Lecture notes for medical students

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2. Biomedical waste and its
Management

3. Biomedical waste and its
Management

4. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

5. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
Definition
– Anything tested or used on an individual, or any trash
from biological experiments are medical waste
Generated from
– Waste generated by health care facility
– Research facility
– Laboratories
Hazardous health care waste
– 85% waste is non infectious
– 10% are infectious
– 5% are hazardous

6. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
HOSPITAL
WASTE
INFECTIVE
SOLID LIQUID
NON-
INFECTIVE
SOLID
HOSPITAL
WASTE
INFECTIVE
SOLID LIQUID
NON-
INFECTIVE
SOLID LIQUI
D

7. Biomedical waste Statistics

8. Biomedical waste Statistics
• Developed Countries- 1-5 kg/bed/day, with variations
among countries.
In India-
• 1-2 kg/bed/day with variation among
Govt. and Private establishments.
• Approximately 506.74 tons/ day wastes generated
• Out of which only 57% waste undergoes proper
disposal

9. Classification of Waste Category as per
WHO standard
WASTE
CATEGORY
TYPE OF
WASTE
Examples
Category No. 1 Human anatomical waste Tissues, organs, body parts
Category No. 2 Animal waste Generated during
research/experimentation, from
veterinary hospitals
Category No.3 Microbiology and
biotechnology waste
Laboratory cultures, micro-organisms,
human and animal cell cultures, toxins
Category No. 4 Waste sharps hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels,
broken glass
Category No. 5 Discarded medicines and X-rays, Cancer chemotherapy

10. Cont….
WASTE
CATEGORY
TYPE OF
WASTE
Examples
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste Dressing, bandages, plaster casts, material
contaminated with blood
Category No. 7 Radioactive
Components
Radiotherapy/lab research liquids
Contaminated glass wares, packages,
absorbent papers
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste Generated from any of the infected areas
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Category No. 10 Chemical Waste Alcohol, Sulphuric acid, chlorine powder,
Glutaraldehyde, Picric acid, fertilizer,

11. PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH
BMW
ORGANISM DISEASES
CAUSED
RELATED WASTE
ITEM
VIRUSES
HIV, Hepatitis B,
Hepatitis A,C,
Arboviruses,
Enteroviruses
AIDS, Infectious
Hepatitis,
Japanese encephalitis,
tick-borne
fevers, etc.
Infected needles, body
Fluids, Human
excreta, Blood.
BACTERIA
Salmonella typhi,
Vibrio cholerae,
Clostridium Tetani,
Pseudomonas,
Streptococcus
Typhoid, Cholera,
Tetanus, Wound
infections,
septicemia, rheumatic
fever, skin
and soft tissue
infections
Human excreta and
body fluid in landfills
and hospital wards,
Sharps such as
needles, surgical
blades in hospital
waste.

12. ORGANIS
M
DISEASES
CAUSED
RELATED WASTE ITEM
PARASITE
S
Plasmodium
Cutaneous leishmaniasis,
Malaria
Human excreta, blood and body fluids in
poorly
managed sewage system of hospitals.

13. OBJECTIVE OF BMW
MANAGEMENT

14. OBJECTIVE OF BMW
MANAGEMENT
• To minimize the production/generation of
infective waste.
• Recycle the waste to the extent possible
• Treat the waste by safe environment
friendly/acceptable methods.
• Adequate care in handling to prevent health care
associated infections.
• Safety precautions during handling the BMW.

15. COLOUR CODING OF BAGS
COLOR
CODE
TYPE OF CONTAINER WASTE
CATEGORY
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Yellow Plastic bags 1, 2, 3 and 6 Incineration
Red Disinfected
container/plastic bag
3, 6 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro
Waving/Chemical treatment
Blue/white
transparent
Plastic bags/puncture
proof container
4 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro
waving/chemical treatment,
Destruction & shredding
Black Plastic bag 5, & 9, AND
10 (SOLID)
Disposal in secured land fills

19. LABEL FOR BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
CONTAINERS/BAGS
Note : Label shall be non-washable and prominently
visible.

20. Transport
Transport by wheeled
trolleys/containers /carts
only in vehicles
authorized for the
purpose
They should be
Easy to load and unload
No sharp edges
Easy to clean
 Disinfect daily

21. Double Chambered
Incinerator

23. Autoclave

24. Autoclave
 Temperature -not less
than 121 0C
 Pressure -15 pounds
per square inch (psi)
 Residence time - not
less than 60 minutes

25. Micro wave

26. Micro wave
• kill bacteria and other
pathogenic organism.
• not be used for cytotoxic,
hazardous or radioactive
wastes, contaminated animal
carcasses, body parts and
large metal items.

27. Disposal of Sharps

28. Disposal of Sharps
• disposed in circular or
rectangular pits.
• covered with a heavy
concrete slab
• When the pipe is full it
can be sealed completely
after another has been
prepared.

29. ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION

30. ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION
 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
 The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1998
 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 2000
 The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1989
 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995
 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981

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