Understanding Discord NSFW Servers A Guide for Responsible Users.pdf
Discourse
1. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico, PhD
University of Malaya
23 February 2012
2. language beyond the sentences
- story, conversation, lecture, etc.
discourse analysis
– study of language in text
and conversation
defining discourse (insert)
3. conversation discourse
Objects
of DA talk
Speech
writing
events
5. ties and connections within texts
cohesive ties -maintain reference to the
same people or things
6. cohesive ties : show how writers structure
what they want to say
crucial factor in judging well-written
works
A little girl went for a walk in the park.
While there, she saw a rabbit. Since it was
injured, she took it home.
Source: O’Grady and Archibald, 2009:p220
7. marks the relationship of what follows to what
comes before
My father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He
did it by saving every penny he could. That car
would be worth a fortune nowadays. However, he
sold it to pay for my college education. Sometimes, I
think I’d rather have the convertible.
verb tense –past tense connects past events to the
present
Source: Yule, 2006:p.125
8. individual sentences include elements that
can be interpreted by referring to the
information in the preceding utterances
old information : assumed by the speaker as
available to the hearer
new information: knowledge introduced into
the discourse the first time
▪ A man is knocking at the door – new info
▪ The man is knocking at the door – old info
9. S1 Once upon a time there was a merchant
with two sons. – new information
S2 The older son wanted to be a teacher.
topic: the older son
S3 He spent his time reading and studying.
he = the older son; old information
S4 As for the younger son, he preferred
to travel and see the world.
new topic: the younger son
transition/connector : “as for”
Source: O’Grady & Archiblad, 2009: p220.
11. everything fits together
exist in people, not in word structure
make sense of what they hear and see
- understood relative to what they perceive
or experience in their world
involved in interpretation of all discourse; in
conversation where WHAT IS MEANT IS NOT
PRESENT IN WHAT IS SAID.
12. A: Can you have dinner with me tonight?
A makes a request
B: I have a date.
B states the reason why she cannot oblige
no cohesive ties? - how does A interpret
the reply of B?
language users know that conversation is not
simply linguistic knowledge.
13. Conversations
Debate
Interviews
Discussions
Lectures
variation in what people say and do
in different circumstances
14. roles of speakers and hearers and their
relationships
- friends, strangers
men, women
young, old
equals, status
topic of conversation
– what the discourse is about
setting of conversation
15. 1. conversation – an activity where two or
more people take turn in speaking
16. how do conversations go?
one person speaks at a time
silence between speaking turns is avoided
if two participants talk at the same time,
one of them stop talking
Culture - specific
17. participants wait until one speaker indicates
that s/he is done by signaling
COMPLETION POINT –marked by:
a. asking questions
b. pausing
other participants can indicate their desire to
take speaking turns:
a. making short sounds while one is talking
b. gestures indicating they have
something to say
18. Turn-taking
•participant cuts
rudeness in on another
speaker
• participant waits
silently for
shyness opportunity to take a
turn and none seem
to occur
19. long-winded speakers politicians, professors
avoid completion points occur together:
1) keep the turn, don’t pause at the end of
sentences - make run-on sentences by using
connectors: -and, then, so, but
2) place pauses at points where the message is
clearly incomplete - fill the pauses with
hesitation markers: er, uh, ah
20. contributes in keeping conversations going
subtle indicators as ways of organizing
turns and negotiating social interaction
through language
21. sort of, kind of, as far as I know, correct
me if I’m wrong, I’m not absolutely sure
one is not really sure that what s/he is
saying is sufficiently correct or complete
22. if the speaker reports something
s/he THINKS or FEELS (NOT KNOW)
is POSSIBLE or LIKELY (NOT CERTAIN)
MAY or COULD (NOT MUST) happen
23. take away assertiveness in statements
soften the impact of words or phrases
> I was sort-of-wondering
maybe if....
I think that....
24. I think it’s possible that she may have stolen
the money.
vs. She stole the money.
I may be mistaken, but I thought I saw them
kissing at the bar last night.
vs. I saw them kissing at the bar last night.
25. deciding on what is implied
in the conversation
drawing inferences about what is
meant but not actually said
26. A: Are you having dinner with me tonight?
B: I’ve got an exam tomorrow.
B is not answering A’s question.
A takes B’s answer as No or Probably not
implicature concerning tonight’s activities
> study tonight means no going out tonight
27. additional conveyed meaning
appeals to a background knowledge shared
by the participants
critical part of a discourse
A and B shared a background knowledge
about exams and partying
28. A. John was on his way to school last Friday
He was really worried about the math
lessons
INFERENCE: information not stated in text
Inf 1: John is probably a student
Inf 2: on his way to school – walking/riding
a bus to school
Source: Yule, 2006:pp131-132
29. B. Last week he had been unable to
control the class
Inf 3: John is a teacher, that he’s
not happy
Inf 4: He is probably driving a car
30. C. It was unfair of the math
teacher to leave him in charge.
Inf 5: John reverts back to his
student status
> Inf 3 is abandoned
31. D. After all, it is not a normal
part of a janitor’s duty.
Interpretation of the text is based on the
reader’s/hearer’s expectation of what
normally happens (schema or script)
32. “Make your conversational
contribution such as required, at
the stage at which it occurs, by
the accepted purpose or direction
of the talk exchange in which you
are engaged.” (Grice 1975:45)
33. assumption:participants are
cooperating with each other in
most conversations by making
their appropriate contribution.
34. a. be relevant
Would you like to go to a movie?
I have to study for an exam.
NO > RELEVANT
Have you finished your term paper yet?
It’s raining cats and dogs today, isn’t it?
IRRELEVANT: speaker wants to change
the subject
35. make your contribution one that is true
(do not say things that are false or for
which you lack adequate evidence)
– FACTUAL BASIS
What’s the weather like?
It’s snowing
suspension of the Maxim of Quality is
justified: Politeness – avoid hurt feelings
36. make your contribution as
informative as is required
--no more, no less
How was the test?
Oh, just like any other test.
37. B has no opinion
B does not think the test is
worth talking about
B does not want to discuss the
topic any further
38. Where does the doctor live?
1) In Damansara; in KL
- for curiosity
2) In T2-02 Internation House,
Section 17 PJ
-detailed answer for specific
purpose, e.g. to visit)
39. avoid ambiguity
-- be clear, brief, orderly
The woman John lives with
– the woman is not
John’s wife
40. Youwill be fortunate indeed if
you can get him to work for you
> ambiguous
You will be glad to have you
on your staff
It’s not easy to get him to do
any work
41. O’Grady and Archibald. 2009.
Contemporary linguistics.
Canada: Pearson Canada, Inc.
Yule G. 2006. The study of language.
Cambridge: CUP.