Linguistics Guide

Jessie Grace U. Rubrico, PhD Facilitator

SOUND
•Phonetics
•Phonology
STRUCT-URE
•Morphology
•Syntax
MEANING
• Semantics
•Pragmatics
LINGUISTICS
English Language Pedagogy UCSI Vietnam EEP Asst Prof Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico

Phrases, etc
word
syllable
sounds

PHONETICS
SOUNDS : FEATURES
PHONOLOGY
PHONEME: SYLLABLE
MORPHOLOGY
MORPHEME
WORD DERIVATION
WORD STRUCTURE
FEATURES
PHONEME
SYLLABLE
MORPHEME
WORD
PHRASES
CLAUSES

Root
Affixes
cars
car
-s
beautifully
beauty
-ful; -ly
written
write
-en
nearly
near
-ly
morphemes
smallest unit of meaning
rootword - one morpheme- word

Polysyllabic Words
Rootword
Prefix
Suffix
Morphemes
1. careless
care
-less
2
2. misleading
lead
mis-
-ing
3
3. disloyalty
loyal
dis-
-ty
3
4. disrespectfully
respect
dis-
-ful; -ly
4
5. untruthfulness
6. previewer
7. shortened

morpheme
free
content/
lexical
function
bound
derivational inflectional

morphemes that can stand alone
content/lexical words
– nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
function words – pronouns, prepositions,
determiners,
conjunctions

affixes: prefixes, suffixes
derivational - make new words or
change their categories
inflectional – changes the form of the word
but not its meaning
- indicates grammatical function:
number [singular/plural]
tense; comparatives; possessive

make new words or change their categories
Noun > Adj
care care+ -ful > careful
care+ -less > careless
Adj > Noun
good good + -ness > goodness
lovely lovely + -ness > loveliness

Base
Suffix
Noun
+-ful
Adj
beauty + -ful
Verb
+ -ment
Noun
establish + -ment
Verb
+ -er
Noun
do + -er; work + -er
Verb
+ -ive
Adj
prohibit + -ive
Noun
+ -en
Verb
light + -en
Adjective
+ -en
Verb
short + -en
Adjective
+ -ness
Noun
good +-ness
Adjective
+ -ly
Adv
beautiful + -ly

– changes the form of the word
but not its meaning
-indicates grammatical function
number : plural or singular
– boys, books
possession : ownership
–attached to nouns
tense : past or present tense
– dances, danced
Inflectional Morpheme

 bound to nouns [Noun +] -
–‘s / s’ (possessive) : Mary’s, the childrens’
–s (plural), books, boys
 bound to verbs [Verb +]
-s (3rd person, singular) – dances, watches
-ing (present participle) – dancing, watching
-ed (past tense) – danced, watched
-en/-ed (past participle) - they’ve done it
bound to adjectives [Adj +]
–er : darker
- est : darkest

/indefiniteness/ - a before a consonant - a boy
an before a vowel - an apple
▪/plural/
▪cat + /plural/ -[s] after voiceless segment: [kæts]
▪dog + /plural/- [z] after voiced segment : [dɔgz]
[dɒgz]
▪judge + /plural/-[әz] after voiced segment
sheep + /plural/ - sheep + Ø : sheep
man + /plural/ - æ > ε : men
(suppletion)

storage of words in a language; dictionary
contents:
 phonological information/pronunciation
 meaning, related words, sentence use
 spelling
 etymology (historical development)
> not contain in the mental lexicon

phonological information
- sounds and phonotactics
semantic information– meaning
morphological information –formation of relations in word: past tense (V), plural (N)
syntactic information -category (noun or verb) and usage

Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
lexical morphemes
denote concepts like objects, actions, attributes, ideas, etc.
semantic content (meaning)
open class words
– add new words: download, byte, email

Function words : determiners/ articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions
grammatical function- connect words to other words or phrases
closed class
-articles a/an and the – marks
definiteness/indef of nouns
preposition of -marks possession, etc.

Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs-
Adverbs – modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs –

Lexical/grammatical categories
1. words with parallel
book –books ; dog - dogs
nouns
forms belong to
tall- taller-tallest
adjectives
the same category
small-smaller-smallest
verbs
walk – walks, walked
play-plays-played
2. co-occurrence-
Nouns
preceded by a determiner
the cat, my car,
an egg
take plural forms
regular
book-books
irregular
tooth – teeth, sheep-sheep

Lexical Categories
Verbs
preceded by modals
will, can, may, might, etc
Adjectives
take very, or too; more, the most
3. relying on the meaning or function
nouns
name persons, places, things, etc.
adjectives
name qualities or properties of nouns
verbs - describe action
transitive – requires a noun phrase after it (object)
Intransitive – does not require a noun after it
adverbs –
modifying adjectives
swiftly, sweetly, courageously, usually, quickly; very/too tall
modifying verbs
often; here, soon, now
modifying adverbs
very soon, really incredible

Grammatical Categories
pronouns
personal
person- first, second, third
demonstrative
this, these; that, those
interrogative
who, what, etc.
relative- relates to the preceding NP
who, that, which, whose, whom–
indefinite
someone, anyone, somebody
determiners:
precede nouns
def/indef articles
the, a, an
demonstratives
this, that, these, those
possessives
my, our, your, her
interrogatives
which what, whose
prepositions
-typically precede a noun
conjunctions
-conjunctions
coordinating conjunctions
and, but, or
-conjoin words of the same category
-subordinators
subordinating conjunctions
that, whenever, while, because

McGregor, William B. 2009. Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
O'Grady, William D., Archibald, John, [eds.] (2009). Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction, 6th edition. Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
Yule G. 2006. The study of language. Cambridge: CUP.

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