The document discusses various drivers for ports to improve their environmental performance, including climate change, air pollution, political and public pressure, and financial incentives. It provides examples of measures taken by different ports to reduce emissions from ships, trucks, locomotives, and cargo handling equipment. These include installing shore-side power, retrofitting ships with emission controls, using intelligent transport systems and off-peak gates to reduce truck idling, and incentivizing alternative fuels and technologies. The key is for each port to understand its unique emissions profile and implement a customized package of solutions.

1. The Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and Actions The Port Environment