A. Postma Enexis

1. A. Postma 25 april 2013
TE LAND, TER ZEE EN IN DE LUCHT:
MET ELEKTRISCHE AANDRIJVINGEN KOM JE OVERAL.
ELEKTRISCHE VERVOERMIDDELEN VAN DE
TOEKOMST
De stand van zaken bij elektrische auto’s
• Europese uitrol van laadpalen
• De accutechnologie

2. Wie denkt dat snelladen voor elektrische gezinsauto’s
dé toekomst is?
Snelladen bestaat niet, nu niet en nooit niet.
Prikkelende stelling

3. Drivers electric transport
Source

4. Erns & Young Publicatie 2012
Oktober 2012

5. Opmerkelijke passage daarin

7. Internationale ontwikkelingen voor
standaardisatie en uitrol van
laadinfrastructuur
IEC SMB Ad Hoc advies groep voor: electro technology for mobility
TC 8 role models for e-mobility
TC 69 standards for EVSE
Cenelec e-Mobility Coordination Group
Ad hoc group for Smart Charging
TC 69x
EU/M490
Diverse werkgroepen waaronder Sustainable processes, Architectuur
en Interoperabiliteit.

8. Overview of Generic Use Cases covering the whole scenery of Smart Grids

9. Wat hebben we tot nu toe bereikt?
• Internationale erkenning waaronder:
• Ontwikkeling OCPP
• Ontwikkeling OCHP
• Ontwikkeling OCSP
• Invloed in Europees standaardisatie proces
• Nederland in top 3 in publieke laadinfrastructuur
• En daardoor ook in aantallen (PH)EV
• Interoperabiliteit bij alle publieke laadinfra
Door unieke aanpak uitrol publieke infrastructuur o.a door instelling van E-laad

10. Publicatie Eurelectric eind 2012

11. Gebaseerd op cijfers van stichting e-laad, EV-Box B.V, NUON en Essent, The New Motion (cijfers t/m 31-10-2012) en Oplaadpalen.nl (vanaf
cijfers t/m 30-11-2012). In de data van Oplaadpalen.nl is (nog) niet aangegeven of laadpunten (semi-)publiek zijn. Voor deze figuur is de
aanname gedaan dat laadpalen van e-laad, Nuon en Essent publiek zijn en de overige laadpalen in het bestand semi-publiek
Publicatie AgentschapNL

12. Geographic coverage
1. Nationwide spread
Charge point types
1. Public AC 70% 10kW
30 % 3,6 kW
2. Home AC 3,6 kW
3. High power DC 50kW
Infrastructure installed future targets (2020)
1. Public AC 2500 +10.000
2. Public DC 25 400
3. Home AC 500-1000 no target
Volledige nationale dekking

13. Snel groeiend aantal FEV/PHEV

15. http://ev-services.net/e-Laad/Statistics

16. Wetvoorstel Europese commissie

17. Article 2
Definitions
For the purpose of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply :
(1) 'Alternative fuels' mean fuels which substitute fossil oil sources in the energy supply to transport and which have a potential to contribute to its
decarbonisation. They include:
• electricity,
• hydrogen,
• biofuels as defined in Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council,
• synthetic fuels,
• natural gas, including biomethane, in gaseous form (Compressed Natural Gas – CNG) and liquefied form (Liquefied Natural Gas -
LNG), and
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).
(2) "Recharging point" means a slow recharging point or a fast recharging point or an
installation for the physical exchange of a battery of an electric vehicle.
(3) "Slow recharging point" means a recharging point that allows for a direct supply of
electricity to an electric vehicle with a power of less than or equal to 22 kW.
(4) "Fast recharging point" means a recharging point that allows for a direct supply of
electricity to an electric vehicle with a power of more than 22 kW.
(5) "Publicly accessible recharging or refuelling point" means a recharging or refuelling
point which provides non-discriminatory access to the users
Paragraaf over EV

18. Member State Number of
recharging points
(in thousands)
Number of publicly
accessible
recharging points
(in thousands)
BE 207 21
BG 69 7
CZ 129 13
DK 54 5
DE 1503 150
EE 12 1
IE 22 2
EL 128 13
ES 824 82
FR 969 97
IT 1255 125
CY 20 2
LV 17 2
LT 41 4
LU 14 1
HU 68 7
MT 10 1
NL 321 32
AT 116 12
PL 460 46
PT 123 12
RO 101 10
SI 26 3
SK 36 4
FI 71 7
SE 145 14
UK 1221 122
HR 38 4
Article 4 Electricity supply for transport
Member States shall ensure that a minimum number of recharging points for electric
vehicles are put into place, at least the number given in the table in Annex II, by 31
December 2020 at the latest.
Te plaatsen laadpunten per 31-12-2020

19. ANNEX III
Technical specifications
1. Technical specifications for electric recharging points
1.1. Slow electric recharging points for motor vehicles
Alternate Current (AC) slow recharging points for electric vehicles shall be equipped, for
interoperability purposes, with connectors of Type 2 as described in standard EN62196-
2:2012.
1.2. Fast electric recharging points for motor vehicles
Alternate Current (AC) fast recharging points for electric vehicles shall be equipped, for
interoperability purposes, with connectors of Type 2 as described in standard EN62196-
2:2012.
Direct Current (DC) fast recharging points for electric vehicles shall be equipped, for
interoperability purposes, with connectors of Type "Combo 2" as described in the
relevant EN standard, to be adopted by 2014.
Paragraaf over EV

20. Oudste bekende batterij?
Baghdad Battery
Of 250 BC

21. Baghdad Battery
Of 250 BC
1836 John Frederic Daniell1799 Alessandro Volta

22. 200 Years Later……….. Lead Acid Battery
- Low Energy Density
- Really Need No Ventilation ?
-Thermal Run Away
-Temperature Instability
- Failure and Shorten service cycle operating above 25C
- Cell reversal
- Low discharge rate
- Bulky and Heavy
- Environmental hazardous
Lead is a toxic heavy metal and in most cases regulated as a hazardous waste.

23. What is C rate
The charge and discharge current of a battery is measured in C-rate
Current C Rate Discharge Time(min)
5 0.05 20 hr (1200)
10 0.1 10 hr (600)
20 0.2 5 hr (300)
30 0.3 3.3 hr (200)
40 0.4 2.5 hr (150)
50 0.5 2.0 hr (120)
100 1 1.0 hr (60)
200 2 0.50 hr (30)
300 3 0.33 hr (20)
400 4 0.25 hr (15)
500 5 0.20 hr (12)
Discharge Time = Rated Ah of Battery
(used time) Discharge Current
C rate = Rated Ah battery / 1 hour 100 Ah cel & current = 100 Amp = 1C

24. Beware: The Peukert Effect of Lead Acid Battery
What You See is NOT What You Get
Vmin
PE
0,05 C = 20 uur
referentie
1C = 1 uur ?
1C = 25 min
Vnom

25. C-rate
Discharge
Current
(A)
Lead Acid, 100Ah Kokum SLPB, 100Ah
Discharge capacity (Ah)
Related capacity
(%)
Discharge capacity (Ah)
Related capacity
(%)
0.05C 5A 100Ah 100% 100Ah 100%
0.1C 10A 88Ah (10A*8.8hr) 88% 100Ah (10A*10hr) 100%
0.2C 20A 76Ah (20A*3.8hr) 76% 100Ah (20A*5hr) 100%
0.4C 40A 64Ah (40A*1.6hr) 64% 100Ah (40A*2.5hr) 100%
0.6C 60A 49.8Ah (60A*0.83hr) 49.8% 100Ah (60A*1.66hr) 100%
1C 100A 42Ah (100A*0.42hr) 42% 100Ah (100A*1hr) 100%
Discharging at 1C deflates the overall performance of Lead Acid
Battery by 58%
2C 200A 40Ah (200A*0.20hr) 40% 98.5Ah(200A*0.492hr) 98.5%
3C 300A 36Ah (300A*0.12hr) 36% 96.5Ah(300A*0.322hr) 96.5%
5C 500A 33.3Ah (500A*0.06hr) 33.3% 94.3Ah(500A*0.189hr) 94.3%
7C 700A 8.5Ah (700A*0.0122hr) 8.5% 91.2Ah(700A*0.130hr) 91.2%
10C 1000A 1.38Ah (1000A*0.00138hr) 1.38% 88.7Ah(1000A*0.089hr) 88.7%
Actual Lab Test Result of a 100Ah of Lead acid battery vs. Kokum SLPB
with Peukert Effect on Capacity and Discharge Time
The Discharging Behavior Of Lead Acid Battery C rate Vs Capacity

26. Van (k)Ah naar (k)Wh
Meestal wordt de capaciteit van accu's opgegeven in Ah (Ampère uur)
Dat zegt echter niets over de opgeslagen energie maar alleen iets over de laad en
ontlaad mogelijkheden. Bij serie schakelen van cellen verandert de Ah waarde niet maar
de energie inhoud wel.
Voor EV gebruik is de energie inhoud veel belangrijker en die wordt gemeten in (k)Wh.
Normaal gesproken is de Energie = Stroom (A) * Spanning (V)
Dus je zou kunnen zeggen energie inhoud = Ah waarde * celspanning = AVh = Wh.
Zo eenvoudig is het niet want welke V geldt ? Vref ? Vmin ?
Zoals altijd ligt de waarheid ergens tussenin.
Voor een bepaalde cel met Vref = 4,2V en Vmin = 3,0V en daarmee Vgem = 3,6V
Dus één cel van 100Ah heeft energie inhoud ongeveer 360 Wh
Maar 10 cellen van 10Ah in serie hebben ook een energie inhoud van 360 Wh terwijl de
laad en ontlaad karakteristieken heel anders zijn.

27. Laden volgens het CCCV principe
Tijd (uur)
1
2
2010
C
Loodaccu 1/20 C continu
0,5 C
1 C
2 C
Laadprincipes
Eerst constante stroom C rate
Bij bereiken referentie spanning deze
constant houden tot stroom is
afgenomen tot 1/20 C
Vref
Vstart
Constante stroom
C rate
Constante spanning
Vref
Stroom afgenomen
tot 1/20 C
Vmin
tijd

28. 1,000
100
10
10 100
10
1,000
10010
100
1
1
PowerDensity(W/kg)
Energy Density(Wh/kg)
PowerDensity(W/lb)
Energy Density(Wh/lb)
Lead-Acid
(1967)
High power and/or
bipolar lead-acid
(1995)
Ni-Cd
Sodium
Sulfur
Range:80km 160km 320km 640km
96km/hr
64km/hr
32km/hr
Long-term
Middle-term
Li-ion
Ni-MH
Zn-Br2
USABC
USABC
SLPB
Energy Density & Power Density

30. LiCoO2 + C6 Li 1-x CoO2 + C6Lix
Charge
Discharge
Kokam Superior Lithium Polymer Battery
SLPB technology contains no metal lithium.
Rather, only a Li-ion passes between the positive
and negative poles leaving the cathode and anode
materials unchanged the principle operation is
fundamentally different and safer from that of a
re-chargeable lithium metal battery.
The separator is a microporous film
acts as safety gates stopping
the avalanche of Li-ions under abnormal
stage like short circuit, operating under
extreme high temp. This prevent the battery
from thermal run-away causing fire or even
explosion
Safe, Highly Efficient, High Power, High Energy, Lightweight and Small and Green
LiCoO2 C6Li
Kokum SLPB104330 3.7V 48mAh 0.8mm thickness weight 2g

31. Highlights of the High5ive battery cell technology:
•4.7V chemistry
•300-350 Wh/kg
•Over 2,000 cycles
•Inherently safer relative to the best competing cells
•Up to 40% savings in battery cost
•Up to 50% savings in weight
•Enables twice the driving range
Technical overview of High5ive cell technology

32. Nanowire battery
A nanowire battery is a lithium-ion battery and consists of a stainless steel anode
covered in silicon nanowires to replace the traditional graphite anode. Silicon, which
stores ten times more lithium than graphite, allows a far greater energy density on the
anode, thus reducing the mass of the battery. The high surface area further allows for
fast charging and discharging.
Traditional silicon anodes were researched and dismissed due to the tendency of silicon
to crack and become useless as it swelled with lithium during operation. The nanowires,
on the other hand, do not suffer from this flaw. According to Dr. Cui, the battery only
reached 10x density on the first charge and leveled out at 8x density on subsequent
charges. Since this is only an anode advancement, an equivalent cathode advancement
would be needed to get the full energy storage density improvements; however,
lightening the anode alone would, according to the team, lead to "several" times better
energy density.
Commercialization is expected to take approximately five years[1], with the batteries
costing similar or less per watt hour than conventional lithium-ion. The next milestone,
lifecycle testing, should be completed, and the team expects to get at least a thousand
cycles out of the battery. These batteries could create revolutionary improvements in
mobile electronics and electric vehicles.

33. Modification of LiFePO4, LiMn2O4 and Li1+xV3O8 by doping yttrium was
investigated. The influences of doping Y on structure, morphology and
electrochemical performance of cathode materials were investigated
systematically. The results indicated that the mechanisms of Y doping in three
cathode materials were different, so the influences on the material performance
were different. The crystal structure of the three materials was not changed by
Y doping. However, the crystal parameters were influenced. The crystal
parameters of LiMn2O4 became smaller, and the interlayer distance of (100)
crystal plane of Li1+xV3O8 was lengthened after Y doping. The grain size of Y-
doped LiFePO4 became smaller and grain morphology became more regular
than that of undoped LiFePO4. It indicated that Y doping had no influence on
crystal particle and morphology of LiMn2O4. The morphology of Li1+xV3O8
became irregular and its size became larger with the increase of Y. For
LiFePO4 and Li1+xV3O8, both the initial discharge capacities and the cyclic
performance were improved by Y doping. For LiMn2O4, the cyclic performance
became better and the initial discharge capacities declined with increasing Y
doping.
Yttrium battery

34. References
• http://www.actacell.com
• http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/976.html
• http://earth2tech.com/2008/07/23/battery-startup-actacell-charges-up-with-google-dfj/
• Welcome to Amco Batteries Limited
• Electro Energy: Empowering the Future of Energy
• Air Force contract to continue work on high energy battery awarded to Electro Energy -
AutoblogGreen
• Welcome to Electrovaya
• http://www.saftbatteries.com/SAFT/UploadedFiles/PressOffice/2008/JCS-08-06_eng.pdf
• TOYOTA: News Releases
• http://mvp090-1.104web.com.tw/cetacean/front/bin/home.phtml
• http://evtransportal.com/batterycompanies.html
• Bosch, Samsung join forces for lithium ion batteries | Power Management DesignLine Europe
• http://blog.wired.com/cars/2008/09/hyundai-going-e.html
• http://blog.wired.com/cars/2008/09/hyundai-going-e.html
• http://www.trojanbattery.com
• Power Systems Research

35. lithium metal polymer DBM Energy Lekker Energie Audi A2 Kolibri AlphaPolymer Technology.mp4

36. 1 . Impact Tester
2 . Penetration Tester
3 . Heating Tester
4 . Crush Tester
5 . Overcharge / Reverse charge Tester
6 . External short Tester
7 . Drop Tester (KERI)
8 . Vibration Tester
Safety Test Procedure & Equipments

37. Accu testen

38. Laadvermogen
Tank 60 l voltanken in 1 minuut
Goed voor 780 km (1 : 13)
60 * 10kWh / 1 minuut = 36 MWatt
Stel dat je evenveel km elektrisch in dezelfde tijd wilt laden!
Aanname dat de EV 7 km per kWh rijdt
Batterij 100 kWh (700km) laden in 1 minuut
Bij 500V systeem is dat
Batterij 36 kWh (250 km) laden in 1 minuut
Bij 500V systeem is dat
6 MWatt
12 kA
2,2 MWatt
4,3 kA
Beide zijn onrealistisch
De 1 minuut tank tijd en de vooraf wachttijd ed en
achteraf administratieve afhandeling zorgen ervoor dat
de totale tijd ca. 5 minuten wordt. Dat vind ik als
consument aanvaardbaar, maar langer niet. Dan begint
ongeduld.

39. Tank 60 l voltanken in 1 minuut
Goed voor 780 km (1 : 13)
60 * 10kWh / 1 minuut = 36 MWatt
Stel dat je evenveel km elektrisch in dezelfde tijd wilt laden!
Aanname dat de EV 7 km per kWh rijdt
Batterij 100 kWh (700km) laden in 10 minuten
Bij 500V systeem is dat
Batterij 36 kWh (250 km) laden in 10 minuten
Bij 500V systeem is dat
600 kWatt
1,2 kA
216 kWatt
432 A
Beide zijn onrealistisch
Laadvermogen

40. Elektrische auto’s alleen voor korte afstanden?
De ENEXIS EV Vloot heeft inmiddels meer dan 1.000.000 km afgelegd
Dat is gemiddeld zo’n 25.000 km per auto/jaar
Enkele hebben zelfs meer al dan 100.000 km gereden
Integendeel!