This document discusses methodological issues in qualitative research, including sampling, validity, and triangulation. It outlines different sampling techniques used in qualitative research like convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. It also discusses evaluating the validity of qualitative research methods and different types of validity. Finally, it covers the concept of triangulation, which involves using multiple data sources or research methods to validate research findings. Triangulation helps reduce biases and allows a more comprehensive understanding of the research topic.
2. OUTLINE
METHODOLOGY & METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
OVERVIEW OF METHODS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
SAMPLING ISSUES
EVALUATION AND VALIDITY OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODS
TRIANGULATION
3. METHODOLOGY & METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
Methodology refers to general principles
Investigations ways of the social world
Demonstrate the knowledge
Validity of knowledge
5. WHEN QUALITATIVE METHODS USED?
In exploratory studies, prior to quantitative work
as a way of examining the context of quantitative findings, or to give
depth
on their own, in studies addressing questions of meaning and
interpretation
to generate hypothesis
to develop new concepts
9. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where
subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and
proximity to the researcher.
Example
A more concrete example is
choosing five people from a class
or choosing the first five names
from the list of patients.
10. JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING
Judgmental sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the
researcher selects units to be sampled based on their knowledge and
professional judgment.
11. JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING
Judgmental sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the
researcher selects units to be sampled based on their knowledge and professional
judgment.
Setbacks of Judgmental Sampling, bias & sampling error
12. QUOTA SAMPLING
Fixed number of persons with particular characteristics are taken
regardless of their distribution in population
Example.
old and young
urban and rural
selection of 40% males and 60% females from total sample size 200
13. SNOW BALL SAMPLING
Snowball sampling is used by researchers to identify potential subjects in
studies where subjects are hard to locate.
17. VALIDITY
Validity characterizes the extent to which a measurement procedure is
capable of measuring what it is supposed to measure.
Normally, the term "validity" is used in situations
where measurement is indirect, imprecise and cannot
be precise in principle,
e.g. in psychological IQ tests purporting to measure intellect. (In direct
measurements of physical quantities - e.g. length, duration, weight - the
concept of "accuracy" is normally used rather than "validity“
“definition from Glossary of statistical terms www.statistics.com/glossary”
18. TYPES OF VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Descriptive Validity
Interpretive Validity
Theoretical Validity
External Validity
19. RELIABILITY
Reliability concerns the ability of different researchers to make the same
observations of a given phenomenon if and when the observation is
conducted using the same method(s) and procedure(s)
20. RELIABILITY OF THEIR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
can enhance the by:
Standardizing data collection techniques and protocols
Again, documenting, documenting, documenting
(e.g., time day and place observations made)
Inter-rater reliability
22. TRIANGULATION
TRIANGULATION is often used to indicate that two (or more) methods
are used in a study in order to check the results.
OR
the use of multiple methods as a plan of action that will raise sociologist
above the personalistic biases from single research.
“Denzin 1970 b:27 A Handbook of Qualitative Methodologies for Mass Communication
Research”
"The concept of triangulation is borrowed from navigational and land
surveying techniques that determine a single point in space with the
convergence of measurements taken from two other distinct points”
23. TYPES OF TRIANGULATION
Methodological triangulation,
which involves using more than one method and may consist of within-
method or between-method strategies
24. TYPES OF TRIANGULATION
Multiple triangulation,
when the researcher combines in one investigation multiple observers,
theoretical perspectives, sources of data, and methodologies
28. REFERENCES
A Handbook of Qualitative Methodologies for Mass Communication Research
HAS lecture notes of Dr Sara Bashir Kant
definition from Glossary of statistical terms www.statistics.com/glossary
Statistics web site www.exploreable.com
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