, cliffs
and canyons, lawns, streams, waterfalls, ponds and
even space to grow veggies!

63. Regulating using Green Roofs
A vegetated roof system consisting of an impermeable membrane, insulation,
gravel, soil and plants. Typically, green roofs range from 5cm to 15cm in soil
depth, planted with a variety of low growing ground cover plants.
In Germany - Vegetated green roofs on conventional buildings such of offices now
account for 20% of the new roofs
Tokyo has mandated them on all new commercial buildings over 1000m2.
In Singapore, which has a similar tropical climate to cairns, green roofs are also
increasingly popular, where research is being conducted into effective green roofs
for the tropics. Green roofs result in significant energy savings by providing
insulation as well as reducing water runoff by retaining and slowly releasing water.
They are attractive natural features that also help to reduce the urban heat island
effect in larger cities (re-radiated heat from concrete and other building materials
that creates a hotter environment in heavily built-up areas).

64. Green walls – (also known as living walls or vertical gardens)
A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with greenery that includes a growing
medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature an integrated water delivery system. It is
useful to distinguish green walls from green facades:
Green walls have growing media supported on the face of the wall, while green facades have
soil only at the base of the wall (in a container or in ground) and support climbing plants on
the face of the wall to create the green, or vegetated, facade.
Green walls may be indoors or outside, freestanding or attached to an existing wall, and come
in a great variety of sizes. These give insulation to keep the house/building warm.
Green walls have seen a recent surge in popularity. Many Iconic green walls have been
constructed by Institutions and in public places such as Airports and are now becoming
common, to improve the aesthetics of internal and external spaces.
They are also suitable in arid areas, as the circulating water on a vertical wall is less likely to
evaporate than in horizontal gardens. Green walls are found most often in urban
environments where the plants reduce overall temperatures of the building. Plant surfaces
however, as a result of transpiration, do not rise more than 4–5 °C above the ambient and are
sometimes cooler.

65. Media Types of Green Walls
Loose media
Loose medium walls tend to be "soil on a shelf“ or "soil in a bag“
type systems.
Mat media
Mat type systems tend to be either coir fiber or felt mats.
Sheet media
Semi open cell polyurethane sheet media utilizing an egg crate
pattern has successfully been used in recent years for both
outdoor roof gardens and vertical walls.
Structural media
Structural media are growth medium "blocks" that are not loose,
nor mats, but which incorporate the best features of both into a
block that can be manufactured into various sizes, shapes and
thicknesses. These media have the advantage that they do not
break down for 10 to 15 years, can be made to have a higher or
lower water holding capacity depending on the plant selection for
the wall, can have their pH and EC's customized to suit the plants,
and are easily handled for maintenance and replacement.
A green wall (mat media) in a children's
museum, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

66. Green wall, Li Ka Shing Library,
Singapore Management University
Green wall at the Universidad del Claustro de
Sor Juana in the historic center of Mexico City.
The green wall gives architects license to bring the natural
world into the built world in a substantial—not just
decorative—way. . This trend may then foretell a more
sustainable way to occupy built spaces.

67. Paris-Museé-du-Quai-Branlys-Green-Wall

68. An indoor green wall in an
office in Hong Kong.
The living wall could also built indoors to help alleviate sick building syndrome. Living walls
are acknowledged for remediation of poor air quality, both to internal and external areas.

69. SCHADUF
The courtyard is the largest continuous outdoor
green wall in Egypt and as far as we know in the
Middle East.

70. Building integrated agriculture
The earliest example of BIA may have been the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon around 600 BC.

71. Building-integrated agriculture
BIA is an environmentally sustainable strategy for:
• urban food production that reduces our environmental footprint,
• improves health,
• Typical characteristics of BIA installations include: recirculating
hydroponics, waste heat captured from a building's heating ventilation
air condition system (HVAC), solar photovoltaic or other forms of
renewable energy, rainwater catchment systems, and evaporative
cooling.
• Combats global warming. For example, hydroponics uses ten to twenty
times less land and ten times less water than conventional agriculture,
while eliminating chemical pesticides, fertilizer runoff, and carbon
emissions from farm machinery and long distance transport.

72. Uncommon Ground,
a certified green
restaurant in
Chicago, hosts an
organic farm on its
rooftop. Photo:
Zoran Orlic of Zero
Studio

73. Soilless agricultural roofs in Egypt
In Egypt, soilless agriculture is used to grow plants on the
roofs of buildings. No soil is placed directly on the roof itself,
thus eliminating the need for an insulating layer; instead,
plants are grown on wooden tables. Vegetables and fruit are
the most popular candidates, providing a fresh, healthy
source of food that is free from pesticides.
A more advanced method, (aquaponics), being used
experimentally in Egypt, is farming fish next to plants in a
closed cycle. This allows the plants to benefit from the
ammonia excreted by the fish, helping the plants to grow
better and at the same time eliminating the need for changing
the water for the fish, because the plants help to keep it clean
by absorbing the ammonia. The fish also get some nutrients
from the roots of the plants.

74. Vertical farming
is a proposed
agricultural concept in
which entire urban high-
rise buildings, not just
the building envelope,
are dedicated to large-
scale farming.

75. Vertical farm rising on Vancouver roof
Plans are in place to build a vertical farm
on top of a parking garage in downtown
Vancouver.
Vertical Garden design in Osaka-Japan
by architect Gaetano Pesce

76. Urban Agriculture
including food security, income generation and environmental management.
Participatory Planning for Edible
Cities in Rosario and Groningen
Water collection system Green Thumb NYC in
Phoenix Community Garden
Food production and outdoor teaching area at
Sharp Lane Primary School, Leeds
The Farmery: Urban Grocery,
Café and Farm
Back-to-school Farming
Initiative in Liberia

77. Urban farming is the process of growing and distributing food in and around a city or in urban area. "it is
integrated into the urban economic and ecological system: urban agriculture is embedded in and interacting with
the urban ecosystem. Such linkages include the use of urban residents as laborers, use of typical urban resources
(like organic waste as compost and urban wastewater for irrigation).

78. These ecological cities are achieved through various means,
such as:
• Different agricultural systems such as agricultural plots within the city (suburbs
or center). This reduces the distance food has to travel from field to fork.
Practical work out of this may be done by either small scale/private farming plots
or through larger scale agriculture (e.g. farmscrapers).
• Various methods to reduce the need for air conditioning (a massive energy
demand), such as planting trees and lightening surface colors, natural
ventilation systems, an increase in water features, and green spaces equaling at
least 20% of the city's surface.
• These measures counter the "heat island effect" caused by an abundance of
tarmac and asphalt, which can make urban areas several degrees warmer than
surrounding rural areas—as much as six degrees Celsius during the evening.
• Green roofs, Xeriscaping garden and landscape design for water conservation

79. Transforming the desert into an oasis near Palm Springs, California. The utopian dream realized
at the expense of nature. The contrast between the lush plants imported from high-rainfall regions
elsewhere and the native vegetation of the alluvial fan and hills beyond is a powerful expression
of unsustainable development and lack of connection to place.

80. Therefore ecological design brief is needed alongside with the design and financial brief.
During the design process the following aspects need to be taken in consideration:
1- Considering the buildings as the third layer of human body; after the natural skin and clothing as the first and
second protection layers, this is an ecological interpretation to the building’s function in relation to the direct users.
2- Ensuring that a minimum amount of nonrenewable source of energy is used in the structural process.
3- The four key strategy points for designers for use of materials are:
• Reduce (energy)
• Reuse
• Recycle
• Reintegrate
4- The Eco-design approach for projects requires from beginning to start with three key briefs:
• Design brief
• Financial brief
• Eco-design brief.
5- integration of the building in to the ecological environment through a Systemic integration; means the integration
of the built environment with the ecosystems and biosphere (air, water and land) and the circulation process of the
systems energy and inputs.
6- It’s crucial for the designer to evaluate the ecological zone where the building comes because every
environment has different properties and therefore need to be analyze the relationship and interaction of the
building with its surrounding.
7- Applying vegetation is relatively a practical and easy way to balance the biotic and abiotic components of the
design; there are various methods of integrating greenery in the building, vertically as well as horizontally.

82. THANK YOU