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Cochran Mantel Haenszel Test with Breslow-Day Test & Quadratic Equation
1.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel FK6193 Dr
Azmi Mohd Tamil
2.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Historically •
Pearson’s Chi-Square Test (1904) • Likelihood Ratio Test • Cochran Test (1954) • Mantel-Haenszel Test (1959) • Breslow-Day Test (1980) • Tarone (1985)
3.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Mantel-Haenszel •
An excellent method for adjusting for confounding factors when analysing the relationship between a dichotomous risk factor and a dichotomous outcome.
4.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Example •
Those with high catecholamine are believed to be of high risk for coronary heart disease. However age & ECG changes are probable confounders. – RF - Catecholamine (Low / High) – Outcome - CHD (Present / Absent) – Confounders • Age (<55, 55+) • ECG ( +, - )
5.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Combine
All CHD + CHD - High Cat 27(22.1%) 95 122 Low Cat 44(9.0%) 443 487 71 538 609 Crude OR = 2.86, X2=16.25
6.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Stratification •
To control confounding factors, we divide the sample into a series of strata, which are now internally homogenous with regards to the confounding factors. • The odds ratio calculated within each stratum are free of bias arising from confounding.
7.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
< 55, ECG - CHD + CHD - High Cat 1(12.5%) 7 8 Low Cat 17(6.2%) 257 274 18 264 282 OR = (1 x 257)/(7 x 17) = 2.16
8.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
< 55, ECG + CHD + CHD - High Cat 3(17.6%) 14 17 Low Cat 7(11.9%) 52 59 10 66 76 OR = (3 x 52)/(14 x 7) = 1.59
9.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
55+, ECG - CHD + CHD - High Cat 9(23.1%) 30 39 Low Cat 15(12.3%) 107 122 24 137 161 OR = (9 x 107)/(30 x 15) = 2.14
10.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
55+, ECG + CHD + CHD - High Cat 14(24.1%) 44 58 Low Cat 5(15.6%) 27 32 19 71 90 OR = (14 x 27)/(44 x 5) = 1.72
11.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Odds
Ratio Stratum Risk + Risk - OR <55, ECG+ 3(17.6%) 7(11.9%) 1.59 55+, ECG+ 14(24.1%) 5(15.6%) 1.72 55+, ECG- 9(23.1%) 15(12.3%) 2.14 <55, ECG- 1(12.5%) 17(6.2%) 2.16 Combined 27(22.1%) 44(9.0%) 2.86
12.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 CI=OR.exp+1.96√1/a+1/b+1/c+1/d Stratum
OR Lower Higher <55, ECG+ 1.59 0.36 6.96 55+, ECG+ 1.72 0.56 5.31 55+, ECG- 2.14 0.85 5.37 <55, ECG- 2.16 0.25 18.58 Combined 2.86 1.69 4.85
13.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Odds
Ratio Stratum OR <55, ECG+ 1.59 55+, ECG+ 1.72 55+, ECG- 2.14 <55, ECG- 2.16 Combined 2.86 • Despite stratification, stress constantly leads to higher odds (but not significant) of getting CHD. • There seems to be little effect modification due to age and ECG. The odds are similar. But combined table stronger & highly significant OR=2.86;1.69<OR<4.85. • Need an adjusted summary measure & adjust for effect of age & ECG.
14.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Chi-Square Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
15.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Testing
for Overall Association D+ D- E+ a b a+b E- c d c+d a+c b+d n
16.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
< 55, ECG - CHD + CHD - High Cat 1 7 8 Low Cat 17 257 274 18 264 282
17.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
< 55, ECG + CHD + CHD - High Cat 3 14 17 Low Cat 7 52 59 10 66 76
18.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
55+, ECG - CHD + CHD - High Cat 9 30 39 Low Cat 15 107 122 24 137 161
19.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
55+, ECG + CHD + CHD - High Cat 14 44 58 Low Cat 5 27 32 19 71 90
20.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Example
21.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Refer
to Table 3. Look at df = 1. X2MHtest = 4.15, larger than 3.84 (p=0.05) but smaller than 5.02 (p=0.025). 5.02>4.15>3.84 Therefore if X2MHtest=4.15, 0.025<p<0.05.
22.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Interpretation •
There is a significant relationship between CAT and CHD, adjusted simultaneously for age and ECG (p < 0.05; X2 MHtest). Important: In the numerator, sum before squaring. Under the null hypothesis X2 MHtest ~ Chi square (1 df)
23.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Mantel-Haenszel Adjusted
Odds Ratio
24.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Estimating
The Adjusted OR Stratum OR Lower Higher <55, ECG+ 1.59 0.36 6.96 55+, ECG+ 1.72 0.56 5.31 55+, ECG- 2.14 0.85 5.37 <55, ECG- 2.16 0.25 18.58 Crude OR 2.86 1.69 4.85
25.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Mantel-Haenszel
Estimator of Common Odds Ratio ( ) ( ) = n bc n ad MHˆ
26.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Common/Average
Odds Ratio D+ D- E+ a b a+b E- c d c+d a+c b+d n
27.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Common/Average
Odds Ratio
28.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
< 55, ECG - CHD + CHD - High Cat 1 7 8 Low Cat 17 257 274 18 264 282
29.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
< 55, ECG + CHD + CHD - High Cat 3 14 17 Low Cat 7 52 59 10 66 76
30.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
55+, ECG - CHD + CHD - High Cat 9 30 39 Low Cat 15 107 122 24 137 161
31.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Age
55+, ECG + CHD + CHD - High Cat 14 44 58 Low Cat 5 27 32 19 71 90
32.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Conf.
Interval, OR=1.89, X2=4.15
33.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Conclusion •
There is a significant relationship between CAT and CHD, adjusted simultaneously for age and ECG (p < 0.05; X2 MHtest). • The adjusted OR is 1.89 (1.02, 3.49). Since the CI did not include the value of 1, therefore it is significant. • Those who are stressed have significantly higher 2 times risk of developing CHD compared to those not stressed, after adjusting for age and ECG changes.
34.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Breslow-Day
Test Azmi Mohd Tamil
35.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Introduction •
Breslow & Day provided a test for assessing the homogeneity of the odds ratios across many tables/stratum. • Its derivation involves solving a quadratic equation, therefore not advisable to calculate manually. • I used an Excel trick to bypass the need for quadratic equation.
36.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 where
Ak( ψ) and var(ak ; ψ), denote the expected number and the asymptotic variance of exposed cases based on the MH adjusted odds ratio ψ , respectively. Yep, the words doesn’t make any sense at all. You will hopefully understand it once you see the calculation in action. Breslow & Day proposed a statistic (Equation 4.32) for testing the null hypothesis of homogeneity of the K true odds ratios. It sums up the squared deviations of observed and fitted values, each standardized by its variance
37.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Equation
4.32 Breslow-Day uses the Mantel-Haenszel Odds Ratio to generate the expected tables. The most optimum would be to use conditional maximum likelihood estimator but that would need computing power.
38.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Step
1 • Calculate the Mantel-Haenszel adjusted Odds Ratio.
39.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Step
2 • MH OR=1.89. If for every stratum, the expected Odds Ratio is 1.89, what is the expected value of cell a for all tables? • This is where you need computers to calculate for you. Shown only for 1st table. • 1.89 = ad/bc = A x (274-18+A) (8-A) x (18-A) • A = 0.8941. Stress CHD+ CHD- Total High 1 7 8 Low 17 257 274 Total 18 264 282 Observed Data OR Stress CHD+ CHD- Total High 0.8941 7.1059 8 1.890 Low 17.1059 256.8941 274 Total 18 264 282 Expected Data
40.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Quadratic
Equation (1st Stratum) • ad/bc = 1.89 • 1.89 = A x (274-18+A) where (8-A) x (18-A) – a = A – b = (8 – A) – c = (18 – A) – d = 274 – c = (274 – 18 + A) A Credit to Dr Ihsan Zamzuri p102428@siswa.ukm.edu.my
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© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Quadratic
Equation • 1.89 = A x (274-18+A) (8-A) x (18-A) • 1.89 = A2 + 256A A2–26A+144 • 1.89A2 – 49.14A + 272.16 = A2 + 256A • 1.89A2 – A2 – 49.14A – 256A + 272.16 = 0 • 0.89A2 – 305.14A + 272.16 = 0 A Credit to Dr Ihsan Zamzuri p102428@siswa.ukm.edu.my
42.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Quadratic
Equation Using fx-570 • 0.89A2 – 305.14A + 272.16 = 0 • y = 0.89x2 – 305.14x + 272.16 • Press Mode 3x & select EQN for equation. • For “Unknowns”, press right to display “degree” then select 2 for quadratic equation. • Enter 0.89 for a, -305.14 for b and 272.16 for c. • Answer x1=341.959682, x2=0.89425089. Credit to Dr Ihsan Zamzuri p102428@siswa.ukm.edu.my
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© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 We
take X=0.89425 since 341.95968 is too big for Table 1 Stress CHD+ CHD- Total High 0.8943 7.1057 8 1.890 Low 17.1057 256.8943 274 Total 18 264 282 Credit to Dr Ihsan Zamzuri p102428@siswa.ukm.edu.my
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© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Step
3 • For each stratum, obtain the null hypothesis variance of the cell count. • Var=(1/0.8943+1/7.1057+1/17.1057+1/256.8943)-1 = 0.75684. OR Stress CHD+ CHD- Total High 0.8943 7.1057 8 1.890 Low 17.1057 256.8943 274 Total 18 264 282 Expected Data
45.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 OR Stress
CHD+ CHD- Total High 0.8943 7.1057 8 1.890 Low 17.1057 256.8943 274 Total 18 264 282 Expected Data Step 4 • a = observed value • A = expected value • (1-0.8943)2 0.75684 = 0.014762. • Repeat for all tables. Stress CHD+ CHD- Total High 1 7 8 Low 17 257 274 Total 18 264 282 Observed Data
46.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Stratum
OR OR A€ V€ Breslow Stress CHD+ CHD- Total Stress CHD+ CHD- Total Young High 1 7 8 2.16 High 0.8943 7.1057 8 1.890 0.8943 0.7568 0.014762 ECG- Low 17 257 274 Low 17.1057 256.8943 274 Total 18 264 282 Total 18 264 282 Stress CHD+ CHD- Total Stress CHD+ CHD- Total Young High 3 14 17 1.59 High 3.309 13.691 17 1.890 3.3090 1.8388 0.051924 ECG+ Low 7 52 59 Low 6.691 52.309 59 Total 10 66 76 Total 10 66 76 Stress CHD+ CHD- Total Stress CHD+ CHD- Total Old High 9 30 39 2.14 High 8.442 30.558 39 1.890 8.4420 4.4474 0.07001 ECG- Low 15 107 122 Low 15.558 106.442 122 Total 24 137 161 Total 24 137 161 Stress CHD+ CHD- Total Stress CHD+ CHD- Total Old High 14 44 58 1.72 High 14.284 43.716 58 1.890 14.2840 2.9276 0.02755 ECG+ Low 5 27 32 Low 4.716 27.284 32 Total 19 71 90 Total 19 71 90 Stress CHD+ CHD- Total TOTALS High 27 95 122 2.86 26.929 9.971 0.164 Low 44 443 487 Total 71 538 609 Observed Data Expected Data Excel Spreadsheet
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© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Step
5 • Sum up all the differences and check the p value from the chi square table (df = 3, since 4 stratum). • χ2 BDTest = 0.164; (d.f.=3) therefore p > 0.5. • Since the test of homogeneity is not significant, all the OR of the stratums are homogenous.
48.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Refer
to Table 3. Look at df = 3. X2BDtest = 0.164, smaller than 2.37 (p=0.5) 0.164>2.37 Therefore if X2BDtest=0.164, p>0.5.
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© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Same
result as SPSS
50.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Tarone
Adjustment Should subtract Tarone correction from Breslow-Day statistic to get better chi-square approximation. Tarone correction =
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© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Why
Tarone? • Tarone noted that by using the MH Odds Ratio estimator instead of the better conditional maximum likelihood estimator, the Breslow–Day test statistic becomes like the conditional likelihood score test. Since the MH estimator is inefficient, Tarone noted that the test statistic is stochastically larger than a χ2 random variable under the homogeneity hypothesis. • Tarone wrote in 1985; “this paper derives the appropriate modification of the heterogeneity score test when the parameter of interest is estimated by an inefficient, but consistent, estimator.”
52.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Summary •
CMH test assumes common odds ratio and tests if it is 1. • Mantel-Haenszel estimate of the odds ratio averages numerators and denominators before taking the ratio. • Breslow-Day test checks if odds ratios are indeed common using discrepancies in (observed – expected) cell counts. • Tarone’s adjustment claims that using MH Odds Ratio estimator for the test of homogeneity, is inefficient, therefore needs to be corrected. But the formula is all Greek to me, so I give up.
53.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 In
SPSS • In this data, we are trying to see the relationship between CAT & CHD and see whether AGE & ECG changes are Confounders.
54.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Data
For Exercise https://wp.me/p4mYLF-81
55.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Weighted
Analysis
56.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Combined
Analysis
57.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Combine
58.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Analyse->Descriptives->Crosstab
59.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Select
CMH statistics
60.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020
61.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Odds
Ratio by Stratum
62.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Odds
Ratio Stratum OR <55, ECG+ 1.59 55+, ECG+ 1.72 55+, ECG- 2.14 <55, ECG- 2.16 Crude OR 2.86 • There seems to be little effect modification due to age and ECG. But combined table stronger & highly significant. • Need to adjust for effect of age & ECG.
63.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 No
Interaction between Age & ECG Changes with Catecholamine Level Since the test of homogeneity is not significant, all the OR of the stratums are homogenous. The changing level of Age & ECG did not change CHD OR much.
64.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Adjusted
OR = 1.891, different than unadjusted OR=2.86. p value is significant, indicating OR sig. since Confidence Interval did not include 1.
65.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Magnitude
of Confounding > 10% • May cause an overestimate (positive confounding) or an underestimate (negative confounding). • Can be quantified by computing the percentage difference between the crude and adjusted measures. • If Adjusted OR = 1.891, Crude OR=2.86. – Epid; (2.86 – 1.891)/1.891 = 51.24% – Stats; (2.86 - 1.891)/2.86 = 33.88% • % larger than 10%, therefore Age/ECG changes are positive confounding factors for CAT.
66.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 X2 MH •
Even after adjusting for Age & ECG changes, X2 CMH is 4.19, p=0.041, therefore sig association between CAT level & CHD.
67.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Using
SPSS X2 CMH
68.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Using
SPSS X2 CMH
69.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Using
Continuity Correction X2 MH χ2 MH = {|∑[a−(a+b)(a+c)/n]|−0.5}2 —————————————— ∑(a+b)(a+c)(b+d)(c+d)/(n3−n2)
70.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 When
to use Continuity Correction? • https://www.statsdirect.com/help/ meta_analysis/mh.htm • If any cell count in any of the stratum tables is zero, then the continuity correction should be applied. • χ2 MH (|∑(a−(a+b)(a+c)/n)|−0.5)2 = ————————————— ∑(a+b)(a+c)(b+d)(c+d)/(n3−n2)
71.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Using
StatCalc X2 MH =608*((27*443)-(95*44))2 (71*538*122*487) =16.21978128 • http://web1.sph.emory.edu/activepi/Instructors/ Kevin_MSword/lesson_12boh.htm • The Mantel-Haenszel Test in StatCalc is a large-sample version of Fisher's Exact Test, not the same as CMH Chi-square.
72.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Using
StatCalc X2 MH =608*((27*443)-(95*44))2 (71*538*122*487) =16.21978128
73.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 Conclusion •
There is a significant relationship between CAT and CHD, adjusted simultaneously for age and ECG (p < 0.05; X2 CMH). • The adjusted OR is 1.89 (1.02, 3.49). Since the CI did not include the value of 1, therefore it is significant. • Those who are stressed have significantly higher 2 times risk of developing CHD compared to those not stressed, after adjusting for age and ECG changes.
74.
© drtamil@gmail.com 2020 References •
David G. Kleinbaum, Lawrence L. Kupper, Hal Morgenstern. 1982. Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods. John Wiley & Sons. (pages 325, 447-460) • N. E. Breslow & N. E. Day. 1980. Statistical Methods In Cancer Research Volume 1 - The Analysis Of Case- control Studies. International Agency For Research On Cancer, World Health Organization. (pages 136-146) • Robert E. Tarone. 1985. On Heterogeneity Tests Based On Efficient Scores. Biometrika, Volume 72, Issue 1, April 1985. (pages 91–95).
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