Learning is an essential component.

1. LEARNING
BY : Dr. DEV RAJ YADAV
(ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)
MMH COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD, U.P

2. LEARNING:
Definition:
Kimble
“Any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioral potential produced by experience”.
Crow & Crow
“learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitudes”.
Henry .P. smith
“learning is the acquisition of new behaviour or the strengthening or weakening of old behaviour as the
result of experience”.

3. Characteristics of Learning:
1. Leaning is a process and not a product.
2. It involves all those experiences and training which help to produce changes in his
behaviour.
3. Learning leads to changes in behaviour.
4. Unlearning is also a learning process.
5. Learning prepares an individual for any adjustment and adaptation.
6. Leaning is purposeful and goal directed.
7. Learning is broad covers all fields Cognitive, Affective, and Effective.
8. Learning is continuous and universal.
9. Learning does not include changes in behaviour an account of fatigue, illness or drugs.

4. Factors affecting Learning:
1. Learner’s physical and mental health.
2. Basic potential of learner, for example :- innate attributes and capabilities for hearing, learners general
I.Q and understanding, learner’s basic interest, aptitude and attitude.
3. Level of aspiration and achievement motivation.
4. Goals of life.
5. Nature of learning experience – nature of subject matter – formal or informal.
6. Methodology of learning.
7. Quality of the teacher.
8. Socio-emotional climate available in the institute (teacher – pupil relationship / pupil – pupil
relationship).
9. Availability of appropriate learning material.
10. Availability of proper environment.
seating arrangement, calm and peaceful environment, co-operation & competitive, permission of
proper rest and recreation.

5. Thorndike’s Laws of Learning:
Primary
1. The law of readiness :- is preparation for action
2. The law of effect:- Learning can be said to have taken place properly when it
results in satisfaction and learners drives pleasure from it.
3. The law of exercise
SECONDARY
1. Law of multiple response or varied reactions
2. Law of attitude

6. Paradigms of learning:
 Learning takes place in many ways.
 Some methods are used in acquisition of simple responses.
 Other methods are used in the acquisition of complex responses.
 Simplest kind of learning is called conditioning.
 Two type of conditioning have been identified
classical instrumental / operant
conditioning conditioning
 In addition, we have observational learning. Cognitive learning, skill learning.

7. Motor Learning:
Definition:
“Changes in Internal processes that determine person’s capability for producing a
motor task ”.
Stages of Learning:
1. Verbal Cognitive stage – Perceptual & conceptual learning.
2. The motor stage – Refining stage.
3. The Autonomous stage – Self Confidence Increase, physical and mental efforts
decreases, capability to detect errors.

8. Motor skills can be viewed :
1. As a task.
2. As level of performance proficiency.
Three Characteristics that classify tasks:
1. The way the task is arranged.
2. Relative importance of motor and cognitive elements in the performance.
3. Level of environmental predictability.
Skill can be classified into:-
1. Discrete skill
2. Serial skill
3. Continuous skill

9. Characteristics of skill performance:
1. Maximum certainly of goal achievement.
2. Minimum energy expenditure.
3. Minimum movement time.
Motor Performance and Motor Learning:
The observable attempt of a person to produce a voluntary action.
Person’s performance is susceptible to fluctuation.
A. Motivation
B. Arousal
C. Fatigue
D. Physical Condition

10. Learning Curve:-
DEFINITION:
“it is a graphical representation of how learning place in a particular situation”.
Types of Learning Curves:
1. Negatively Accelerated Learning Curve.
2. Positively Accelerated Learning Curve.
3. Combination type of curve.
Causes of Pleatue
1. Poorer faulty method of work.
2. Physical or mental fatigue.
3. Complexity of task.
4. Lack of motivation.
5. Conflict between old and new habits.
6. Transition from lower to higher level of performance.
7. Poor and unfavorable environment.
8. Distraction or lack of proper Attention.

11. Transfer of Training:
Crow & Crow:- “ The carry over of habits of thinking. feeling, a working of knowledge or of skills from an
learning area to another usually is referred to as transfer of training.
Types of transfer:
1. Positive transfer
2. Negative transfer
3. Zero transfer
Theories of Transfer of Training:
1. Theory of mental discipline :- Memory, Attention, Elements.
2. Theory of Identical Elements
3. Theory of Generalization
4. Theory of Ideals :- Ideals like love for wisdom, thirst for knowledge, tolerance.

12. How to Maximize Positive Transfer:
1. Suitable curriculum
2. Proper method of Instruction.
3. Preparedness on the part of learner.
4. Development of desirable Attitudes and Ideals.
5. Prepared on the part of the teacher.