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Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a type of diabetes that is caused by a total lack of insulin as a result of
a marked inability of the pancreas to secrete insulin because of auto-immune destruction of the B
cells in the pancreas. {the body begins attack and destroy its own pancreas cells} The insulin
deficiency in the body leads to reduced uptake of glucose into the body cells causing a state of
hyperglycemia {increased blood glucose levels}. This leads to constant exposure of the cells of the
body to excess glucose, gradually leading to different kinds of organ damage.
It occurs mainly in children with a fairly abrupt onset, but there is less common type known as
adult form of type 1 diabetes called the "Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult"{LADA}.
The main feature of type 1 diabetes mellitus is that it causes total dependency on use of insulin as
the only treatment option. If taken off insulin type 1 diabetics quickly develop diabetes complication
called ketosis.
Causes
The real cause of type 1 diabetes is not known, most often it has a genetic tendency. The disease
sometimes follows a viral infection such as mumps, rubella, cytomegalovirus, measles, influenza,
encephalitis, polio or Epstein Barr virus. Certain people are more genetically prone to this. There
are other autoimmune diseases that may be associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus for example
diseases of the thyroid gland.
Type 1 diabetes tends to have less tendency to have other family members affected with diabetes
than Type 2 diabetes. In a large family study done in the US less than 4% of parents and 6% of
siblings of a person with diabetes also had diabetes.
In studies with identical twins, less than 50% of the siblings of a person with diabetes mellitus also
had diabetes versus almost100% of siblings with Type 2 diabetes. Children of Type 1 diabetes
fathers are more likely to develop Type 1 auto immune diabetes than children of Type 1 diabetic
mothers. White people seem to be more affected with Type 1 diabetes than blacks. The male to
female ratio is about 1:1
Treatment
Insulin therapy is the only form of treatment of diabetes type 1. When insulin was first discovered,
there was only one type of fast acting insulin that was available and this required several injections
in a day, however today there are a variety of insulins that can be chosen and or combined to best
manage diabetes.
The current program of insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes combines intermediate and long acting
insulin{taken once or twice daily}with fast or rapid acting insulin taken at mealtimes. This approach

2. mimics closely the activity of a normal pancreas, which produces a slow steady of insulin around
the clock and surge of insulin after meals.
For effective management of Type1 diabetes, parents and young diabetic education is very
important. The parent and the young diabetic must be educated very well on treatment modalities
and home monitoring because a major part of treatment and adjustments will be done by them.
-As children grow their appetite activity levels change, their need for insulin also changes. The
parents does not need to wait for a regular appointment to respond to these changes. To make
insulin adjustments on their own, parents and the affected youngsters must:
a}Be confident that blood glucose checks are correct and meal plans are adhered to strictly {ie. no
secret snacking}
b}Know the child's blood glucose target range.
c}Understand the actions of the insulin the child is using.
d}Understand what each blood sugar check means.
e}Know when they should contact the health care team.
-Twice a day or more or minimum of once a day blood check is very important.
-There is really no diet restriction up to the age of 6 years, but calorie count and food replacement
must be commenced from the age of 7 years.
-Exercise should be encouraged and the school of the child must be informed.
-Interpretation of child's A1C {glycosylated hemoglobin levels}:
a}levels between 6-7% are considered as excellent
b}levels between7-8%are very good
c}levels between8-9%suggest a need for extra effort to improve control
d}levels above 10%means there needs to be a joint and concentrated effort by the child's family
and medical team to achieve control.
Every child should have his/her A1C measured once in every 3 months
Bello ade is a general practitioner and author of several diabetes related online articles. For more
information on diabetes mellitus visit http://www.diabetesmellitusfacts.blogspot.com
Article Source:
http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Bello_Ade

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