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발간 등록번호
차드공화국 槪況
2010. 3.
外 交 通 商 部
國旗國旗
․ ․ 3 . ․ ․
, ( )
,
. ․ ․
. 3:2 .
1959 11 6
.
國歌國歌
< La Tchadienne >
Peuple Tchadien, debout et à l'ouvrage!
Tu as conquis la terre et ton droit;
Ta liberté naîtra de ton courage.
Lève les yeux, l'avenir est à Toi.
O mon Pays, que Dieu te prenne en garde,
Que tes voisins admirent tes enfants.
Joyeux, pacifique, avance en chantant,
Fidèle à tes anciens qui te regardent.
People of Chad, arise and to work!
You have conquered the soil and won your rights;
Your freedom will be born of your courage.
Lift up your eyes, the future is yours.
O my Country, may God protect you,
May your neighbours admire your children.
Joyful, peaceful, advance as you sing,
Faithful to your fathers who are watching you.
* Written by Louis Gidrol and his student group and composed by
Paul Villard, it has been the official anthem since independence in
1960.
<듣기>
http://www.tchad.org/recherche/drapeau.html
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅴ
Ⅵ
Ⅶ ․
Ⅷ
Ⅸ
Ⅹ
- 2 -
o : (Republic of Chad, République du Tchad)
o : (N'Djamena) 100
- : Moundou, Abéché, Sarh
o :
- , , , , (DRC)
o : 1,284,634㎢ ( 12.9 , 5.8 )
o
- , ,
o
- :
- : , 6 -9
- : 5 10
o : 10,111,337 (2008 )
- : 2.195%, : 1㎢ 6.6
o : , (2 ), Sara( ),
120
o : 200
- ․ : Gorane (Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou,
Ouaddai, Arabs, Baguirmi, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala,
Maba
- : Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moudang, Moussei, Massa
(animist)
- 3 -
o : (51%), (35%), (7%),
(7%)
o : 1960.8.11
o : 8.11. ( ).
o ( ): H.E. Idriss DEBY Itno (1990.12.4.
)
- 5 , . (2006.5
)
- 2006.5.3 ,
2011.5
- 2006 : Idriss DEBY Itno (64.7%,
), Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE (15.1%), Albert Pahimi
PADACKE (7.8%), Mahamat ABDOULAYE (7.1%), Brahim
KOULAMALLAH (5.3%)
o :
o : 1996.3.31. , 2006
( )
o ( ): Emmanuel Nadingar (2010.3.5. )
-
o : ( 155 )
- 4 .
- 1996 (Senate) ,
.
- 2002.4.21. ,
2009 . 2006
, ,
2007.8
.
- 2006 : MPS ( ) 110 , RDP
- 4 -
12 , FAR 9 , RNDP 5 , URD 3 , 11
o : (Supreme Court), (Court of Appeals),
(Criminal Courts), (Magistrate Courts)
o GDP: US$91.06 (2008 ), GDP (ppp): US$161.9
o GDP : 1.7% (2008 )
o 1 GDP: US$1,500 (2007 ), GDP per capita(ppp): US$1,600 (2008 )
o GDP (2008 ): (20.5%), (48%), (31.5%)
- : , (sorghum), (millet), , , , ,
, , ,
- : , , , , , ,
o (2006 ): 374.7 ( 80%, 20%)
o (2006 ): US$61.73 , US$87.76
o (2007 ): 10%
o
- (2008 ): US$55 ( , , , (gum arabic)
)
* (2007 ): (89.5%), (3.7%), (3.4%)
- (2008 ): US$14.7 ( , , , ,
)
* (2007 ): (20.4%), (16.1%), (10.9%),
(10%), (7.5%), (4.4%)
o : , , , , , , ,
,
o (2008 ): 15
- 1 (2008 ): 156,000
- 1 (2005 ): 176,000
o : US$11.22 (2008.12.31.)
o : US$16 (2007 )
- 5 -
o : (XAF) (US$1 = XAF470.47, 2009.5.26. )
o :
- 6 -
차드
사하라
이남
아프리카
세계
중저소득
국가
2007년도
인구 (단위: 백만명) 10.8 800 1,296
1인당 국민총소득(GNI) (단위: 미화 불) 540 952 578
국민총소득 (GNI) (단위: 미화 십억불) 5.8 762 749
2001-7년간 연평균
인구증가율(%) 3.4 2.5 2.2
노동인구증가율(%) 3.3 2.6 2.7
2001-7년중 가용한 최신 통계(Most recent estimate; latest year available, 2001-07)
빈곤율 (% of population below national poverty line) .. .. ..
도시인구율(% of total population) 26 36 32
기대수명 (년) 51 51 57
영아 1,000명당 사망 (per 1,000 live births) 124 94 85
5세 이하 유아 영양실조율(%, of children under 5) 34 27 29
상수도 보급률 (% of population) 48 58 68
15세 이상 문자해독율 (% of school-age population) .. 59 61
초등학교 취학율 (% of school-age population) 76 94 94
남성 인구율 (기준: 100) 90 99 100
여성 인구율 (기준: 100) 61 88 89
1987 1997 2006 2007
국내총생산 (GDP) (미화 십억불) 1.2 1.5 6.3 7.1
국내총생산 대비 총자본형성율 9.1 19.5 22.3 19.1
국내총생산 대비 상품서비스 수출율 15.4 18.5 61.1 49.1
국내총생산 대비 국내총저축율 -11.9 7.3 43.6 34.2
국내총생산 대비 국민총저축율 -3.2 8.0 24.3 23.3
국내총생산 대비 경상수지흑자(적자)율 -13.0 -11.4 7.7 6.6
국내총생산 대비 투자지출율 0.3 0.6 0.3 ..
국내총생산 대비 총부채율 30.0 65.8 28.1 ..
국내총생산 대비 부채 현재가치율 .. .. 16.6 ..
연간수출액 대비 부채 현재가치율 .. .. 28.2 ..
차드경제지표 일람표 2008.09.24 세계은행 작성
빈곤 및 각종 사회지표
주요 경제지표 및 장기 추이 (단위: 미화 십억불)
- 7 -
1987-97 1997-07 2006 2007
2007-11
(예상)
국내총생산 성장율 2.2 9.5 0.2 0.6 2.3
1인당 국내총생산 성장율 -1.0 5.7 -2.9 -2.1 0.6
상품∙서비스 수출 성장율 0.6 26.3 11.2 -19.2 -13.5
1987 1997 2006 2007
농업 33.1 39.9 20.5 23.4
공업(Industry) 14.6 14.2 54.8 44.1
제조업(Manufacturing) 11.4 12.0 5.3 6.4
서비스업 52.3 45.8 24.7 32.5
가계소비지출 96.0 86.2 50.5 59.7
정부지출 15.8 6.5 5.9 6.0
상품∙서비스 수입 36.4 30.8 39.8 33.9
1987 1997 2006 2007
물가 수준 (% change)
소비자 물가 -6.0 5.6 3.0 3.0
국내총생산 디플레이터(GDP Deflator) -3.1 3.8 6.2 2.4
국내총생산 대비 정부재정 비율(% of GDP, includes current grants)
국내총생산 대비 정부수입 비율 5.6 9.1 11.1 10.6
국내총생산 대비 재정비율 -2.3 0.9 6.4 5.7
국내총생산 대비 재정 흑자(적자) 비율 -18.0 -8.6 -3.2 -3.4
1987-97 1997-07 2006 2007
농업 성장율 5.1 2.6 3.2 0.1
공업(Industry) 성장율 0.6 24.2 -3.7 -13.6
제조업(Manufacturing) 성장율 .. .. .. ..
서비스업 성장율 0.8 7.2 4.9 8.8
가계소비지출 성장율 1.1 3.7 -15.4 19.1
정부지출 성장율 -10.5 7.2 30.1 3.4
총자본형성 성장율 3.1 12.1 10.5 -14.1
상품∙서비스 수입 성장율 -4.4 12.8 0.8 -14.4
(연평균성장율)
경제구조(산업부문별 국내총생산) (단위: %)
(연평균성장율)
물가 수준 및 정부 제정
- 8 -
1987 1997 2006 2007
총수출 (FOB 가격) 109 243 3,479 3,294
면화 41 114 58 61
가축 42 72 296 311
제조업 상품 4 .. .. ..
총수입 (CIF 가격) 366 246 721 706
식품 18 18 .. ..
연료∙에너지 38 22 92 115
자본재 90 158 .. ..
수출가격지수(2000년 수출가격 = 100) 159 127 323 285
수입가격지수(2000년 수입가격 = 100) 142 118 116 122
교역조건 (2000년 교역조건 = 100) 113 108 279 234
1987 1997 2006 2007
상품∙서비수 수출 180 286 3.699 3,696
상품∙서비스 수입 424 475 2,208 2,238
무역수지 -244 -189 1,491 1,458
순수입 -11 -17 -1,143 -1,149
순경상이전(Net current transfers) 104 29 137 160
경상수지 -151 -177 485 470
순금융 (Net financing items) 180 163 -351 -304
순보유고 변화(changes in net reserves) -30 14 -134 -165
주:
외환보유고 .. 174 459 539
전환율(Conversion rate) (DEC, local/US$) 300.5 583.7 522.9 479.3
무역 (단위: 미화 백만불)
경상수지 (단위: 미화 백만불)
- 9 -
1987 1997 2006 2007
총외채 349 1,016 1,772 ..
세계은행(IBRD) 0 0 30 26
국제개발공사(IDA) 61 457 925 968
총서비스채무(Total debt service) 8 35 68 ..
세계은행(IBRD) 0 0 6 6
국제개발공사(IDA) 1 5 18 18
해외지원 유입 구성(Composition of net resource flows)
공적 무상공여(Official grants) 107 107 205 ..
공적 금융(Official creditors) 39 73 83 ..
민간금융(Private creditors) 3 0 -1 ..
해외직접투자(순유입) 8 44 700 ..
0 0 0 ..
세계은행 지원프로그램
세계은행측 공약(Commitments) 19 25 0 0
세계은행측 지출(Disbursements) 13 49 31 16
원본 변제(Principal repayments) 1 2 15 16
순유입(Net flows) 12 47 16 0
이자 지급(Interest payments) 1 3 8 8
순이전(Net transfers) 12 43 7 -8
외채 및 해외지원 유입(RESOURCE FLOWS)
(단위: 미화 백만불)
- 10 -
Ⅱ
- 11 -
ⅡⅡ
1.
.
o . Borkou
300 .
.
o 7000
. Borkou Ennedi ,
, ,
.
o
,
Bantu
.
o BC 7
. BC 1
Sahelian .
- 12 -
.
o Sao Chari
(chiefdom)
, Kanem-Bornu Baguirmi
.
o Ouaddai
.
1500 1900 .
2.
.
o 1891
.
o 1900 Lamy
Rabah ,
.
1911
.
.
- 13 -
.
o 1905
. 1910
(Federation of French Equatorial Africa:
AEF) , Oubangui-Charo, Moyen Congo
1920
. 1914
.
o 1959 AEF , ,
( ) 4
.
o 1960.8.11. , François Tombalbaye
.
3.
.
o
1965 ,
.
o Tombalbaye
Tombalbaye 1975
Felix Malloum
- 14 -
.
o 1978 Malloum
, Hissein Habré
1979 2 私兵 N'Djamena
.
o 11
,
.
.
o (OAU)
4
. 1979 8
4 Lagos
.
.
o 1979 11 (GUNT) 18
. Goukouni Oueddei
, Colonel Kamougue ,
Hissein Habré .
o , 1980 1 Goukouni
Habré . Goukouni 1980
- 15 -
.
.
o 1981 1 Goukouni
Goukouni
.
o Aozou
Habré ‘81 6 N'Djamena
.
o 3,500 , ,
OAU ( )
.
o Habré
, .
o 1983 GUNT
.
Habré
16 .
- 16 -
.
o 1984 9
. 1984
,
⅓
.
o (CODO)
. 1985 Habré
(Chadian Democratic Front),
(Coordinating Action Committee of the Democratic
Revolutionary Council)
.
o Goukouni Habré ,
Goukouni Habré
.
o 1987 1988
1994 (ICJ)
Aouzou strip
, .
. Idriss Déby
o 1980 Hadjerai, Zaghawa, Gorane
. 1989 4 Habré
Zaghawa Idriss
- 17 -
Déby Habré , Darfur
Zaghawa Gorane
Habré .
o 1990 12
Déby N'Djamena
. 3
1992.2.28. Déby (Patriotic Salvation Movement:
MPS) Déby .
o 2 Déby
2 .
(MDD), (CSNPD),
(FNT), (FAO)
.
o
(1992 ), , , 750 .
o
. 1994 Kette Moise
CSNPD
.
o Kette Laokein Barde
(Democratic Front for Renewal: FDR)
(Armed Forces for a Federal Republic: FARF),
MDD 2 1994-95
- 18 -
.
.
o 1996 ,
Déby 6
. Déby 2
Kebzabo Kamougue
(1975 ) .
o (MPS) 1997 1
125 63 .
.
.
o 1997 FARF MDD
. 1997 10 「
(FNT)」 「 (Movement
for Social Justice and Democracy)」
.
o FARF 1998 1
. Barde
.
- 19 -
o 1998 2003 「
(Chadian Movement for Justice and Democracy: MDJT)」
Tibesti
,
.
o 2003
. MDJT Tibesti
,
.
.
o 2001 5 Déby 2002
1 63%
. 6 2
, 1 .
o , Zaghawa ,
.
o 2004 5 Déby
.
2005 6 ,
.
o 3 Déby 3 .
2006 4 Tama
- 20 -
(United Front for Democratic Change) Déby
Zaghawa
N'Djamena .
o 2006.5.3. Déby
. 580 60%
Déby 77.6% .
o 2006 , 2007.
10.26. 4
. Muammar Gaddafi
Sirte .
o 2008 2 N'Djamena
.
- 21 -
Ⅲ
- 22 -
ⅢⅢ
1.
.
o 1996
.
o 5
, 2005 6
.
.
o , , ,
.
o
.
o , 5
. 2005 .
- 23 -
직 책 성 명
Prime Minister EMMANUEL NADINGAR
Min. of National Defense WADAL ABDELKADER KAMOUGUE
Min. of Foreign Affairs, African Integration &
Int'l Cooperation
MOUSSA FAKI MAHAMAT
Min. of Justice & Keeper of the Seal MBATLAOU NAEMBAVE LOSSIMIAN
Min. of Economy & Planning MAHAMAT ALI HASSAN
Min. of Communication, Spokesman of the
Government
KEDALLAH YOUNOUS
Min. of Infrastructure & Transport ADOUM YOUNOUSMI
Min. of Interior & Public Security AHMAT MAHAMAT MANNANY
Min. of Environment & Fisheries Resources HASSAN TERAP
Min. of Finance & Budget GATA NGOULOU
Min. of Livestock & Animal Husbandry AHMAT RAKHIS MANNANY
Min. of Public Health Mme Dr TOUFTA BOGUENA
Min. of National Education ABDERAHIM YOUNOUS ALI
Min. of Higher Learning, Scientific Research &
Vocational Training
AHMAT TABOYE
Min. of Agriculture & Irrigation PAHIMI PACACKE ALBERT
Min. of Mines & Geology HASSAN SALINE
Min. of Petroleum & Energy TABE EUGENE
Min. of Territorial Administration, City Planning
& Housing
DJIMRANGAR DADNADJI
Min. of Social Action, National Solidarity &
Family
Mme. NGARMBATINA CARMEL SOU
IV
Min. of in charge of Human Rights and
Promotion of Liberty
ABDERAMAN DJASNABAILLE
Min. of Public Service and Labor ABDOULAYE ABAKAR
Min. of Postal Service, Information Technology JEAN BAWOYEU ALINGUE
o
Déby Zaghawa .
.
o
,
.
□ (2010.03.09. )
- 24 -
& Communications
Min. in charge of Micro-finance & Fight against
Poverty
Mme FAIME TCHOMBI
Min. of Sanitation Service & the Promotion of
Good Governance
AHMADAYE AL HASSAN
Min. of Culture, Youth, & Sports DJIBERT YOUNOUS
Min. of Tourism Development and Artisan MAHAMAT ALLAOU TAHER
Min. of Commerce & Industry YOUSSOUF ABBASSALLAH
Min. of Water AHMAT MAHAMAT KARAMBALE
Min. Delegate to the Prime Minister in charge
of Decentralization
HAMID MAHAMAT DAHALOP
Min. & Sec. Gen. of the Govt. in charge of
Relations with the National Assembly
Mme ASSIA ABBO
Sec. of State for Foreign Relations,
International Cooperation & African Integration
MAHAMAT BECHIR OKORMI
Sec. of State for Finance Mme HABIBA SAHOULBA
Sec. of State for Infrastructure & Transport MAHAMAT MAHAMADOU ADDY
Sec. of State for Interior & Public Security
Social Action in charge of
National Solidarity
BICHARA ISSA DJADALLAH
Sec. of State for National Education Mme. KHADIDJA HASSABALLAH
Sec. of State for Higher Learning, Scientific
Research & Vocational Training
YAYA DJABAYE
Sec. of State for Territorial Administration, City
Planning & Housing
LAOUNA GONG RAOUL
Sec. of State for Public Health Mme MAHADIE OUTMANE ISSA
Sec. of State for Agriculture & Irrigation Mme MARIAM ATAHIR
Sec. of State for Social Action Mme NAIMA ABDELMOUTI
Deputy Sec. Gen. of the Govt. in charge of
Relations with the National Assembly
OUSMANE MOUSSA MAHAMAT
.
o 4 155
3 . 3 10
.
o 2 .
15 .
- 25 -
o
.
o 1
.
o ( : MPS)
.
.
o
,
.
o
. 2000
.
15
.
o 9 9
, ,
.
- 26 -
.
o 2008 2 22 (region) .
14 (prefecture)
2003 .
(governor) .
o prefect 61 (department) ,
200 (sub-prefecture) , 446
(canton) . (canton) (communautés
rurales) , ․
.
o
.
,
, 2005
.
(*) 22 :
- 1. Barh El Gazel, 2. Batha, 3. Borkou, 4. Chari-Baguirmi
5. Ennedi, 6. Guéra, 7. Hadjer-Lamis, 8. Kanem. 9.Lac
10. Logone Occidental, 11. Logone Oriental, 12. Mandoul
13. Mayo-Kebbi Est, 14. Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, 15. Moyen-Chari
16. Ouaddaï, 17. Salamat, 18. Sila, 19. Tandjilé, 20. Tibesti
21. Wadi Fira, 22. N'Djamena
- 27 -
.
□ ( : Patriotic Salvation Movement; MPS:
Mouvement Patriotique du Salut)
o 1996 Déby Itno
1990 12
(MPS) .
o MPS 80%
. MPS
MPS
.
o MPS
.
.
o 2008 4
MPS Ouddaian Youssef
Saleh Abbas .
o Abbas 4
. 「
(Coordination des partis politiques de
la constitution:CPDC) .
- 28 -
□
o 2004
26
CPDC .
o 2005 6
, CPDC 2006 5
.
o 2006 Déby Itno
,
.
o Saleh Kebzabo 「
(National Union for Democracy and Renewal: Union
nationale pour le développement et le renouveau: UNDR)」,
「 (Union for Renewal and
Democracy: Union pour le renouveau et la démocratie: UR
D)」, Ngarlegy Yorongar 「 ,
(Federation, Action for the Republic: Fédéreation, Action
for the Republic, FAR)」 CDPC
.
o 2002 FAR 9 , URD 3 ,
UNDR 5 .
o (Union des syndicats
du Tchad: UST),
- 29 -
. Lol Mahamat Choua
「 (Rally for Democracy
and Progress: Rassemblement pour la démocratie et le progrès:
RDP), Ibni Oumar Mahamat Saleh 「
(Party for Liberty and Development: Parti pour la libérte et la
développement (PLD) MPS 2
,
MPS
.
- 30 -
Parties Votes % Seats
Patriotic Salvation Movement (Mouvement Patriotique de Salut or
MPS)
. 113
Rally for Democracy and Progress (Rassemblement pour la
Démocratie et le Progrès or RDP)
. 10
Federation, Action for the Republic (Fédération, action pour la
république or FAR)
. 10
National Rally for Development and Progress (Rassemblement
National pour le Développement et le Progrès or RNDP)
. 5
National Union for Democracy and Renewal (Union Nationale
pour la Démocratie et le Rénouveau or UNDR)
. 5
Union for Renewal and Democracy (Union pour le Rénouveau et
la Démocratie or URD)
. 3
Action for Unity and Socialism (Action pour l'Unité et le
Socialisme or ACTUS)
. 1
Action for Renewal of Chad (Action pour le Rénouveau du
Tchad or ARD)
. 1
People's Movement for Democracy in Chad (Mouvement
Populaire pour la Démocratie au Tchad or MPDT)
. 1
National Democratic and Federal Convention (Convention
nationale Démocratique et Fédérale or CDF)
. 1
National Democratic and Social Convention (Convention National
Démocratique et Sociale or CNDS)
. 1
Rally for the Republic - Lingui (Rassemblement pour la
République - Lingui or RPR-Lingui)
. 1
National Rally for Democracy in Chad (Rassemblement National
pour la Démocratie au Tchad - le Réveil or RNDT)
. 1
National Union (Union Nationale or UN) . 1
Rally of Democratic Forces in Chad (Rassemblement des Forces
Démocratiques au Tchad or RFDT)
. 1
Total (turnout 52.4 %) 2,185,646 155
Source: IPU Parline.
□ (2002 4 )
.
o 2005 Idriss Déby Itno
.
o ,
. , 2006 2008
- 31 -
N'Djamena ,
, Déby Itno
.
□
o Alliance Nationale/Union des forces pour la démocratie et le
développement: (UFDD)
- UFDD 2006 5 UFDD
Déby Itno
Gorane Mahamat Nouri
2006 10 .
- Nouri (Conseil démocratique révolutionnaire:
CDR) Acheikh Ibn Oumar
.
- UFDD 2006 12 (Front
uni pour le changement:: FUC) Mahamat Nour
FUC Abakar Tolli
Zaghawa
(Rassemblement populaire pour la justice: RPJ)
.
- 2008 2 N'Djamena Nouri
(Alliance Nationale) , RFC
(Rassemblement des forces pour le changement) UFCD
(Union des forces pour le changement et la démocratie)
.
- 2008 UFDD 2,500
2008 6
- 32 -
.
o Union des forces pour le changement et la démocratie (UFCD)
- UFDD Ouddaian 1999 Déby
Itno
Adouma Hassaballah .
- 2006
. UFDD/Nouri
2008
.
o Rassemblement des forces pour le changement/Rassemblement des forces
démocratiques: RFC-RAFD)
- 2006 4 RAFD Timane Erdimi ,
2007 RFC . RFC
UFDD 2008 2 N'Djamena
.
- RFC
UFDD . RFC
UFDD UFCD
.
- RFC Zaghawa
Déby Itno
RFC .
- 2005 Timane Erdimi Déby Itno
, Tom
.
- RAFD Socle pour le changement, l'unité et la démocratie
- 33 -
(SCUD) Zaghawa
.
- SCUD Déby Itno
Zaghawa (Bideyat)
2005 10 .
2.
. Idriss Déby Itno
o Zaghawa Bideyat Déby Itno
1990
.
o 2001 5
2006 5
.
o 2005
Déby Itno
.
o ,
.
- 34 -
. Youssouf Saleh Abbas
o Youssouf Saleh Abbas Déby Itno
N'Djamena 2008 2
N'Djamena
. , Abbas
Déby Itno
.
o Abbas
,
.
o Ouddai Abbas
, Paris
.
o 2006 Déby
Itno .
EUFOR MINURCAT
.
. Mahammat Nouri
o Gorane 2006 5 UFDD(Union des forces
pour le progrès et la démocratie)
Déby Itno
.
- 35 -
o 2006 10 UFCD(Union des forces le changement
et la démocratie , 2008 2
N'Djamena .
o Nouri 2008
6 .
o Nouri
,
.
. Saleh Kebzabo
o Kebzabo CPDC(Coordination des partis politiques
de la défense de la constitution) UNDR(Union
nationale pour le développement et le renouveau) .
o Mayo-Kebbi
,
N'Djamena bihebdo , 1990
, 1996 2001 Déby Itno
.
o 2008 2 N'Djamena
, CPDC Ibni Oumar Mahamat Saleh
CPDC Kebzabo
2007 8 “ ” 2009
.
- 36 -
3.
. Doba
o 2003 7-9 Doba
.
.
o Déby Itno 2004 5
.
.
o 5 ,
(70 ) ,
2004
2005 6 .
. Déby ,
o 2005 ,
2005 10
.
o ,
Déby Itno
- 37 -
Zaghawa , Socle pour le
changement, l'unité et la démocratie (SCUD) .
. Déby
o Déby
Itno . 2006 4
Mahamat Nour Front uni pour le changement
(FUC) (CAR)
.
o 2006.4.13.
N'Djamena . 4
Déby Itno 2006.5.3.
5 .
o 2011 .
. N'Djamena
o UFDD, RFC, UFDD-F(UFDD fundamental)
2,000 (United Military
Command: UMC)
800㎞ N'Djamena .
o 2008.2.2. 36
, T-55 Déby Itno
.
- 38 -
.
o Déby Itno ( )
.
.
- 39 -
Ⅳ
- 40 -
ⅣⅣ
1.
.
o
.
.
Idriss Déby .
o (EU), ,
.
o , , , , , ,
(DRC), , , , ,
, EU .
.
o Déby
.
(Central African Customs and Economic Union:
UDEAC), (Lake Chad and
Niger River Basin Commissions), Sahel
(Interstate Commission for the
- 41 -
Fight against Drought in the Sahel)
.
o
1980
.
- 1972 9 François (Ngarta) Tombalbaye
o 1980 1990
Habré
.
- 1988
o 1980 ,
Aozou (strip)
,
.
.
o 2005.12.24. ‘ (state of
belligerent)’ .
- 42 -
Darfur .
o 2006.2.8.
Tripoli .
2006.8.11. Muammar al-Gaddafi
.
o Janjaweed UFDC
2006
.
o
2007.9.25. 3,700
EU (EUFOR) .
o 2008.2.2. N'Djamena
.
o 2008.2.5. , 3.12.
Dakar
.
.
o 2008
, 2008.7.18. Al-Bashir
.
- 43 -
o 8
. 2008 10 Tripoli
,
11 .
o 2009 1 UN
(MINURCAT)
EUFOR .
o 2009 1
Darfur
.
.
o
.
(World Bank)
.
o
, Déby
.
.
- 44 -
o 1962 1972 1997
2006 . 2006
. 2006.8.5.
, .
2.
.
o 2006 4 2008 2
Déby Itno
.
o
.
1983
3,000 2008 1000
.
o
N'Djamena
.
o Bangui , N'Djamena,
Darfur Abéché
.
- 45 -
o 2008
6 14 4,000
EU (EUFOR)
.
.
o
. 2005-2008 Déby Itno
.
o 2005 -
.
.
o Déby Itno
. 2005
.
.
o 2006 4
ExxonMobil
, Donald Yamamoto
- 46 -
N'Djamena .
o 2002 Pan-Sahel Initiative
.
.
o 2006 8
. ,
,
.
- 47 -
Ⅴ
- 48 -
ⅤⅤ
1.
.
o 2007 GDP US$70 9,500 , ,
, , .
o (United Nations' Human Development Index)
80%
.
o
. 1979~1982
. 2000
.
o
Doba .
, ,
.
o (EU),
.
- 49 -
.
o 80%
( , , ) .
( ) .
o GDP
21.5%, 47.8%, 30.6% .
o ,
, , .
.
CotonTchad ,
, EU,
.
2.
.
o 2003
.
.
o 2003
GDP 34% 72% .
- 50 -
2007
17.2% .
.
o 2007 GDP 45% 2003
GDP 12.2% .
1 GDP 2003
43.7% 2007 65% .
o N'Djamena Moundou, Sarh
GDP 7.3%
, 3 2007 GDP 26.3%
.
o , ,
. ,
,
.
o Doba 1999-2003
. ,
2003
GDP
.
.
(World Bank, IMF 감독 하의 경제정책 이행)
- 51 -
o 2006
IMF .
IMF
2004 , 2005
2 IMF 2005-2007
(poverty reduction and growth facility: PRGF) .
o , 2006 1 -
(WB)
(Petroleum Revenue Management Law:
PRML)
.
o 2006 7 WB “
(Future Generations Fund)”
70%
.
o 2008 2 N'Djamena
2007-2008
.
2008 WB
.
o 2008 IMF N'Djamena
, ,
, PRGF
2008 .
- 52 -
(편의주의적 경제정책)
o 2005
. ,
2007
.
o
WB - /
,
.
o ,
. 2005
,
,
.
o WB
2006 9 Idriss Déby
Itno
Esso Chad 2 Chevron
Petronas
US$280 .
o , Esso Chad
2008 US$12
.
- 53 -
o 2007
,
2007 .
( )
o
CFA
(Banque des Etats de l'Afrique
centrale: BEAC) .
o
(ECB) BEAC
.
o BEAC
.
3.
.
o 1994 CFA
. .
- 54 -
o 1999-2000 2000 Doba
.
2003 GDP Doba 14.9%
, 2004
29.5% .
o GDP 2006
GDP 2007-2008 2%
.
.
o GDP 2002 17.6% 2007
8.7% .
.
o ,
Sahel .
.
o , , .
2000/2001(11 -10 )
929,000 ( 2 75%)
.
2006/2007
- 55 -
191 .
o 2007/2008
,
.
( )
o 35-50%
.
, 9%
100 .
o (Société cotonnière du Tchad, CotonTchad)
, CotonTchad
,
.
o
.
Douala
.
( )
o Sahel .
(Institut national de la statistique, des études
économiques et démographiques: INSEED)
2007 GDP 8.5% .
- 56 -
o ,
.
.
. ( )
o
ExxonMobil(40%), Petronas(35%), Chevron(25%)
Esso Chad 2003
.
o Doba 3 (Miandoum, Bolobo, Komé)
25 225,000
.
o 2003 7 2005
, 17
.
Esso Chad 200
488 ,
Maikeri .
2007
144,000 .
o Doba US$37
US$17 , US$20
.
- 57 -
o Esso Chad 100%
80% .
20%
.
o US$20
60% Esso Chad .
3%(US$1 ) ,
.
o 2009 ,
2007 -
(China National Petroleum
Corporation: CNPC)
.
o 2007
(Société Tchadienne des Hydrocarbures) .
o ,
,
.
.
o 2002 GDP 9% 2007
GDP 3% .
o N'Djamena Moundou, Sarh
- 58 -
, 1 , ․ ․
.
o
,
.
.
o
2005
.
o
2004 , ,
.
o
. EU
,
.
o 2007 2008 2
N'Djamena
,
N'Djamena
2008-2009
- 59 -
.
.
o BEAC
,
.
o (Commission bancaire
de l'Afrique centrale: COBAC) ,
5 N'Djamena, Sarh, Moundou 3
.
o BEAC
.
.
.
o ,
.
N'Djamena .
o
.
- 60 -
4.
.
o
72% .
o N‘Djamena, Moundou, Sarh
7% , 3
20% .
.
o
. 1994 CFA
1990
.
o , , CFA
2000
.
o 2005 2006 8%
, 2007 CFA
-9% . , ,
CFA 2008 10%
.
5.
- 61 -
. Doba
o Logoné Occidental Doba
.
.
o Doba
, Doba
.
.
. ,
o (UNDP)
[Chari-Baguirmi(N'Djamena), Logoné Occidental (Moundou)
Moyen-Chari(Sarh) ]
.
o Déby Itno ,
.
o Darfur
Biltine, Ouaddaï, Salamat
- 62 -
28 Darfur
.
6.
.
o
3
. 2007
US$42 , US$12 .
o .
, 2002
.
o , 2003 10
. 2007
59% .
,
.
o 2001
,
.
2006
.
o Doba
- 63 -
,
.
o ,
, 10
.
o .
Doba
.
o ,
.
.
o
2001 . Doba
(FDI)
.
o UNCTAD 1999 US$2,500 FDI
2002 US$9 2,400 . IMF
FDI 2003 US$713 , 2004 US$478
2006 US$612
.
- 64 -
o FDI
,
.
7.
.
o
.
. 100
.
.
o 1993 ExxonMobil
Doba 9
. 2003 7 .
o , , , ,
, , , .
.
.
.
o , , , , , ,
, ,
.
- 65 -
o , ,
. 1996 SOTEC
. SATOM
.
8.
.
o 1990 Doba 9
2003
, Miandoum, Kome, Bolobo
.
o
15 13
25 .
. -
o 2003 7 -
(Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and
Pipeline Project) .
o Doba
1,070㎞
Kribi
- 66 -
ExxonMobil( 40%), Petronas( 35%),
Texaco-Chevron(25%) -
Esso Exploration and Production
Chad Inc. (EEPCI) .
o 10
20-25 .
Sedigui, Madiago,
Bongor, Doseo, Salamat, Erdis Esso Zone Doba
.
o (US Geological Survey)
2008 1 15
. 37 ,
, , , , ,
, , 9 .
o
. (2011-2012 ) Esso
.
.
o
(China National Petroleum
Corporation: CNPC)
.
- 67 -
o 2007 CNPC 1 (7
3,000 )
Ronier-1 .
o 2008 Esso
Doba
.
o 60
, 2009 100 .
2008 484
, 241
2007 15% .
71,000 .
o Esso
56,000 127,200
2007 143,000 11%
.
o Esso 2003 10 2008 12 2 8,800
( 316 )
.
. 收入
o
2008 US$43 5,000
.
- 68 -
o
2
⅔ .
.
o 2008
( Brent US$60-70,
$10-15 )
.
o
4 .
- Esso
1998
Moundouli Nya
3 12.5%
2004 Maikeri 14.25%
.
- 2006
2008 US$11
($555 ) .
- TOTCO
( branch) COTCO( branch)
. 2
.
- ( , , )
.
- 69 -
.
o
. 4,600 ,
1,100 800
6,500 .
o 2008 260
,
1,150 . Esso
,
.
.
o
. 127,000
484 65
.
o
. 2005 173,000
.
o
, .
- 70 -
9.
.
o .
, 6,200㎞ 524㎞ .
33,400㎞
.
o
, . ,
Doba
.
.
o Chari Logone 4,830
㎞ , 2,000㎞
.
o N'Djamena
Douala (1,500㎞) Harcourt
(1,700㎞)
.
Ngaoundéré Douala
.
- 71 -
.
o N'Djamena
. N'Djamena
Air France .
o ,
2004 10 Toumaï Air Tchad
Ethiopian Airways . 1998
Air Tchad
, .
.
o
. 2% , N'Djamena 9%
. 45.8mw .
N'Djamena 7-17mw
25mw
.
o 100
, , ,
( )
.
o (STEE:Société tchadienne d'eau et d'électricité)
,
.
- 72 -
.
.
o
.
2007 918,400 .
o Celtel Tchad
, Milicom
International Cellular (MIC) Tigo
.
o (Société des télécommunications du Tchad:
Soteltchad)
. Soteltchd . ITU
2006 13,000
.
o ,
. Soteltchad
(ISPs) 2007 6
.
- 73 -
Ⅵ
- 74 -
ⅥⅥ
1.
.
o
.
Déby Itno Zaghawa
2005 (Garde républicaine)
.
o Hissein Habré Gourane, Zaghawa, Hadjerai,
Massa . Zaghawa
Bidyate
Idriss Déby 1989 Zaghawa
Hadjerai .
.
o 1990.12.1. Habré Déby N'Djamena
Zaghawa ,
Déby .
o , ,
, ( 2007 Mahamat Nour
- 75 -
Tama )
.
2.
.
o Habré 36,000 ,
Idriss Déby 50,000 .
o 1991
.
.
o 25,000 ,
Zaghawa .
.
o
. 2004 3 Salafist Group for
Preaching and Combat (GSPC)
.
o 2003 Darfur
.
- 76 -
o ,
, ․ ․
Pan Sahel Initiative .
- 77 -
Ⅶ ․
- 78 -
Ⅶ ․Ⅶ ․
1. , ,
.
o . Saharan Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti
㎢ 0.1 , Logone Occidental
㎢ 52.4 .
o 1/5
.
o
N'Djamena .
Sarh, Moundou, Abéché, Doba
,
.
o 2003 23
Darfur .
172,000
.
- 79 -
.
o .
. Sultan
.
.
·
.
o ·
.
· · .
50% ·
.
.
o 200
.
,
.
o
.
Sara
, .
o Sahel
- 80 -
,
Toubous .
o ,
.
5 .
- Sara Moyen-Chari, Logone Oriental( ), Logone Occidental
( ), Tandjilé , Mayo-Kebbi
. Sara Kaba, Sara Madjingaye, Nar,
Goulay, Mbaye, Gor, Mongo, Mouroum, Kaba Goré,
Ngambaye, Daye, Mboum, .
.
- (Batha, Chari-Baguirmi, Salamat)
Fulani . Missiri,
Ouled Rachid, Salamat, Maham, Djaatné, Khozam .
.
- Kanembou, Kouri,
Boudouna, Bilal, Kouka, Medogo, Baguirmien, Hadjar,
Rattanilé, Mesmedjé, Massalat, Ouaddaï, Maba, Dadjo, Bidjo,
Massalit, Tama .
- Toubou BET(Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti)
Kanem , Teda,
Daza Gorane, Zaghawa
.
- Mayo-Kebbi Massa, Moussey, Marba, Toupouri, Moundang,
Kado, Nantchérés, Gabris, Kabalayes, Léré, Toumak, Ndama,
Soumrayes .
o 1993 12
- 81 -
97.8% .
- Sara (27.7%), Arabic (12.3%), Mayo-Kebbi (11.5%), Kanem-
Bornu (9%), Ouaddaï (8.7%), Hadjari (6.7%), Tandjilé (6.5%),
Goran (6.3%), Fitri Baths (4.7%), Fulani (2.4%), Baguirmien
(1.5%), IROS (0.5%)
.
o
.
11 16
,
.
o
"burqas"
.
o
.
.
o
.
. (animists)
.
- 82 -
o 1993
(53.1%), (20.1%), (14.2%),
(7.3%), (0.5%), (3.1%) .
.
o 130 .
3 (Chamito-Semitic, Nilo-Saharan,
Niger-Congo) .
o 18 5
. 3 Chadian
Arabic (10.3%), Sara (10.3%), Kanembou (5.3%) .
.
o 1960
. 1962 1
.
,
.
1978 2
2 .
o 2
. 1
.
.
- 83 -
, .
o “ ” Sara
.
.
.
2.
.
o
. UNDP
2007/2008 2005
25.7% .
o 2004
67% ( 73%, 54%) ,
.
o 2007-2008
.
- : 1,558,966 ( : 640,821 )
- : 232,681 ( : 71,794 )
- : 104,846 ( : 26,588 )
- : 12,000 (8,000 N'Djamena )
.
- 84 -
o
. (Education and Training Support
Programme: PAEF)
.
o .
- 2005 84% 2011 98% ,
- 0.67 0.87 ,
- 8 (
80% ),
- 2005 35% 59% ,
- 22% 10%
-
, , ,
, 6%(2005
0.01%) .
. ․ ․
o 2003 3,653 , 209
, 36 .
.
.
o 1971
12 77
- 85 -
15,000 .
o
. - - (LMD)
.
o N'Djamena Abéché
. N'Djamena
1971 Chad , 1994
N'Djamena .
,
.
o N'Djamena 4
1 .
- ․ (Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences):
, , , , , ,
, )
- ․ (Faculty of Law and Economics): ,
, , , )
- (Faculty of Arts and Sciences): ,
, , , , , , ,
)
- (Faculty of Health Sciences): , ,
, , , )
- (Institute of Human Sciences)
3.
- 86 -
.
o 1996
, ,
.
.
o Info Tchad Victoire 2
Le Progrès .
o N'Djamena Hebdo
L'Observateur Le
Temps Le Contact N'Djamena
.
.
o TV Teletchad
,
Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne(RNT) .
, Sarh
.
o FM Liberté
La Voix du Paysan .
4.
- 87 -
.
o kinde,
kakaki, hu hu
.
. Sara , ,
kodjo , Kanembu
.
o Chari Jazz 1964
. African Melody International Challal
.
o ,
1995
CD .
o ,
.
.
o
. alysh
, biya .
o ,
salanga banda . Carcaje
- 88 -
hibiscus .
o billi-billi
coshate
.
.
o , ,
.
o
,
.
o 1962 20 60
, Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine
Bangui, Koulsy Lamko .
o 2003 Ahmat Taboye
(Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne) .
.
o
.
Bye Bye Africa 1999
- 89 -
Mahamat Saleh Haroun .
o Haroun Abouna
, Daratt 63
. Issa Serge Coelo 2
Daresalam DP75: Tartina City .
.
o .
,
.
o ,
.
- 90 -
Ⅷ
- 91 -
ⅧⅧ
1.
o 1961.8.6 .
,
- UN
o 2008.9
2.
1960.8.11
1961.8.6
1964.4.
1975.1.
- Ahmed Idriss
1993.5.
1995.1. Tchiouna ( )
1996.9.
2000.6.
2002.11.
- 92 -
1991 67.45 2000 215.87
1992 49.13 2001 32.98
1993 48.31 2002 -
1994 48.26 2003 14.69
3.
( )
1975.3
1975.5
( )
1977.1 Kamougue
1985.10 Yadoyman
2009.11.
4.
1971.2.
1978.1.
5.
. : 18 (1991~2008) US$853,160
( : )
- 93 -
1995 56.41 2004 -
1996 42.32 2005 -
1997 48.49 2006 -
1998 123.82 2007 -
1999 93.75 2008 11.68
2005 2006 2007 2008
2009
(1-11 )
(US$1,000) 468 1,257 400 2,273 3,738 ◦ : ,
◦ : ,(US$1,000) 53,335 58,232 837 250 5
(2005 , ):
.
o
- “ ”(1997~2000 , 41 ): ,
- : 24 ( 10 , 5 ,
3 , 1 . 2 , 1 , 2
), ( , ),
. 2009
◦ 2009 .
6.
- 94 -
7.
.
o , PC 33
.
.
o
- N'Damena 800
.
o : ( )
- Tel: (+235)252-3395, 651-5715, 627-9998
- e-mail: leejamena@empal.com
8.
.
o : Adam Adji Ibrahim
- : 2 732-64
- Tel: (02)793-9564, Fax: (02)793-9584
.
- 95 -
o : Hamed Idriss
- : B.P. 555, N'Djamena
- Tel: (+235)629-2816, Fax: (+235)251-6748
- 96 -
Ⅸ
- 97 -
ⅨⅨ
1.
o 1961.5.8. , .
,
.
o
- : ( )
2.
1969.5.8.
3. , ,
.
- 98 -
Ⅹ
- 99 -
ⅩⅩ
1.
□ ( )
o : Idriss Déby Itno (이드리스 데비 이트노)
o : 1952 (58 )
o : Fada
- Zaghawa Bidayat
o : 1990.12.2.
o
- 1970 N'Djamena
- 1976 L'Institut Aéronautique de la
Grandge ( )
o
- 1970
- 1978-1979 (Forces Armée du Nord: FAN)
- 1980-1982
Hissène Habré , Goukouny
Weddeye
- 1982 Habré
- 1986-1987 ,
- 1987-1989 ․
- 100 -
- 1989 Habré Sudan
(Patriotic Salvation
Movement: MPS)
- 1990.12.2. N'Djamena
- 1991.2.28. 3 Déby
- 1996.7.
- 2001.5.
- 2005.6.
- 2006.5. 3
o
- Hinda (1977 , ) 4
10
- 101 -
□
o : Emmanuel Djelassem Nadingar (
)
o : 1952.4.14. ( 58 )
o : Kélo
o :
- Marien Ngouabi University ( , Brazaville) (
)
o :
( )
- 3 Prévention Foncière Assurance ( )
(Financial Director)
- 10
( )
- (Parti National pour le Redressement Démocratique:
PNRD)
- ( , Mouvement Patriotique du Salut:
MPS) ( )
- MPS ․ ․
( )
- 2000-2001 (Ministry of Planning and
Coopertion) (Secretary of State)
- 2003.6 (Deputy Secretary
General)
- 2004.2 ~
- 102 -
2004.7
- 2004.7.23.
- 2005.08.07. Minister
Delegate
- 2006.8.15~ (Ministry of Environment and
2006.8.28. Fisheries)
- 2006.8.28. (Ministry of Petroleum)
- 2008.4.23~ (Ministry of Mines and
2008.8 Energy)
- 2008.8 ~ Minister Delegate
2010.3
- 2010.03.05.~
o
- 4
- 103 -
□
o : Moussa Faki Mahamat (무사 파키 마하맛)
o : 1960.6.21. (50 )
o : Biltine
- Déby Zaghawa
o :
- ( )
- Georgetown
o
- N'Djamena Chad
- 1982.6.7. Hissein Habré
Acheikh Ibn Oumar
(Democratic Revolutionary Council) , 1991.
6.7. Déby
- 1996-99 (National Sugar Society:
SONASUT)
- 1999-2002
- 2001
- 2002
- 2003.6.24.~
2005.5. * 남부 출신을 총리로 임명해 온 관례를 벗어
나 대통령과 같은 북부 출신을 총리로 임명
한 것은 이례적
- 2007.02.
- 2008.4.23.
- 104 -
2. ,
(정부)
o (Présidence de la République): www.presidencetchad.org
o (Primature): www.primature-tchad.org
o (Ministère des Finances et du Budget): www.minefi-tchad.org
o (Ministère chargé des Droits de l'Homme): www.mdhpltchad.org
o (Ministère de la Culture, Jeunesse et Sports:
www.mcjstchad.org
o ․ (Ministère des Infrastructures et des Transports):
www.infrastructures-tchad.org
o ․ ․ (Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, de
l'Intégration et de la Cooperation): www.tchad-diplomatie.org
o (Ministère de l'Economie et du Plan): www.ecoplantd.org
o (Collège de Contrôle et de Surveillance
des Ressources Pétrolières): www.ccsrp.org
(외국 대사관)
o : Etats-Unis d'Amérique
B.P. 413 N'Djamena
Tel : (+235) 51 90 52, 51 92 33, 51 92 18
o : Nonciature Apostolique
B.P. 490 N'Djamena
Tel : (+235) 52 31 15 / 2 38 27 / 52 50 22
E-mail : nonceapo@intnet. td
o : République Algérienne démocratique et populaire
B.P. 178 N'Djamena
Tel : (+235) 52 38 15 / 52 35 92
- 105 -
Fax : (+235) 52 37 92
E-mail : amb.algerie@intnet.td
o : République Arabe d'Egypte
B.P. 1094 N'Djamena
Tel : (+235) 51 09 72
E-mail: am.egypte@intnet.td
o : Ambassade du Royaume de l'Arabie Saoudite
B.P. 974 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 52 31 27/ 52 33 28 / 51 45 55
E-mail: najdiat.tchad@intnet.td
o : République Centrafricaine
B.P. 115 N'Djamena
Tel : (+235) 52 32 06
o : Ambassade de la République Populaire de Chine
Adresse : Rue N°.1021 (Boulevard de Koufra)
Quartier résidentiel, administratif et commercial
Premier Arrondissement de N’Djaména, République du Tchad
B.P. 735 N’Djaména Tchad
Chancellerie : (+235) 52 29 49
Service consulaire : (+235) 666 00 09
Fax : (+235) 53 04 45
Website: http://td.china-embassy.org, http://td.chineseembassy.org
o : République Fédérale du Nigéria
B.P.752 N'Djamena
Tel: 235 52 24 98 / 52 26 47
Fax : 235 52 30 92
E-mail: nigndjam@intnet.td
o : République Française
B.P. 431 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 52 25 75 /52 25 76
- 106 -
Fax: (+235) 52 28 55
E-mail: amba.France@intnet.td
o : République du Soudan
B.P. 45 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 52 50 10 / 52 39 88
E-mail: amb.soudan@intnet.td
o : Grande Jamahirya Arabe Libyenne Socialiste
B.P. 1096 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 51 92 89 / 52 45 58
E-mail: alibya1@intnet.td, alibya@intnet.td, alibya2@intnet.td
o : Fédération de Russie
B.P. 891 N'Djamena
Tel : (+235) 52 31 72 / 52 06 45
E-mail : amrus@intnet.td
o : Union Européenne
B P. 552 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 52 72 76 / 52 89 77
Fax: (+235) 52 71 05
E-mail : eudeltcd@intnet.td
(대사대리)
o Ordre Souverain militaire de Malte
B.P. 1208 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 52 26 03 /52 26 04
o : République du Cameroun
B.P. 58 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235)52 34 73 / 52 28 94
o DR : République Démocratique du Congo
B.P. 910 N'Djamena
- 107 -
Tel: (+235) 52 59 35 / 52 21 83
o : République Fédérale d'Allemagne
B.P. 893 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 51 56 47
(명예영사관)
o : Benin
B.P. 2211 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 52 60 34
o : Belgique
B.P.87 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 52 43 14 / 52 37 81
Fax: (+235) 52 23 45
E-mail: biat@intnet.td
o : Canada
Tel: (+235) 53 42 80
E-mail: fcil.tchad@intnet.td
o : République de Corée
Tel : (+235) 5111 55 31
N'Djamena
o : Danemark
B.P. 455 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 518941
Fax: (+235) 51 87 38
E-mail: tchami@intnet.td
o : Royaume Uni et Italie
N'Djamena
Tel: (+235)52 39 70 / 52 01 72
- 108 -
o : Grèce
B.P. 24 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 52 35 05 /52 28 21
Fax: (+235) 52 35 05
E-mail: consulgr@intnet.td
o : Inde
B.P. 1500 N'Djamena
Tel: (+235) 52 43 07 / 52 20 75
Fax: (+235)52 43 07
E-mail: tv2000@intnet.td
o : Niger
Tel: (+235) 51 88 13
o : Togo
B.P. 1233 N'Djamena
Tel: 235 52 31 16
Fax:235 52 31 16
E-mail: egbt@intnet.td
o : Turquie
Tel: (+235) 51 05 84
o : Pakistan
Tel: (+235) 51 49 62

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차드 개황%282010년 3월%29

  • 2.
  • 3. 國旗國旗 ․ ․ 3 . ․ ․ , ( ) , . ․ ․ . 3:2 . 1959 11 6 .
  • 5. < La Tchadienne > Peuple Tchadien, debout et à l'ouvrage! Tu as conquis la terre et ton droit; Ta liberté naîtra de ton courage. Lève les yeux, l'avenir est à Toi. O mon Pays, que Dieu te prenne en garde, Que tes voisins admirent tes enfants. Joyeux, pacifique, avance en chantant, Fidèle à tes anciens qui te regardent. People of Chad, arise and to work! You have conquered the soil and won your rights; Your freedom will be born of your courage. Lift up your eyes, the future is yours. O my Country, may God protect you, May your neighbours admire your children. Joyful, peaceful, advance as you sing, Faithful to your fathers who are watching you. * Written by Louis Gidrol and his student group and composed by Paul Villard, it has been the official anthem since independence in 1960. <듣기> http://www.tchad.org/recherche/drapeau.html
  • 9.
  • 10. - 2 - o : (Republic of Chad, République du Tchad) o : (N'Djamena) 100 - : Moundou, Abéché, Sarh o : - , , , , (DRC) o : 1,284,634㎢ ( 12.9 , 5.8 ) o - , , o - : - : , 6 -9 - : 5 10 o : 10,111,337 (2008 ) - : 2.195%, : 1㎢ 6.6 o : , (2 ), Sara( ), 120 o : 200 - ․ : Gorane (Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Arabs, Baguirmi, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, Maba - : Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moudang, Moussei, Massa (animist)
  • 11. - 3 - o : (51%), (35%), (7%), (7%) o : 1960.8.11 o : 8.11. ( ). o ( ): H.E. Idriss DEBY Itno (1990.12.4. ) - 5 , . (2006.5 ) - 2006.5.3 , 2011.5 - 2006 : Idriss DEBY Itno (64.7%, ), Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE (15.1%), Albert Pahimi PADACKE (7.8%), Mahamat ABDOULAYE (7.1%), Brahim KOULAMALLAH (5.3%) o : o : 1996.3.31. , 2006 ( ) o ( ): Emmanuel Nadingar (2010.3.5. ) - o : ( 155 ) - 4 . - 1996 (Senate) , . - 2002.4.21. , 2009 . 2006 , , 2007.8 . - 2006 : MPS ( ) 110 , RDP
  • 12. - 4 - 12 , FAR 9 , RNDP 5 , URD 3 , 11 o : (Supreme Court), (Court of Appeals), (Criminal Courts), (Magistrate Courts) o GDP: US$91.06 (2008 ), GDP (ppp): US$161.9 o GDP : 1.7% (2008 ) o 1 GDP: US$1,500 (2007 ), GDP per capita(ppp): US$1,600 (2008 ) o GDP (2008 ): (20.5%), (48%), (31.5%) - : , (sorghum), (millet), , , , , , , , - : , , , , , , o (2006 ): 374.7 ( 80%, 20%) o (2006 ): US$61.73 , US$87.76 o (2007 ): 10% o - (2008 ): US$55 ( , , , (gum arabic) ) * (2007 ): (89.5%), (3.7%), (3.4%) - (2008 ): US$14.7 ( , , , , ) * (2007 ): (20.4%), (16.1%), (10.9%), (10%), (7.5%), (4.4%) o : , , , , , , , , o (2008 ): 15 - 1 (2008 ): 156,000 - 1 (2005 ): 176,000 o : US$11.22 (2008.12.31.) o : US$16 (2007 )
  • 13. - 5 - o : (XAF) (US$1 = XAF470.47, 2009.5.26. ) o :
  • 14. - 6 - 차드 사하라 이남 아프리카 세계 중저소득 국가 2007년도 인구 (단위: 백만명) 10.8 800 1,296 1인당 국민총소득(GNI) (단위: 미화 불) 540 952 578 국민총소득 (GNI) (단위: 미화 십억불) 5.8 762 749 2001-7년간 연평균 인구증가율(%) 3.4 2.5 2.2 노동인구증가율(%) 3.3 2.6 2.7 2001-7년중 가용한 최신 통계(Most recent estimate; latest year available, 2001-07) 빈곤율 (% of population below national poverty line) .. .. .. 도시인구율(% of total population) 26 36 32 기대수명 (년) 51 51 57 영아 1,000명당 사망 (per 1,000 live births) 124 94 85 5세 이하 유아 영양실조율(%, of children under 5) 34 27 29 상수도 보급률 (% of population) 48 58 68 15세 이상 문자해독율 (% of school-age population) .. 59 61 초등학교 취학율 (% of school-age population) 76 94 94 남성 인구율 (기준: 100) 90 99 100 여성 인구율 (기준: 100) 61 88 89 1987 1997 2006 2007 국내총생산 (GDP) (미화 십억불) 1.2 1.5 6.3 7.1 국내총생산 대비 총자본형성율 9.1 19.5 22.3 19.1 국내총생산 대비 상품서비스 수출율 15.4 18.5 61.1 49.1 국내총생산 대비 국내총저축율 -11.9 7.3 43.6 34.2 국내총생산 대비 국민총저축율 -3.2 8.0 24.3 23.3 국내총생산 대비 경상수지흑자(적자)율 -13.0 -11.4 7.7 6.6 국내총생산 대비 투자지출율 0.3 0.6 0.3 .. 국내총생산 대비 총부채율 30.0 65.8 28.1 .. 국내총생산 대비 부채 현재가치율 .. .. 16.6 .. 연간수출액 대비 부채 현재가치율 .. .. 28.2 .. 차드경제지표 일람표 2008.09.24 세계은행 작성 빈곤 및 각종 사회지표 주요 경제지표 및 장기 추이 (단위: 미화 십억불)
  • 15. - 7 - 1987-97 1997-07 2006 2007 2007-11 (예상) 국내총생산 성장율 2.2 9.5 0.2 0.6 2.3 1인당 국내총생산 성장율 -1.0 5.7 -2.9 -2.1 0.6 상품∙서비스 수출 성장율 0.6 26.3 11.2 -19.2 -13.5 1987 1997 2006 2007 농업 33.1 39.9 20.5 23.4 공업(Industry) 14.6 14.2 54.8 44.1 제조업(Manufacturing) 11.4 12.0 5.3 6.4 서비스업 52.3 45.8 24.7 32.5 가계소비지출 96.0 86.2 50.5 59.7 정부지출 15.8 6.5 5.9 6.0 상품∙서비스 수입 36.4 30.8 39.8 33.9 1987 1997 2006 2007 물가 수준 (% change) 소비자 물가 -6.0 5.6 3.0 3.0 국내총생산 디플레이터(GDP Deflator) -3.1 3.8 6.2 2.4 국내총생산 대비 정부재정 비율(% of GDP, includes current grants) 국내총생산 대비 정부수입 비율 5.6 9.1 11.1 10.6 국내총생산 대비 재정비율 -2.3 0.9 6.4 5.7 국내총생산 대비 재정 흑자(적자) 비율 -18.0 -8.6 -3.2 -3.4 1987-97 1997-07 2006 2007 농업 성장율 5.1 2.6 3.2 0.1 공업(Industry) 성장율 0.6 24.2 -3.7 -13.6 제조업(Manufacturing) 성장율 .. .. .. .. 서비스업 성장율 0.8 7.2 4.9 8.8 가계소비지출 성장율 1.1 3.7 -15.4 19.1 정부지출 성장율 -10.5 7.2 30.1 3.4 총자본형성 성장율 3.1 12.1 10.5 -14.1 상품∙서비스 수입 성장율 -4.4 12.8 0.8 -14.4 (연평균성장율) 경제구조(산업부문별 국내총생산) (단위: %) (연평균성장율) 물가 수준 및 정부 제정
  • 16. - 8 - 1987 1997 2006 2007 총수출 (FOB 가격) 109 243 3,479 3,294 면화 41 114 58 61 가축 42 72 296 311 제조업 상품 4 .. .. .. 총수입 (CIF 가격) 366 246 721 706 식품 18 18 .. .. 연료∙에너지 38 22 92 115 자본재 90 158 .. .. 수출가격지수(2000년 수출가격 = 100) 159 127 323 285 수입가격지수(2000년 수입가격 = 100) 142 118 116 122 교역조건 (2000년 교역조건 = 100) 113 108 279 234 1987 1997 2006 2007 상품∙서비수 수출 180 286 3.699 3,696 상품∙서비스 수입 424 475 2,208 2,238 무역수지 -244 -189 1,491 1,458 순수입 -11 -17 -1,143 -1,149 순경상이전(Net current transfers) 104 29 137 160 경상수지 -151 -177 485 470 순금융 (Net financing items) 180 163 -351 -304 순보유고 변화(changes in net reserves) -30 14 -134 -165 주: 외환보유고 .. 174 459 539 전환율(Conversion rate) (DEC, local/US$) 300.5 583.7 522.9 479.3 무역 (단위: 미화 백만불) 경상수지 (단위: 미화 백만불)
  • 17. - 9 - 1987 1997 2006 2007 총외채 349 1,016 1,772 .. 세계은행(IBRD) 0 0 30 26 국제개발공사(IDA) 61 457 925 968 총서비스채무(Total debt service) 8 35 68 .. 세계은행(IBRD) 0 0 6 6 국제개발공사(IDA) 1 5 18 18 해외지원 유입 구성(Composition of net resource flows) 공적 무상공여(Official grants) 107 107 205 .. 공적 금융(Official creditors) 39 73 83 .. 민간금융(Private creditors) 3 0 -1 .. 해외직접투자(순유입) 8 44 700 .. 0 0 0 .. 세계은행 지원프로그램 세계은행측 공약(Commitments) 19 25 0 0 세계은행측 지출(Disbursements) 13 49 31 16 원본 변제(Principal repayments) 1 2 15 16 순유입(Net flows) 12 47 16 0 이자 지급(Interest payments) 1 3 8 8 순이전(Net transfers) 12 43 7 -8 외채 및 해외지원 유입(RESOURCE FLOWS) (단위: 미화 백만불)
  • 19. - 11 - ⅡⅡ 1. . o . Borkou 300 . . o 7000 . Borkou Ennedi , , , . o , Bantu . o BC 7 . BC 1 Sahelian .
  • 20. - 12 - . o Sao Chari (chiefdom) , Kanem-Bornu Baguirmi . o Ouaddai . 1500 1900 . 2. . o 1891 . o 1900 Lamy Rabah , . 1911 . .
  • 21. - 13 - . o 1905 . 1910 (Federation of French Equatorial Africa: AEF) , Oubangui-Charo, Moyen Congo 1920 . 1914 . o 1959 AEF , , ( ) 4 . o 1960.8.11. , François Tombalbaye . 3. . o 1965 , . o Tombalbaye Tombalbaye 1975 Felix Malloum
  • 22. - 14 - . o 1978 Malloum , Hissein Habré 1979 2 私兵 N'Djamena . o 11 , . . o (OAU) 4 . 1979 8 4 Lagos . . o 1979 11 (GUNT) 18 . Goukouni Oueddei , Colonel Kamougue , Hissein Habré . o , 1980 1 Goukouni Habré . Goukouni 1980
  • 23. - 15 - . . o 1981 1 Goukouni Goukouni . o Aozou Habré ‘81 6 N'Djamena . o 3,500 , , OAU ( ) . o Habré , . o 1983 GUNT . Habré 16 .
  • 24. - 16 - . o 1984 9 . 1984 , ⅓ . o (CODO) . 1985 Habré (Chadian Democratic Front), (Coordinating Action Committee of the Democratic Revolutionary Council) . o Goukouni Habré , Goukouni Habré . o 1987 1988 1994 (ICJ) Aouzou strip , . . Idriss Déby o 1980 Hadjerai, Zaghawa, Gorane . 1989 4 Habré Zaghawa Idriss
  • 25. - 17 - Déby Habré , Darfur Zaghawa Gorane Habré . o 1990 12 Déby N'Djamena . 3 1992.2.28. Déby (Patriotic Salvation Movement: MPS) Déby . o 2 Déby 2 . (MDD), (CSNPD), (FNT), (FAO) . o (1992 ), , , 750 . o . 1994 Kette Moise CSNPD . o Kette Laokein Barde (Democratic Front for Renewal: FDR) (Armed Forces for a Federal Republic: FARF), MDD 2 1994-95
  • 26. - 18 - . . o 1996 , Déby 6 . Déby 2 Kebzabo Kamougue (1975 ) . o (MPS) 1997 1 125 63 . . . o 1997 FARF MDD . 1997 10 「 (FNT)」 「 (Movement for Social Justice and Democracy)」 . o FARF 1998 1 . Barde .
  • 27. - 19 - o 1998 2003 「 (Chadian Movement for Justice and Democracy: MDJT)」 Tibesti , . o 2003 . MDJT Tibesti , . . o 2001 5 Déby 2002 1 63% . 6 2 , 1 . o , Zaghawa , . o 2004 5 Déby . 2005 6 , . o 3 Déby 3 . 2006 4 Tama
  • 28. - 20 - (United Front for Democratic Change) Déby Zaghawa N'Djamena . o 2006.5.3. Déby . 580 60% Déby 77.6% . o 2006 , 2007. 10.26. 4 . Muammar Gaddafi Sirte . o 2008 2 N'Djamena .
  • 30. - 22 - ⅢⅢ 1. . o 1996 . o 5 , 2005 6 . . o , , , . o . o , 5 . 2005 .
  • 31. - 23 - 직 책 성 명 Prime Minister EMMANUEL NADINGAR Min. of National Defense WADAL ABDELKADER KAMOUGUE Min. of Foreign Affairs, African Integration & Int'l Cooperation MOUSSA FAKI MAHAMAT Min. of Justice & Keeper of the Seal MBATLAOU NAEMBAVE LOSSIMIAN Min. of Economy & Planning MAHAMAT ALI HASSAN Min. of Communication, Spokesman of the Government KEDALLAH YOUNOUS Min. of Infrastructure & Transport ADOUM YOUNOUSMI Min. of Interior & Public Security AHMAT MAHAMAT MANNANY Min. of Environment & Fisheries Resources HASSAN TERAP Min. of Finance & Budget GATA NGOULOU Min. of Livestock & Animal Husbandry AHMAT RAKHIS MANNANY Min. of Public Health Mme Dr TOUFTA BOGUENA Min. of National Education ABDERAHIM YOUNOUS ALI Min. of Higher Learning, Scientific Research & Vocational Training AHMAT TABOYE Min. of Agriculture & Irrigation PAHIMI PACACKE ALBERT Min. of Mines & Geology HASSAN SALINE Min. of Petroleum & Energy TABE EUGENE Min. of Territorial Administration, City Planning & Housing DJIMRANGAR DADNADJI Min. of Social Action, National Solidarity & Family Mme. NGARMBATINA CARMEL SOU IV Min. of in charge of Human Rights and Promotion of Liberty ABDERAMAN DJASNABAILLE Min. of Public Service and Labor ABDOULAYE ABAKAR Min. of Postal Service, Information Technology JEAN BAWOYEU ALINGUE o Déby Zaghawa . . o , . □ (2010.03.09. )
  • 32. - 24 - & Communications Min. in charge of Micro-finance & Fight against Poverty Mme FAIME TCHOMBI Min. of Sanitation Service & the Promotion of Good Governance AHMADAYE AL HASSAN Min. of Culture, Youth, & Sports DJIBERT YOUNOUS Min. of Tourism Development and Artisan MAHAMAT ALLAOU TAHER Min. of Commerce & Industry YOUSSOUF ABBASSALLAH Min. of Water AHMAT MAHAMAT KARAMBALE Min. Delegate to the Prime Minister in charge of Decentralization HAMID MAHAMAT DAHALOP Min. & Sec. Gen. of the Govt. in charge of Relations with the National Assembly Mme ASSIA ABBO Sec. of State for Foreign Relations, International Cooperation & African Integration MAHAMAT BECHIR OKORMI Sec. of State for Finance Mme HABIBA SAHOULBA Sec. of State for Infrastructure & Transport MAHAMAT MAHAMADOU ADDY Sec. of State for Interior & Public Security Social Action in charge of National Solidarity BICHARA ISSA DJADALLAH Sec. of State for National Education Mme. KHADIDJA HASSABALLAH Sec. of State for Higher Learning, Scientific Research & Vocational Training YAYA DJABAYE Sec. of State for Territorial Administration, City Planning & Housing LAOUNA GONG RAOUL Sec. of State for Public Health Mme MAHADIE OUTMANE ISSA Sec. of State for Agriculture & Irrigation Mme MARIAM ATAHIR Sec. of State for Social Action Mme NAIMA ABDELMOUTI Deputy Sec. Gen. of the Govt. in charge of Relations with the National Assembly OUSMANE MOUSSA MAHAMAT . o 4 155 3 . 3 10 . o 2 . 15 .
  • 33. - 25 - o . o 1 . o ( : MPS) . . o , . o . 2000 . 15 . o 9 9 , , .
  • 34. - 26 - . o 2008 2 22 (region) . 14 (prefecture) 2003 . (governor) . o prefect 61 (department) , 200 (sub-prefecture) , 446 (canton) . (canton) (communautés rurales) , ․ . o . , , 2005 . (*) 22 : - 1. Barh El Gazel, 2. Batha, 3. Borkou, 4. Chari-Baguirmi 5. Ennedi, 6. Guéra, 7. Hadjer-Lamis, 8. Kanem. 9.Lac 10. Logone Occidental, 11. Logone Oriental, 12. Mandoul 13. Mayo-Kebbi Est, 14. Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, 15. Moyen-Chari 16. Ouaddaï, 17. Salamat, 18. Sila, 19. Tandjilé, 20. Tibesti 21. Wadi Fira, 22. N'Djamena
  • 35. - 27 - . □ ( : Patriotic Salvation Movement; MPS: Mouvement Patriotique du Salut) o 1996 Déby Itno 1990 12 (MPS) . o MPS 80% . MPS MPS . o MPS . . o 2008 4 MPS Ouddaian Youssef Saleh Abbas . o Abbas 4 . 「 (Coordination des partis politiques de la constitution:CPDC) .
  • 36. - 28 - □ o 2004 26 CPDC . o 2005 6 , CPDC 2006 5 . o 2006 Déby Itno , . o Saleh Kebzabo 「 (National Union for Democracy and Renewal: Union nationale pour le développement et le renouveau: UNDR)」, 「 (Union for Renewal and Democracy: Union pour le renouveau et la démocratie: UR D)」, Ngarlegy Yorongar 「 , (Federation, Action for the Republic: Fédéreation, Action for the Republic, FAR)」 CDPC . o 2002 FAR 9 , URD 3 , UNDR 5 . o (Union des syndicats du Tchad: UST),
  • 37. - 29 - . Lol Mahamat Choua 「 (Rally for Democracy and Progress: Rassemblement pour la démocratie et le progrès: RDP), Ibni Oumar Mahamat Saleh 「 (Party for Liberty and Development: Parti pour la libérte et la développement (PLD) MPS 2 , MPS .
  • 38. - 30 - Parties Votes % Seats Patriotic Salvation Movement (Mouvement Patriotique de Salut or MPS) . 113 Rally for Democracy and Progress (Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et le Progrès or RDP) . 10 Federation, Action for the Republic (Fédération, action pour la république or FAR) . 10 National Rally for Development and Progress (Rassemblement National pour le Développement et le Progrès or RNDP) . 5 National Union for Democracy and Renewal (Union Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Rénouveau or UNDR) . 5 Union for Renewal and Democracy (Union pour le Rénouveau et la Démocratie or URD) . 3 Action for Unity and Socialism (Action pour l'Unité et le Socialisme or ACTUS) . 1 Action for Renewal of Chad (Action pour le Rénouveau du Tchad or ARD) . 1 People's Movement for Democracy in Chad (Mouvement Populaire pour la Démocratie au Tchad or MPDT) . 1 National Democratic and Federal Convention (Convention nationale Démocratique et Fédérale or CDF) . 1 National Democratic and Social Convention (Convention National Démocratique et Sociale or CNDS) . 1 Rally for the Republic - Lingui (Rassemblement pour la République - Lingui or RPR-Lingui) . 1 National Rally for Democracy in Chad (Rassemblement National pour la Démocratie au Tchad - le Réveil or RNDT) . 1 National Union (Union Nationale or UN) . 1 Rally of Democratic Forces in Chad (Rassemblement des Forces Démocratiques au Tchad or RFDT) . 1 Total (turnout 52.4 %) 2,185,646 155 Source: IPU Parline. □ (2002 4 ) . o 2005 Idriss Déby Itno . o , . , 2006 2008
  • 39. - 31 - N'Djamena , , Déby Itno . □ o Alliance Nationale/Union des forces pour la démocratie et le développement: (UFDD) - UFDD 2006 5 UFDD Déby Itno Gorane Mahamat Nouri 2006 10 . - Nouri (Conseil démocratique révolutionnaire: CDR) Acheikh Ibn Oumar . - UFDD 2006 12 (Front uni pour le changement:: FUC) Mahamat Nour FUC Abakar Tolli Zaghawa (Rassemblement populaire pour la justice: RPJ) . - 2008 2 N'Djamena Nouri (Alliance Nationale) , RFC (Rassemblement des forces pour le changement) UFCD (Union des forces pour le changement et la démocratie) . - 2008 UFDD 2,500 2008 6
  • 40. - 32 - . o Union des forces pour le changement et la démocratie (UFCD) - UFDD Ouddaian 1999 Déby Itno Adouma Hassaballah . - 2006 . UFDD/Nouri 2008 . o Rassemblement des forces pour le changement/Rassemblement des forces démocratiques: RFC-RAFD) - 2006 4 RAFD Timane Erdimi , 2007 RFC . RFC UFDD 2008 2 N'Djamena . - RFC UFDD . RFC UFDD UFCD . - RFC Zaghawa Déby Itno RFC . - 2005 Timane Erdimi Déby Itno , Tom . - RAFD Socle pour le changement, l'unité et la démocratie
  • 41. - 33 - (SCUD) Zaghawa . - SCUD Déby Itno Zaghawa (Bideyat) 2005 10 . 2. . Idriss Déby Itno o Zaghawa Bideyat Déby Itno 1990 . o 2001 5 2006 5 . o 2005 Déby Itno . o , .
  • 42. - 34 - . Youssouf Saleh Abbas o Youssouf Saleh Abbas Déby Itno N'Djamena 2008 2 N'Djamena . , Abbas Déby Itno . o Abbas , . o Ouddai Abbas , Paris . o 2006 Déby Itno . EUFOR MINURCAT . . Mahammat Nouri o Gorane 2006 5 UFDD(Union des forces pour le progrès et la démocratie) Déby Itno .
  • 43. - 35 - o 2006 10 UFCD(Union des forces le changement et la démocratie , 2008 2 N'Djamena . o Nouri 2008 6 . o Nouri , . . Saleh Kebzabo o Kebzabo CPDC(Coordination des partis politiques de la défense de la constitution) UNDR(Union nationale pour le développement et le renouveau) . o Mayo-Kebbi , N'Djamena bihebdo , 1990 , 1996 2001 Déby Itno . o 2008 2 N'Djamena , CPDC Ibni Oumar Mahamat Saleh CPDC Kebzabo 2007 8 “ ” 2009 .
  • 44. - 36 - 3. . Doba o 2003 7-9 Doba . . o Déby Itno 2004 5 . . o 5 , (70 ) , 2004 2005 6 . . Déby , o 2005 , 2005 10 . o , Déby Itno
  • 45. - 37 - Zaghawa , Socle pour le changement, l'unité et la démocratie (SCUD) . . Déby o Déby Itno . 2006 4 Mahamat Nour Front uni pour le changement (FUC) (CAR) . o 2006.4.13. N'Djamena . 4 Déby Itno 2006.5.3. 5 . o 2011 . . N'Djamena o UFDD, RFC, UFDD-F(UFDD fundamental) 2,000 (United Military Command: UMC) 800㎞ N'Djamena . o 2008.2.2. 36 , T-55 Déby Itno .
  • 46. - 38 - . o Déby Itno ( ) . .
  • 48. - 40 - ⅣⅣ 1. . o . . Idriss Déby . o (EU), , . o , , , , , , (DRC), , , , , , EU . . o Déby . (Central African Customs and Economic Union: UDEAC), (Lake Chad and Niger River Basin Commissions), Sahel (Interstate Commission for the
  • 49. - 41 - Fight against Drought in the Sahel) . o 1980 . - 1972 9 François (Ngarta) Tombalbaye o 1980 1990 Habré . - 1988 o 1980 , Aozou (strip) , . . o 2005.12.24. ‘ (state of belligerent)’ .
  • 50. - 42 - Darfur . o 2006.2.8. Tripoli . 2006.8.11. Muammar al-Gaddafi . o Janjaweed UFDC 2006 . o 2007.9.25. 3,700 EU (EUFOR) . o 2008.2.2. N'Djamena . o 2008.2.5. , 3.12. Dakar . . o 2008 , 2008.7.18. Al-Bashir .
  • 51. - 43 - o 8 . 2008 10 Tripoli , 11 . o 2009 1 UN (MINURCAT) EUFOR . o 2009 1 Darfur . . o . (World Bank) . o , Déby . .
  • 52. - 44 - o 1962 1972 1997 2006 . 2006 . 2006.8.5. , . 2. . o 2006 4 2008 2 Déby Itno . o . 1983 3,000 2008 1000 . o N'Djamena . o Bangui , N'Djamena, Darfur Abéché .
  • 53. - 45 - o 2008 6 14 4,000 EU (EUFOR) . . o . 2005-2008 Déby Itno . o 2005 - . . o Déby Itno . 2005 . . o 2006 4 ExxonMobil , Donald Yamamoto
  • 54. - 46 - N'Djamena . o 2002 Pan-Sahel Initiative . . o 2006 8 . , , .
  • 56. - 48 - ⅤⅤ 1. . o 2007 GDP US$70 9,500 , , , , . o (United Nations' Human Development Index) 80% . o . 1979~1982 . 2000 . o Doba . , , . o (EU), .
  • 57. - 49 - . o 80% ( , , ) . ( ) . o GDP 21.5%, 47.8%, 30.6% . o , , , . . CotonTchad , , EU, . 2. . o 2003 . . o 2003 GDP 34% 72% .
  • 58. - 50 - 2007 17.2% . . o 2007 GDP 45% 2003 GDP 12.2% . 1 GDP 2003 43.7% 2007 65% . o N'Djamena Moundou, Sarh GDP 7.3% , 3 2007 GDP 26.3% . o , , . , , . o Doba 1999-2003 . , 2003 GDP . . (World Bank, IMF 감독 하의 경제정책 이행)
  • 59. - 51 - o 2006 IMF . IMF 2004 , 2005 2 IMF 2005-2007 (poverty reduction and growth facility: PRGF) . o , 2006 1 - (WB) (Petroleum Revenue Management Law: PRML) . o 2006 7 WB “ (Future Generations Fund)” 70% . o 2008 2 N'Djamena 2007-2008 . 2008 WB . o 2008 IMF N'Djamena , , , PRGF 2008 .
  • 60. - 52 - (편의주의적 경제정책) o 2005 . , 2007 . o WB - / , . o , . 2005 , , . o WB 2006 9 Idriss Déby Itno Esso Chad 2 Chevron Petronas US$280 . o , Esso Chad 2008 US$12 .
  • 61. - 53 - o 2007 , 2007 . ( ) o CFA (Banque des Etats de l'Afrique centrale: BEAC) . o (ECB) BEAC . o BEAC . 3. . o 1994 CFA . .
  • 62. - 54 - o 1999-2000 2000 Doba . 2003 GDP Doba 14.9% , 2004 29.5% . o GDP 2006 GDP 2007-2008 2% . . o GDP 2002 17.6% 2007 8.7% . . o , Sahel . . o , , . 2000/2001(11 -10 ) 929,000 ( 2 75%) . 2006/2007
  • 63. - 55 - 191 . o 2007/2008 , . ( ) o 35-50% . , 9% 100 . o (Société cotonnière du Tchad, CotonTchad) , CotonTchad , . o . Douala . ( ) o Sahel . (Institut national de la statistique, des études économiques et démographiques: INSEED) 2007 GDP 8.5% .
  • 64. - 56 - o , . . . ( ) o ExxonMobil(40%), Petronas(35%), Chevron(25%) Esso Chad 2003 . o Doba 3 (Miandoum, Bolobo, Komé) 25 225,000 . o 2003 7 2005 , 17 . Esso Chad 200 488 , Maikeri . 2007 144,000 . o Doba US$37 US$17 , US$20 .
  • 65. - 57 - o Esso Chad 100% 80% . 20% . o US$20 60% Esso Chad . 3%(US$1 ) , . o 2009 , 2007 - (China National Petroleum Corporation: CNPC) . o 2007 (Société Tchadienne des Hydrocarbures) . o , , . . o 2002 GDP 9% 2007 GDP 3% . o N'Djamena Moundou, Sarh
  • 66. - 58 - , 1 , ․ ․ . o , . . o 2005 . o 2004 , , . o . EU , . o 2007 2008 2 N'Djamena , N'Djamena 2008-2009
  • 67. - 59 - . . o BEAC , . o (Commission bancaire de l'Afrique centrale: COBAC) , 5 N'Djamena, Sarh, Moundou 3 . o BEAC . . . o , . N'Djamena . o .
  • 68. - 60 - 4. . o 72% . o N‘Djamena, Moundou, Sarh 7% , 3 20% . . o . 1994 CFA 1990 . o , , CFA 2000 . o 2005 2006 8% , 2007 CFA -9% . , , CFA 2008 10% . 5.
  • 69. - 61 - . Doba o Logoné Occidental Doba . . o Doba , Doba . . . , o (UNDP) [Chari-Baguirmi(N'Djamena), Logoné Occidental (Moundou) Moyen-Chari(Sarh) ] . o Déby Itno , . o Darfur Biltine, Ouaddaï, Salamat
  • 70. - 62 - 28 Darfur . 6. . o 3 . 2007 US$42 , US$12 . o . , 2002 . o , 2003 10 . 2007 59% . , . o 2001 , . 2006 . o Doba
  • 71. - 63 - , . o , , 10 . o . Doba . o , . . o 2001 . Doba (FDI) . o UNCTAD 1999 US$2,500 FDI 2002 US$9 2,400 . IMF FDI 2003 US$713 , 2004 US$478 2006 US$612 .
  • 72. - 64 - o FDI , . 7. . o . . 100 . . o 1993 ExxonMobil Doba 9 . 2003 7 . o , , , , , , , . . . . o , , , , , , , , .
  • 73. - 65 - o , , . 1996 SOTEC . SATOM . 8. . o 1990 Doba 9 2003 , Miandoum, Kome, Bolobo . o 15 13 25 . . - o 2003 7 - (Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project) . o Doba 1,070㎞ Kribi
  • 74. - 66 - ExxonMobil( 40%), Petronas( 35%), Texaco-Chevron(25%) - Esso Exploration and Production Chad Inc. (EEPCI) . o 10 20-25 . Sedigui, Madiago, Bongor, Doseo, Salamat, Erdis Esso Zone Doba . o (US Geological Survey) 2008 1 15 . 37 , , , , , , , , 9 . o . (2011-2012 ) Esso . . o (China National Petroleum Corporation: CNPC) .
  • 75. - 67 - o 2007 CNPC 1 (7 3,000 ) Ronier-1 . o 2008 Esso Doba . o 60 , 2009 100 . 2008 484 , 241 2007 15% . 71,000 . o Esso 56,000 127,200 2007 143,000 11% . o Esso 2003 10 2008 12 2 8,800 ( 316 ) . . 收入 o 2008 US$43 5,000 .
  • 76. - 68 - o 2 ⅔ . . o 2008 ( Brent US$60-70, $10-15 ) . o 4 . - Esso 1998 Moundouli Nya 3 12.5% 2004 Maikeri 14.25% . - 2006 2008 US$11 ($555 ) . - TOTCO ( branch) COTCO( branch) . 2 . - ( , , ) .
  • 77. - 69 - . o . 4,600 , 1,100 800 6,500 . o 2008 260 , 1,150 . Esso , . . o . 127,000 484 65 . o . 2005 173,000 . o , .
  • 78. - 70 - 9. . o . , 6,200㎞ 524㎞ . 33,400㎞ . o , . , Doba . . o Chari Logone 4,830 ㎞ , 2,000㎞ . o N'Djamena Douala (1,500㎞) Harcourt (1,700㎞) . Ngaoundéré Douala .
  • 79. - 71 - . o N'Djamena . N'Djamena Air France . o , 2004 10 Toumaï Air Tchad Ethiopian Airways . 1998 Air Tchad , . . o . 2% , N'Djamena 9% . 45.8mw . N'Djamena 7-17mw 25mw . o 100 , , , ( ) . o (STEE:Société tchadienne d'eau et d'électricité) , .
  • 80. - 72 - . . o . 2007 918,400 . o Celtel Tchad , Milicom International Cellular (MIC) Tigo . o (Société des télécommunications du Tchad: Soteltchad) . Soteltchd . ITU 2006 13,000 . o , . Soteltchad (ISPs) 2007 6 .
  • 82. - 74 - ⅥⅥ 1. . o . Déby Itno Zaghawa 2005 (Garde républicaine) . o Hissein Habré Gourane, Zaghawa, Hadjerai, Massa . Zaghawa Bidyate Idriss Déby 1989 Zaghawa Hadjerai . . o 1990.12.1. Habré Déby N'Djamena Zaghawa , Déby . o , , , ( 2007 Mahamat Nour
  • 83. - 75 - Tama ) . 2. . o Habré 36,000 , Idriss Déby 50,000 . o 1991 . . o 25,000 , Zaghawa . . o . 2004 3 Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) . o 2003 Darfur .
  • 84. - 76 - o , , ․ ․ Pan Sahel Initiative .
  • 85. - 77 - Ⅶ
  • 86. - 78 - Ⅶ ․Ⅶ ․ 1. , , . o . Saharan Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti ㎢ 0.1 , Logone Occidental ㎢ 52.4 . o 1/5 . o N'Djamena . Sarh, Moundou, Abéché, Doba , . o 2003 23 Darfur . 172,000 .
  • 87. - 79 - . o . . Sultan . . · . o · . · · . 50% · . . o 200 . , . o . Sara , . o Sahel
  • 88. - 80 - , Toubous . o , . 5 . - Sara Moyen-Chari, Logone Oriental( ), Logone Occidental ( ), Tandjilé , Mayo-Kebbi . Sara Kaba, Sara Madjingaye, Nar, Goulay, Mbaye, Gor, Mongo, Mouroum, Kaba Goré, Ngambaye, Daye, Mboum, . . - (Batha, Chari-Baguirmi, Salamat) Fulani . Missiri, Ouled Rachid, Salamat, Maham, Djaatné, Khozam . . - Kanembou, Kouri, Boudouna, Bilal, Kouka, Medogo, Baguirmien, Hadjar, Rattanilé, Mesmedjé, Massalat, Ouaddaï, Maba, Dadjo, Bidjo, Massalit, Tama . - Toubou BET(Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti) Kanem , Teda, Daza Gorane, Zaghawa . - Mayo-Kebbi Massa, Moussey, Marba, Toupouri, Moundang, Kado, Nantchérés, Gabris, Kabalayes, Léré, Toumak, Ndama, Soumrayes . o 1993 12
  • 89. - 81 - 97.8% . - Sara (27.7%), Arabic (12.3%), Mayo-Kebbi (11.5%), Kanem- Bornu (9%), Ouaddaï (8.7%), Hadjari (6.7%), Tandjilé (6.5%), Goran (6.3%), Fitri Baths (4.7%), Fulani (2.4%), Baguirmien (1.5%), IROS (0.5%) . o . 11 16 , . o "burqas" . o . . o . . (animists) .
  • 90. - 82 - o 1993 (53.1%), (20.1%), (14.2%), (7.3%), (0.5%), (3.1%) . . o 130 . 3 (Chamito-Semitic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo) . o 18 5 . 3 Chadian Arabic (10.3%), Sara (10.3%), Kanembou (5.3%) . . o 1960 . 1962 1 . , . 1978 2 2 . o 2 . 1 . .
  • 91. - 83 - , . o “ ” Sara . . . 2. . o . UNDP 2007/2008 2005 25.7% . o 2004 67% ( 73%, 54%) , . o 2007-2008 . - : 1,558,966 ( : 640,821 ) - : 232,681 ( : 71,794 ) - : 104,846 ( : 26,588 ) - : 12,000 (8,000 N'Djamena ) .
  • 92. - 84 - o . (Education and Training Support Programme: PAEF) . o . - 2005 84% 2011 98% , - 0.67 0.87 , - 8 ( 80% ), - 2005 35% 59% , - 22% 10% - , , , , 6%(2005 0.01%) . . ․ ․ o 2003 3,653 , 209 , 36 . . . o 1971 12 77
  • 93. - 85 - 15,000 . o . - - (LMD) . o N'Djamena Abéché . N'Djamena 1971 Chad , 1994 N'Djamena . , . o N'Djamena 4 1 . - ․ (Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences): , , , , , , , ) - ․ (Faculty of Law and Economics): , , , , ) - (Faculty of Arts and Sciences): , , , , , , , , ) - (Faculty of Health Sciences): , , , , , ) - (Institute of Human Sciences) 3.
  • 94. - 86 - . o 1996 , , . . o Info Tchad Victoire 2 Le Progrès . o N'Djamena Hebdo L'Observateur Le Temps Le Contact N'Djamena . . o TV Teletchad , Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne(RNT) . , Sarh . o FM Liberté La Voix du Paysan . 4.
  • 95. - 87 - . o kinde, kakaki, hu hu . . Sara , , kodjo , Kanembu . o Chari Jazz 1964 . African Melody International Challal . o , 1995 CD . o , . . o . alysh , biya . o , salanga banda . Carcaje
  • 96. - 88 - hibiscus . o billi-billi coshate . . o , , . o , . o 1962 20 60 , Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui, Koulsy Lamko . o 2003 Ahmat Taboye (Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne) . . o . Bye Bye Africa 1999
  • 97. - 89 - Mahamat Saleh Haroun . o Haroun Abouna , Daratt 63 . Issa Serge Coelo 2 Daresalam DP75: Tartina City . . o . , . o , .
  • 99. - 91 - ⅧⅧ 1. o 1961.8.6 . , - UN o 2008.9 2. 1960.8.11 1961.8.6 1964.4. 1975.1. - Ahmed Idriss 1993.5. 1995.1. Tchiouna ( ) 1996.9. 2000.6. 2002.11.
  • 100. - 92 - 1991 67.45 2000 215.87 1992 49.13 2001 32.98 1993 48.31 2002 - 1994 48.26 2003 14.69 3. ( ) 1975.3 1975.5 ( ) 1977.1 Kamougue 1985.10 Yadoyman 2009.11. 4. 1971.2. 1978.1. 5. . : 18 (1991~2008) US$853,160 ( : )
  • 101. - 93 - 1995 56.41 2004 - 1996 42.32 2005 - 1997 48.49 2006 - 1998 123.82 2007 - 1999 93.75 2008 11.68 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (1-11 ) (US$1,000) 468 1,257 400 2,273 3,738 ◦ : , ◦ : ,(US$1,000) 53,335 58,232 837 250 5 (2005 , ): . o - “ ”(1997~2000 , 41 ): , - : 24 ( 10 , 5 , 3 , 1 . 2 , 1 , 2 ), ( , ), . 2009 ◦ 2009 . 6.
  • 102. - 94 - 7. . o , PC 33 . . o - N'Damena 800 . o : ( ) - Tel: (+235)252-3395, 651-5715, 627-9998 - e-mail: leejamena@empal.com 8. . o : Adam Adji Ibrahim - : 2 732-64 - Tel: (02)793-9564, Fax: (02)793-9584 .
  • 103. - 95 - o : Hamed Idriss - : B.P. 555, N'Djamena - Tel: (+235)629-2816, Fax: (+235)251-6748
  • 105. - 97 - ⅨⅨ 1. o 1961.5.8. , . , . o - : ( ) 2. 1969.5.8. 3. , , .
  • 107. - 99 - ⅩⅩ 1. □ ( ) o : Idriss Déby Itno (이드리스 데비 이트노) o : 1952 (58 ) o : Fada - Zaghawa Bidayat o : 1990.12.2. o - 1970 N'Djamena - 1976 L'Institut Aéronautique de la Grandge ( ) o - 1970 - 1978-1979 (Forces Armée du Nord: FAN) - 1980-1982 Hissène Habré , Goukouny Weddeye - 1982 Habré - 1986-1987 , - 1987-1989 ․
  • 108. - 100 - - 1989 Habré Sudan (Patriotic Salvation Movement: MPS) - 1990.12.2. N'Djamena - 1991.2.28. 3 Déby - 1996.7. - 2001.5. - 2005.6. - 2006.5. 3 o - Hinda (1977 , ) 4 10
  • 109. - 101 - □ o : Emmanuel Djelassem Nadingar ( ) o : 1952.4.14. ( 58 ) o : Kélo o : - Marien Ngouabi University ( , Brazaville) ( ) o : ( ) - 3 Prévention Foncière Assurance ( ) (Financial Director) - 10 ( ) - (Parti National pour le Redressement Démocratique: PNRD) - ( , Mouvement Patriotique du Salut: MPS) ( ) - MPS ․ ․ ( ) - 2000-2001 (Ministry of Planning and Coopertion) (Secretary of State) - 2003.6 (Deputy Secretary General) - 2004.2 ~
  • 110. - 102 - 2004.7 - 2004.7.23. - 2005.08.07. Minister Delegate - 2006.8.15~ (Ministry of Environment and 2006.8.28. Fisheries) - 2006.8.28. (Ministry of Petroleum) - 2008.4.23~ (Ministry of Mines and 2008.8 Energy) - 2008.8 ~ Minister Delegate 2010.3 - 2010.03.05.~ o - 4
  • 111. - 103 - □ o : Moussa Faki Mahamat (무사 파키 마하맛) o : 1960.6.21. (50 ) o : Biltine - Déby Zaghawa o : - ( ) - Georgetown o - N'Djamena Chad - 1982.6.7. Hissein Habré Acheikh Ibn Oumar (Democratic Revolutionary Council) , 1991. 6.7. Déby - 1996-99 (National Sugar Society: SONASUT) - 1999-2002 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003.6.24.~ 2005.5. * 남부 출신을 총리로 임명해 온 관례를 벗어 나 대통령과 같은 북부 출신을 총리로 임명 한 것은 이례적 - 2007.02. - 2008.4.23.
  • 112. - 104 - 2. , (정부) o (Présidence de la République): www.presidencetchad.org o (Primature): www.primature-tchad.org o (Ministère des Finances et du Budget): www.minefi-tchad.org o (Ministère chargé des Droits de l'Homme): www.mdhpltchad.org o (Ministère de la Culture, Jeunesse et Sports: www.mcjstchad.org o ․ (Ministère des Infrastructures et des Transports): www.infrastructures-tchad.org o ․ ․ (Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, de l'Intégration et de la Cooperation): www.tchad-diplomatie.org o (Ministère de l'Economie et du Plan): www.ecoplantd.org o (Collège de Contrôle et de Surveillance des Ressources Pétrolières): www.ccsrp.org (외국 대사관) o : Etats-Unis d'Amérique B.P. 413 N'Djamena Tel : (+235) 51 90 52, 51 92 33, 51 92 18 o : Nonciature Apostolique B.P. 490 N'Djamena Tel : (+235) 52 31 15 / 2 38 27 / 52 50 22 E-mail : nonceapo@intnet. td o : République Algérienne démocratique et populaire B.P. 178 N'Djamena Tel : (+235) 52 38 15 / 52 35 92
  • 113. - 105 - Fax : (+235) 52 37 92 E-mail : amb.algerie@intnet.td o : République Arabe d'Egypte B.P. 1094 N'Djamena Tel : (+235) 51 09 72 E-mail: am.egypte@intnet.td o : Ambassade du Royaume de l'Arabie Saoudite B.P. 974 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 52 31 27/ 52 33 28 / 51 45 55 E-mail: najdiat.tchad@intnet.td o : République Centrafricaine B.P. 115 N'Djamena Tel : (+235) 52 32 06 o : Ambassade de la République Populaire de Chine Adresse : Rue N°.1021 (Boulevard de Koufra) Quartier résidentiel, administratif et commercial Premier Arrondissement de N’Djaména, République du Tchad B.P. 735 N’Djaména Tchad Chancellerie : (+235) 52 29 49 Service consulaire : (+235) 666 00 09 Fax : (+235) 53 04 45 Website: http://td.china-embassy.org, http://td.chineseembassy.org o : République Fédérale du Nigéria B.P.752 N'Djamena Tel: 235 52 24 98 / 52 26 47 Fax : 235 52 30 92 E-mail: nigndjam@intnet.td o : République Française B.P. 431 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 52 25 75 /52 25 76
  • 114. - 106 - Fax: (+235) 52 28 55 E-mail: amba.France@intnet.td o : République du Soudan B.P. 45 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 52 50 10 / 52 39 88 E-mail: amb.soudan@intnet.td o : Grande Jamahirya Arabe Libyenne Socialiste B.P. 1096 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 51 92 89 / 52 45 58 E-mail: alibya1@intnet.td, alibya@intnet.td, alibya2@intnet.td o : Fédération de Russie B.P. 891 N'Djamena Tel : (+235) 52 31 72 / 52 06 45 E-mail : amrus@intnet.td o : Union Européenne B P. 552 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 52 72 76 / 52 89 77 Fax: (+235) 52 71 05 E-mail : eudeltcd@intnet.td (대사대리) o Ordre Souverain militaire de Malte B.P. 1208 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 52 26 03 /52 26 04 o : République du Cameroun B.P. 58 N'Djamena Tel: (+235)52 34 73 / 52 28 94 o DR : République Démocratique du Congo B.P. 910 N'Djamena
  • 115. - 107 - Tel: (+235) 52 59 35 / 52 21 83 o : République Fédérale d'Allemagne B.P. 893 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 51 56 47 (명예영사관) o : Benin B.P. 2211 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 52 60 34 o : Belgique B.P.87 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 52 43 14 / 52 37 81 Fax: (+235) 52 23 45 E-mail: biat@intnet.td o : Canada Tel: (+235) 53 42 80 E-mail: fcil.tchad@intnet.td o : République de Corée Tel : (+235) 5111 55 31 N'Djamena o : Danemark B.P. 455 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 518941 Fax: (+235) 51 87 38 E-mail: tchami@intnet.td o : Royaume Uni et Italie N'Djamena Tel: (+235)52 39 70 / 52 01 72
  • 116. - 108 - o : Grèce B.P. 24 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 52 35 05 /52 28 21 Fax: (+235) 52 35 05 E-mail: consulgr@intnet.td o : Inde B.P. 1500 N'Djamena Tel: (+235) 52 43 07 / 52 20 75 Fax: (+235)52 43 07 E-mail: tv2000@intnet.td o : Niger Tel: (+235) 51 88 13 o : Togo B.P. 1233 N'Djamena Tel: 235 52 31 16 Fax:235 52 31 16 E-mail: egbt@intnet.td o : Turquie Tel: (+235) 51 05 84 o : Pakistan Tel: (+235) 51 49 62