MIS software concepts, Dr. Ashish K. Gupta

Software Concepts
Dr. Ashish K. GuptaDr. Ashish K. Gupta
MBBS, MS-Surgery, PGDHHM, MBA-HCA (FMS) Gold
Medalist, MAHA, PG in Quality Management & AHO,
Consultant Surgeon, Hospital Consultant,
NABH-Assessor, CMD Blue Ocean Consultants
Director Programs AHA

Study Objectives:
1. What is Software?
2. Software Program
3. The History of Software
4. Software Categories
A. System &
B. application Software
C. Language Translators
5. Hardware- Software Relationship
6. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
7. Basic Components of
System Software
A. Operating systems:
B. Device drivers
C. Utility programs
8. OS Capabilities
A. Multi-programming
B. Virtual Storage
C. Time Sharing
D. Multi- processing
9. Utilities
10. Other software
(Study Duration= 1 Hour)
1. What is Software?
2. Software Program
3. The History of Software
4. Software Categories
A. System &
B. application Software
C. Language Translators
5. Hardware- Software Relationship
6. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
7. Basic Components of
System Software
A. Operating systems:
B. Device drivers
C. Utility programs
8. OS Capabilities
A. Multi-programming
B. Virtual Storage
C. Time Sharing
D. Multi- processing
9. Utilities
10. Other software
Saturday, August 10, 2013
drashishkgupta@gmail.com
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What is Software?What is Software?
• Hardware is essential but by itself it is not sufficient to be of
any practical use
• To play a useful role in the firm’s information technology
infrastructure, computer hardware requires computer
software
• We can only feel but neither see or touch it
• Computer Software is defined as the detailed instructions
that control the operations of a computer system
• Any software is essentially a set of instructions that the
hardware can understand & execute
• Selecting appropriate software for the organization is a key
management decision
• Hardware is essential but by itself it is not sufficient to be of
any practical use
• To play a useful role in the firm’s information technology
infrastructure, computer hardware requires computer
software
• We can only feel but neither see or touch it
• Computer Software is defined as the detailed instructions
that control the operations of a computer system
• Any software is essentially a set of instructions that the
hardware can understand & execute
• Selecting appropriate software for the organization is a key
management decision
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Software ProgramSoftware Program
• A software program is a
series of statements or
instructions to the computer
• It is the ‘LIFE’ of a computer
• The process of writing or
coding programs is termed
Programming
• Individuals who specialize in
this task are called
Programmers
• A software program is a
series of statements or
instructions to the computer
• It is the ‘LIFE’ of a computer
• The process of writing or
coding programs is termed
Programming
• Individuals who specialize in
this task are called
Programmers
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The History of SoftwareThe History of Software
• Software is the element that drives the hardware to perform
specific tasks for the user
• In infancy of computers there was a time when the entire
wiring of the computer was done in such a way as to
represent a series of instructions. Such computers were KA
‘Hardwired’, as the set of instructions was wired in the
hardware itself
• Such systems were dedicated & had a very narrow scope of
usage
• As the complexity & size of instructions increased, to do the
same hardware do more, there was a need to provide
enough storage to it, therefore instructions had to move out
to high capacity storage devices like floppies, hard disks & CDs
• Software is the element that drives the hardware to perform
specific tasks for the user
• In infancy of computers there was a time when the entire
wiring of the computer was done in such a way as to
represent a series of instructions. Such computers were KA
‘Hardwired’, as the set of instructions was wired in the
hardware itself
• Such systems were dedicated & had a very narrow scope of
usage
• As the complexity & size of instructions increased, to do the
same hardware do more, there was a need to provide
enough storage to it, therefore instructions had to move out
to high capacity storage devices like floppies, hard disks & CDs
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• The users of computer
systems today never
interact with the hardware
directly
• They interact with the
hardware through the
software
• Software is the
intermediary, an
interpreter, through which
we communicate with the
hardware-the machine
• The users of computer
systems today never
interact with the hardware
directly
• They interact with the
hardware through the
software
• Software is the
intermediary, an
interpreter, through which
we communicate with the
hardware-the machine
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Software CategoriesSoftware Categories
SOFTWARE
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System
Software
Language
Translators
Application
Software

System & Application SoftwareSystem & Application Software
DefinedDefined
• System Software: Is a set of generalized programs that
manage the computer’s resources, such as central processor,
communication links & peripheral devices
– Only handful of systems software are available
– Programmers who write system software are KA System
Programmers
• Application Software: Describes the programs that are
written for or by the users to apply the computer to a specific
task. E.g. Software for processing an order or generating a
mailing list
– Hundreds of application software packages are available
– Programmers who write application software are KA
Application Programmers
• System Software: Is a set of generalized programs that
manage the computer’s resources, such as central processor,
communication links & peripheral devices
– Only handful of systems software are available
– Programmers who write system software are KA System
Programmers
• Application Software: Describes the programs that are
written for or by the users to apply the computer to a specific
task. E.g. Software for processing an order or generating a
mailing list
– Hundreds of application software packages are available
– Programmers who write application software are KA
Application Programmers
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Language TranslatorsLanguage Translators
• A type of system software. They act as:
– Interpreters (compiles likewise) It is a translator that
interprets statement by statement, any program written in
high language. Very useful for programming as it checks for
error statement by statement in an interactive mode
– Compilers (compiles program-wise) It reads the entire
program written in high language & converts it to machine
language codes
– Assemblers (converts semi-machine language, macro
instructions to machine language)
• They convert programming languages into machine language
that can be understood by the computer & utility programs that
perform common processing tasks
• A type of system software. They act as:
– Interpreters (compiles likewise) It is a translator that
interprets statement by statement, any program written in
high language. Very useful for programming as it checks for
error statement by statement in an interactive mode
– Compilers (compiles program-wise) It reads the entire
program written in high language & converts it to machine
language codes
– Assemblers (converts semi-machine language, macro
instructions to machine language)
• They convert programming languages into machine language
that can be understood by the computer & utility programs that
perform common processing tasks
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• The most elemental form of programming uses only binary
digits 0, 1 which is directly understood by the electronic circuits.
A programme written using only binary digits is called a
Machine Language Programme
• Assembly language provides a significant improvement over
machine language. These are written using mnemonic codes
like ADD, STORE etc. rather than machine language, making
programming easier. However it needs to be translated into
machine language codes. This translation is done by assemblers
• Both machine language & assembly language programme is
machine dependent i.e. program written for one machine
cannot be used in another machine
• The most elemental form of programming uses only binary
digits 0, 1 which is directly understood by the electronic circuits.
A programme written using only binary digits is called a
Machine Language Programme
• Assembly language provides a significant improvement over
machine language. These are written using mnemonic codes
like ADD, STORE etc. rather than machine language, making
programming easier. However it needs to be translated into
machine language codes. This translation is done by assemblers
• Both machine language & assembly language programme is
machine dependent i.e. program written for one machine
cannot be used in another machine
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• High Level Languages that are close to English overcame the
drawback of machine dependence.
• These are FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL, COBOL etc.
• These languages relieve a programmer from being machine
specific
• However a programme written in a high level language needs
to be translated into machine language codes before
execution. This is done through compilers or through
interpreters
• High Level Languages that are close to English overcame the
drawback of machine dependence.
• These are FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL, COBOL etc.
• These languages relieve a programmer from being machine
specific
• However a programme written in a high level language needs
to be translated into machine language codes before
execution. This is done through compilers or through
interpreters
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HardwareHardware-- Software RelationshipSoftware Relationship
System Software
Application Software
Users Application Software:
•Programming languages
•Assembly language
FORTRAN; COBOL;
BASIC; PASCAL; C
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SHardware

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
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• System software which we
find already installed if we
buy a new computer,
enables the application
software to interact with
the computer & helps the
computer manage its
internal & external
resources
• System software which we
find already installed if we
buy a new computer,
enables the application
software to interact with
the computer & helps the
computer manage its
internal & external
resources
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Basic Components of SystemBasic Components of System
SoftwareSoftware
1. Operating systems: is the principle component of system
software in any computing system. It:
a) Schedules computer events
b) Allocates computer resources, including disk space,
memory, CPU time allocation & peripheral devices
c) Monitors events & system activities
2. Device drivers: help the computer control peripheral devices
3. Utility programs: are generally used to support, enhance or
expand existing programs in a computer system
4. Special Purpose Software
1. Operating systems: is the principle component of system
software in any computing system. It:
a) Schedules computer events
b) Allocates computer resources, including disk space,
memory, CPU time allocation & peripheral devices
c) Monitors events & system activities
2. Device drivers: help the computer control peripheral devices
3. Utility programs: are generally used to support, enhance or
expand existing programs in a computer system
4. Special Purpose Software
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1. Operating System (OS)1. Operating System (OS)
• An OS is the most important system software & is required to
operate a computer system
• OS became a part of computer software with the second
generation computers. Advancements in computer hardware
have also contributed to more efficient operating systems
• First OS was called Batch Processing (serial) OS was
developed for second generation computers. The OS executes
the jobs serially one after the other from a batch of jobs
submitted. The CPU is kept busy only during the processing
cycle of a lob & it idles during the input & output operations
• An OS is the most important system software & is required to
operate a computer system
• OS became a part of computer software with the second
generation computers. Advancements in computer hardware
have also contributed to more efficient operating systems
• First OS was called Batch Processing (serial) OS was
developed for second generation computers. The OS executes
the jobs serially one after the other from a batch of jobs
submitted. The CPU is kept busy only during the processing
cycle of a lob & it idles during the input & output operations
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• This drawback or idling the CPU was overcome by the
introduction of overlap processing
• Similar consideration gave rise to the concept of multi-
programming, that handles multiple jobs simultaneously by
overlapping the input, output & processing cycles of various
jobs
• This OS was introduced along with Third generation
computers & is still popular. It has replaced earlier batch
processing OS
• Multi-programming OS is more complex & requires more
powerful hardware to support it
• This drawback or idling the CPU was overcome by the
introduction of overlap processing
• Similar consideration gave rise to the concept of multi-
programming, that handles multiple jobs simultaneously by
overlapping the input, output & processing cycles of various
jobs
• This OS was introduced along with Third generation
computers & is still popular. It has replaced earlier batch
processing OS
• Multi-programming OS is more complex & requires more
powerful hardware to support it
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• Other OSs that are popular today are:
– Multi-processing OSs: Here system uses multiple CPUs to process
multiple jobs
– Real Time OSs: This system is a very different type of OS as it is used
for different type of applications i.e. real time applications like railway
reservations, process control etc.
• Other OSs that are popular today are:
– Multi-processing OSs: Here system uses multiple CPUs to process
multiple jobs
– Real Time OSs: This system is a very different type of OS as it is used
for different type of applications i.e. real time applications like railway
reservations, process control etc.
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• Is the computer system’s chief manager
• OS:
1. Provides locations in primary memory for data & programs
2. Controls the input & output devices such as printers,
terminals & telecommunication links
3. Also coordinates the scheduling of work in various areas of
the computer so that different parts of different jobs can
be worked on at the same time
4. Keeps track of each computer job & may also keep track of
who is using the system, of what programs have been run
& of any unauthorized attempts to access the system
• Is the computer system’s chief manager
• OS:
1. Provides locations in primary memory for data & programs
2. Controls the input & output devices such as printers,
terminals & telecommunication links
3. Also coordinates the scheduling of work in various areas of
the computer so that different parts of different jobs can
be worked on at the same time
4. Keeps track of each computer job & may also keep track of
who is using the system, of what programs have been run
& of any unauthorized attempts to access the system
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Operating System (OS)Operating System (OS)
• OS allows you to
concentrate on your
own task or applications
rather than on the
complexities of
managing the computer
• OS allows you to
concentrate on your
own task or applications
rather than on the
complexities of
managing the computer
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OS CapabilitiesOS Capabilities
• OS capabilities like
– multiprogramming,
– virtual storage,
– time sharing &
– multiprocessing
enable the computer
to handle many
different tasks & users
at the same time
• OS capabilities like
– multiprogramming,
– virtual storage,
– time sharing &
– multiprocessing
enable the computer
to handle many
different tasks & users
at the same time
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Multi-
programming
Multiple programs can share a computer system’s
resources at any one time through concurrent use
of the CPU. Only one program is actually using the
CPU at any given moment, but the input/output
needs of other programs can be serviced at the
same time
Multiple programs can share a computer system’s
resources at any one time through concurrent use
of the CPU. Only one program is actually using the
CPU at any given moment, but the input/output
needs of other programs can be serviced at the
same time
Virtual
Storage
Handles programs more efficiently by breaking down
the programs into tiny sections that are read into
memory only when needed. The rest of each
program is stored on disk until it is required. Virtual
storage allows very large programs to be executed
by small machines, or a large number of programs to
be executed concurrently by a single machine
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Time
Sharing
Allows many users to share computer processing
resources simultaneously by allocating each a tiny
slice of computer time to perform computing tasks &
transferring processing from user to user. This
arrangement permits many users to be connected to
a CPU simultaneously, with each receiving only a tiny
amount of CPU time
Allows many users to share computer processing
resources simultaneously by allocating each a tiny
slice of computer time to perform computing tasks &
transferring processing from user to user. This
arrangement permits many users to be connected to
a CPU simultaneously, with each receiving only a tiny
amount of CPU time
Multi-
processing
Links together two or more CPUs to work in parallel in
a single computer system. The OS can assign multiple
CPUs to execute different instructions from the same
program or from different programs simultaneously,
dividing the work between the CPUs
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2. Utilities2. Utilities
• These are programmes that are very often requested by many
application programmers.
• E.g.
– SORT/MERGE: For sorting large volumes of data & merging them into
a single sorted list
– Transfer Programmes: For transforming contents from one medium to
another e.g. disk to tape, tape to disk etc.
• These are programmes that are very often requested by many
application programmers.
• E.g.
– SORT/MERGE: For sorting large volumes of data & merging them into
a single sorted list
– Transfer Programmes: For transforming contents from one medium to
another e.g. disk to tape, tape to disk etc.
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3. Special Purpose Software3. Special Purpose Software
• These are intended to extend the capability of OSs to provide
specialized services to application programmes
• E.g.
– Spreadsheet software like LOTUS, VISUAL etc.
– Data Management software like dBase III, DBMS etc.
• These are intended to extend the capability of OSs to provide
specialized services to application programmes
• E.g.
– Spreadsheet software like LOTUS, VISUAL etc.
– Data Management software like dBase III, DBMS etc.
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Questions?
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MIS software concepts, Dr. Ashish K. Gupta

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