From LTE to LTE-A

2
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the customer..

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Technical Training Courses
Long Term Evolution (LTE) (Short / Long) 1 - 2 days
LTE End-To-End Signalling 2 days
LTE for non-engineers 1 day
LTE air-interface 1 day
LTE cell planning 1 day
LTE radio network 1 day
From LTE to LTE-A (short / long) 1 - 2 days
3GPP Release 11 features overview 1 day
3GPP Release 12 features overview 1 day
MBMS and Mobile TV 1 day
LTE / LTE-A
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 1 day
Machine to Machine (M2M) fundamentals 1 day
Small cells: Introduction and Architecture 1 day
Small cells: HetNets and Offloading 2 days
Emerging Technologies
Basic Telecommunications 2 days
Digital Communications 2 days
Introduction to Wireless Technologies 2 days
Principles of Data Communications 1 day
Channel Coding 1 day
Basic Telecommunications
Radio principles 2 days
RF Training 1 day
Antenna Theory and Design 1 day
MIMO for wireless communications 1 day
OFDMA for wireless communications 1 day
Antennas & Propagation
Introduction to 5G

Agenda 5
 Session 1 (9:05 – 10:35)
• LTE Overview and LTE-A enhancements
• LTE Standards update and roadmap
• LTE-A State of Market
• Test challenges, GCF and conformance testing
• Introduction to Carrier Aggregation
 Session 2 (1:30 – 3:00)
• LTE-A enabling technologies

LTE Overview and LTE-A enhancements

Motivation for LTE [1] 7
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
2007
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2008
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2009
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2010
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2011
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2012
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2013
Q1 Q2 Q3
Monthly Traffic
(Petabytes / month)
Voice
Data
The year of
the iPhone
First Android
phone

Motivation for LTE [2] 8
User demand for higher data rates and QoS
Lower system complexity – Simpler Network Architecture
Improved Air Interface
Higher data rates and improved QoS
Improved
QoE
Cost reduction – operators’ demand
Always on – Packet Switch optimised system

3.9G/4G LTE 9
LTE / LTE-A
(FDD – TDD)
3GPP 3GPP2
1xEV-DO: Enhanced Voice-Data Optimized
CDMA ONE: Code Division Multiple Access One
EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
eHRPD: Enhanced High Rate Packet Data
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
HSPA: High Speed Packet Access
HSPA+: High Speed Packet Access Plus
OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
SCDMA: Synchronous CDMA
TD: Time Division
TD-SOFDMA TD Scalable OFDMA
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

 The Evolved Packet System (EPS) is a combination of:
EPS = LTE + EPC
 LTE: Long Term Evolution technology is known as:
• E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
 EPC: Evolved Packet Core is the network operator’s set of
components used to provide connectivity of the mobile device to the
outside world.
The Evolved Packet System (EPS) 10

Basic LTE architecture 11
eNodeB
eNodeB
HeNB-GW
MME
S-GW
P-GW
HeNB
HeNB
S5

Round Trip Time (RTT) 12
UE NodeB RNC
SGSN
MSC
UE eNodeB
MME
ACK /NACK
ACK /NACK
LTE
UMTS
TTI ~10ms
TTI ~1ms

Protocol Stack: Control Plane 13
RRC S1-AP
PHY
MAC
RLC
PDCP
Relay
S1-MME
PHY
MAC
RLC
PDCP
RRC
NAS
L1
L2
IP
SCTP
L1
L2
IP
SCTP
S1-AP
NAS
Uu
UE eNodeB MME

Protocol Stack: User Plane 14
PHY
MAC
RLC
PDCP GTP-U
UDP/IP
L1
L2
Relay
L1
L2
UDP/IP
GTP-UGTP-U
UDP/IP
L1
L2
Relay
IP
GTP-U
UDP/IP
L2
L1
Uu S1-U S5 SGi
TCP/UDP
IP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
eNodeBUE S-GW P-GW
Application

EPS Bearer Architecture & QoS Class Identification (QCI) 15
UE eNB S-GW P-GW
Peer Entity
Radio S1 S5 / S8 Gi
E-UTRAN EPC Internet
End-to-End Service
EPS Bearer External Bearer
E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer
S1 BearerRadio Bearer
Type Error Rate Delay PriorityQCI Examples
1
GBR
10-2 100 ms 2 Conversational voice
2 10-3 150 ms 4 Conversational video
3 10-3 50 ms 3 Real-time games
4 10-6 300 ms 5 Streaming video
5
Non – GBR
10-6 100 ms 1 IMS Signalling
6 10-6 300 ms 6 Steaming video, web, email
7 10-3 100 ms 7 Voice, video, games
8 – 9 10-6 300 ms 8 – 9 Streaming video, web, email

16
LTE-A enabling features
Enhanced features
(LTE features enhanced)
Enhanced MIMO support
HeNB mobility
SON
eMBMS
M2M enhancements
New features
(compared to LTE)
Carrier Aggregation
CoMP
Relays
(f)eICIC

LTE Standards update and roadmap

3GPP Roadmap 18
Rel. 99
Rel. 4 Rel. 5 Rel. 6 Rel. 7
Rel. 8
Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Rel. 12
2000 2001 2002
2005
2007
2011
2013
2014
2008
2009
Rel. 99 – UMTS
Rel. 4 – TD-SCDMA
Rel. 5 – HSDPA
Rel. 6 – HSUPA (E-DCH)
Rel. 7 – HSPA+ (64QAM, DL, MIMO, 16QAM, UL)
Rel. 8 – LTE (OFDMA, SAE), Small cells (HNB)
Rel. 9 – Multi-standard Radio, SON, Small cells (HeNB)
Rel. 10 – LTE-A, TM9, Four carrier HSDPA
Rel. 11 – CoMP, eDL MIMO, eCA, TM10, 64 QAM MIMO,
HSDPA 8C & 4x4 MIMO
Rel. 12 – LTE-A updates

LTE Standards and Updates 19
Rel. 10
June 2011
Rel. 11
June 2013
Rel. 12
September 2014
Rel. 8
December 2008
Rel. 9
December 2009
Rel. 13
March 2016

The ‘Real 4G’ 20
Bandwidth
Scalable
At least 40 MHz
Scalable
1.4 MHz – 20 MHz
(Rel.10 )
Max 2x20 (40 MHz)
(Rel.12 )
Max 3x20 (60 MHz)
Scalable
Up to 5x20 (100 MHz)
Peak Data
Rates
DL = 1 Gbps
UL = 1 Gbps
DL = 150 Mbps (2x2)
UL = 50 Mbps
(Rel. 10 - 12)
DL = 1.2 Gbps (4x4)
UL = 0.6 Gbps (2x2)
DL = 3 Gbps (8x8)
UL = 1.5 Gbps (4x4)
Latency
10 ms max 4.9 ms 4.9 ms 4.9 ms
User Plane
(UP)
100 ms max 50 ms 50 ms 50 ms
Control Plane
(CP)
Maxpeak
spectral
efficiency
15 bps / Hz 16.3 bps / Hz
(Rel.10 ) 16.8 bps / Hz
(Rel.12 ) 30.6 bps / Hz
30 bps / Hz
Downlink
(DL)
6.75 bps / Hz 4.32 bps / Hz
(Rel.10) 8.4 bps / Hz
(Rel.12) 16.8 bps / Hz
15 bps / Hz
Uplink
(UL)
IMT-A LTE
(Rel.8)
LTE-A
(Rel.10-12)
LTE-A
The real 4G as is defined by IMT-A does not yet exist.
LTE-A Rel. 12 can support up to 600 Mbps in the uplink, 40% short of the IMT-A minimum requirement

Channel capacity improvement 21
3G
Download: 17 Mbps
Upload: 1.7 Mbps
LTE
Download: 32 Mbps
Upload: 20 Mbps

The ‘million fold’ capacity increase since 1947 22
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
25 25
1600
Quantity of Spectrum
(Hz)
Cell Spectrum Efficiency
(bps Hz-1)
Number of Cellsx xΣb a n d
=
Network Capacity
(bps)
Spectral Efficiency:
High returns on investments
Spectrum:
Finite & Expensive
Doubles every few years:
• Increasing number of macro cells
• Introducing small cells
• Fixed and Mobile relays

23
Network capacity
Quantity of Spectrum
(Hz)
Cell Spectrum Efficiency
(bps Hz-1)
Number of Cellsx xΣb a n d
=Network Capacity
(bps)
=Network Capacity
(bps)
Σ BW xlog2
(1+SNR) x No of cells
Cell Capacity (bps)
Spectralefficiency

24
Increasing quantity of spectrum
List of UL / DL bands
35 MHz
150 MHz
450 MHz
Band
1 1920 1980
FUL_low [MHz] FUL_high [MHz]
List of uplink (UL) bands
2 1850 1910
3 1710 1785
4 1710 1755
5 824 849
6 830 840
7 2500 2570
8 880 915
9 1749.9 1784.9
10 1710 1770
11 1427.9 1447.9
12 699 716
13 777 787
14 788 798
15 Reserved16
17 704 716
18 815 830
19 830 845
20 832 862
21 1447.9 1462.9
22 3410 3500
23 2000 2020
24 1626.5 1660.5
25 1850 1915
26 814 849
27 807 824
28 703 748
29
602110 2170
BW
FDL_low [MHz] FDL_high [MHz]
List of uplink (UL) bands
601930 1990
751805 1880
452110 2155
25869 894
10865 875
702620 2690
35925 960
351844.9 1879.9
602110 2170
201475.9 1495.9
17729 746
10746 756
10758 768
Reserved
12734 746
15860 875
15875 890
30791 821
151495.9 1510.9
903510 3600
202180 2200
341525 1559
651930 1995
35859 894
17852 869
45758 803
11717 728
-
FDD Band
6033 1920 1980
FUL_low [MHz] FUL_high [MHz]
List of uplink / downlink
(UL / DL) bands
6034 1850 1910
7535 1710 1785
4536 1710 1755
2537 824 849
1038 830 840
7039 2500 2570
3540 880 915
3541 1749.9 1784.9
6042 1710 1770
2043 1427.9 1447.9
1744 699 716
BW
TDD

E-UTRAN Spectrum Occupation 25
LTE – FDD - Downlink
LTE – FDD - Uplink
LTE – TDD - Downlink LTE – TDD - Uplink

Increasing bandwidth 26
Carrier Aggregation
=Network Capacity
(bps)
ΣBW xlog2

Increasing cell spectrum efficiency 27
eNB
Tx1
Rx0
Rx1
Tx0
UE
MIMO
RepeaterDeNB UE
Power
Amplification
RF signal RF signal
Relays
eNB UE1
eNB
UE2
CoMP
(f)eICIC
=Network Capacity
(bps)
ΣBW x log2

Increasing number of cells 28
NY Cell Planning 1947
0 20
MILES
NJ
NJ NY LI
SOUND
LOND ISLAND
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
NY Cell Planning 2012
Macro
Wi-Fi
20 cells
Tens of thousands of cells
are used to cover the
exact same area in 2012
Home
Office
HetNets /
Small Cells
=Network Capacity
(bps) ΣBW xlog2(1+SNR) x No of cells

Need for capacity 29
Exabytes per Month
2 – 2.5G
3 – 3.5G
4G
Global Cellular traffic growth from Mobile Devices
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
30%
60%
9%
51%
46%
3%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Cisco VNI Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast, 2013 - 2018

30
The 1000x Network Capacity Challenge
MORE SPECTRUM
Lower and Higher
Spectrum Bands
MORE SMALL CELLS
Everywhere
MORE INDOOR CELLS
Inside-Out deployment
Network Capacity
1000x
Evolve
3G/4G/WLAN
HetNets and
Interference Management
Better Access
3G/4G/WLAN
SMALL CELLS
Spectral Efficiency / Densification
Network Capacity
1000x
MACROCELLS
Better Spectrum
Spectrum
10x
Spectral Efficiency
10x
Densification
10x
SMALL CELLS
Network Capacity
100x
MACROCELLS
Better Spectrum
Spectrum
3x
Spectral Efficiency
3.3x
Densification
10x
SMALL CELLS
Network Capacity
1000x
MACROCELLS
Better Spectrum
Spectrum
2.8x
Spectral Efficiency
24x
Densification
15x

State of the Market [1] 32

State of the Market [2] 33
Networks with Cat 4 UE support
Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA)
January 15, 2014, rev 2

Test challenges, GCF and Conformance testing

Mobile Device Path to Commercialization 35
Live Network (Field)
Testing
Production Testing
Carrier Acceptance
Testing
Applications Testing
Compliance &
Conformance Testing
Design, Development
& Integration Testing
Overall mobile device testing and certification can be fairly complex,
costly and time consuming activity.

Conformance Testing 36
Confirm mobile device’s interworking with network as per industry test
standards and processes defined by industry certification forums.

GCF – Global Certification Forum 37
 An independent certification scheme for
mobile phones and other wireless devices
that are based on 3GPP standards.
 “Test once, Use anywhere” philosophy
 Test Areas
 Conformance Testing
 Field Trials
 IOT Testing
 Members
 Network operators
 Manufactures
 Observers
GCF LTE Bands
 FDD 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11,12, 13,
18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26
 TDD 38, 39, 40, 41
 Active Bands
1 ,3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 18, 20, 25, 38,
39, 40, 41
 Non-Active Bands
2, 6, 12, 19, 21, 25

Outline of GCF Certification Process 38
MOBILE DEVICE (3GPP communication is primary function)
CONNECTED DEVICE (3GPP communication is secondary function)
Certification Device Testing
Interoperability & Conformance TestingField Trials
Required to be certified against all applicable GCF Certification Criteria as defined by the GCF
processes
Compliance Folder contains:
evidence of compliance to all applicable GCF requirements
GCF Declarations of Compliance for the device
Device is GCF-Certified
Certified devices listed on GCF website
Additional detail available to GCF members
Optional Device Testing
Performance Testing

PTCRB – PCS Type Certification Review Board 39
 A voluntary process by which all products
are technically evaluated to meet the
minimum requirements for registration on
the PTCRB Operators’ networks.
 Test Areas
 Conformance Testing
 OTA (Antenna Performance Testing)
 Application Enablers
 Members
 Network operators (Full members &
Observers)
 Manufactures, TEMs, Test Labs
(Observers)
PTCRB LTE Bands
 FDD 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 17, 25
 TDD 41
 Band Priorities (FDD)
4 (Highest), 17, 14, 25, 2, 5,
7, 12, 13 (Lowest)

Operators/Carriers Acceptance Testing (CAT) 40
Ensure mobile device’s performance and interoperability as
per operator defined test requirements and processes.
Performance Testing
Audio & Video Quality Testing
Operator Specific Functionality
Testing
Accessories Testing
Reliability Testing
RAN Infrastructure IOT Testing
Operator Specific Feature Testing
Battery Life Testing

A brief look at LTE Voice issues and VoLTE

Simultaneous Voice and LTE (SVLTE) Operation 42
 Separate registrations for Legacy and LTE networks.
 Networks do not need to know what the UE is doing with the other one.
 Voice and Data are independent with no effect to each other.

Circuit Switching Fallback (CSFB) concept 43
Data service over LTE (PS)
• Voice service over CS
eNodeB
NodeB
NodeB
eNodeB
• Data transfer ongoing through 3G / HSPA+ PS

CSFB approaches 44
UE is in IDLE mode
MO / MT voice call is initiated
LTE network releases connection
UE is redirected by the LTE Network on to the legacy 2G/3G network
Redirection
UE is in CONNECTED mode
MO/MT voice call is initiated
LTE network performs handover to the legacy 2G/3G network
Handover

CSFB mobility options 45
Mobility Option
(Related RRC Messages)
Target RAT
3GPP
Release
UE CapabilityNo
1
Redirection
RRCConnectionRelease
UTRAN Rel. 8
Mandatory for UEs supporting CSFB
to the UTRAN
Redirection
GERAN Rel. 8
to the GERAN
3
PS handover with DRB(s)
MobilityFromEUTRACommand
UTRAN Rel. 8
to the UTRAN
5
7
Cell change order with the NACC
GERAN Rel. 8
to the GERAN
2
Redirection with system information
UTRAN Rel. 9
Indication of the e-RedirectionUTRA
in the UE capability
Redirection with system information
GERAN Rel. 9
Indication of the e-RedirectionGERAN
4
PS handover
GERAN Rel. 8
Indication of the
interRAT-PS-HO-ToGERAN
6
8
Cell change order without the NACC
GERAN Rel. 8
to the GERAN

EPS Bearer Architecture & QoS Class Identification (QCI) 46
UE eNB S-GW P-GW
Peer Entity
Radio S1 S5 / S8 Gi
E-UTRAN EPC Internet
End-to-End Service
EPS Bearer External Bearer
E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer
S1 BearerRadio Bearer
Type Error Rate Delay PriorityQCI Examples
1
GBR
10-2 100 ms 2 Conversational voice
2 10-3 150 ms 4 Conversational video
3 10-3 50 ms 3 Real-time games
4 10-6 300 ms 5 Streaming video
5
Non – GBR
10-6 100 ms 1 IMS Signalling
6 10-6 300 ms 6 Steaming video, web, email
7 10-3 100 ms 7 Voice, video, games
8 – 9 10-6 300 ms 8 – 9 Streaming video, web, email

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Architecture 47
UE
HSSP-GW
S-GW
PCRF
MME
IMS Signalling
LTE Signalling
IMS Traffic

UICC and ISIM 48

VoLTE and SRVCC 49
E-UTRAN
UTRAN GERAN
IMS
Client
UE
EPC
Packet
Core
Circuit
Core
Telephony
server
Rich
Communication
Suites
SMS
server
MGW
IMS CORE
• IMS VoIP over LTE
• IMS VoIP over 2G/3G PS
• CS Voice after SRVCC
• IMS core and
Applications
• Access Network

Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 50
MME
P-GW
S-GW
MSC
SGSN
HSS
UE
After SRVCC

SRVCC evolution path 51
Supplementary
Services
aSRVCC
vSRVCC
Continuation of Supplementary Services (including mid-call
services) when the UE goes through the SRVCC Handover.
SRVCC PS-CS access transfer of media of an IM session in
alerting phase.
SRVCC for video call
Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Functionality Description
3GPP
Release
Basic SRVCC
Emergency
eSRVCC
rSRVCC
One-way Handover of a single active speech session from PS
to CS systems.
SRVCC Handover for IMS emergency sessions.
Various SRVCC enhancements in the network, no impact on
the UE
Reverse SRVCC HO from CS call to PS IMS
Rel. 8
Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11

VoLTE Deployment and Hurdles 52
Verizon Wireless Announces World's
First Successful Voice Over LTE Call On
A Commercial LTE Network
February 09, 2011 | By Jeffrey Nelson
BASKING RIDGE, NJ — Verizon Chief Technology Officer Tony
Melone has confirmed that the company’s technologists placed
a live, IMS-based VoLTE (Voice over LTE) call over its
commercial network on Wednesday morning.
SKT, LG Uplus launch world's first VoLTE
services
Fiona Chau | August 08, 2012
SK Telecom and LG Uplus said they will launch high-definition
(HD) voice service over their LTE networks today, making them
the world’s first 4G operators to roll out VoLTE.
South Korean LTE operators plan to
launch interoperable VoLTE in 1Q 2014
at the earliest
머니투데이 성연광 기자|입력 : 2014.01.12 11:54
서로 다른 이동통신사 가입자간에도 기존보다 2배 더 선명한
전화통화를 즐길 수 있는 HD 음성통화 시대가 초읽기에 들어갔다.
SK텔레콤, KT, LG유플러스 등 이동통신사간 VoLTE(LTE음성통화)
상호 연동테스트가 막바지 단계에 접어들었기 때문
AT&T admits to VoLTE delay, won't offer
new launch date
February 26, 2014 | By Mike Dano
BARCELONA, Spain--AT&T Mobility's Kris Rinne acknowledged
the carrier has delayed its planned launch of Voice over LTE
technology. The carrier had previously said it would launch the
service by the end of 2013, but Rinne confirmed to
FierceWireless that AT&T is still working on its VoLTE
implementation.
Country Volte StatusOperator
Azerbaijan
South Korea
Launched
Launched
Azercell
LG U+
South Korea LaunchedKT
South Korea LaunchedSK Telecom
Country Volte StatusOperator
Austria TriallingT Mobile
Canada In deploymentSasktel
China In deploymentChina Mobile
Germany In deploymentDT
Germany In deploymentO2
Hong Kong In deploymentPCCW
India TriallingRIL
Japan PlannedNTT DoCoMo
Lebanon In deploymentAlfa
Netherlands Study phaseVodafone
Saudi Arabia In deploymentMobily
Australia TriallingOptus
Bulgaria In deploymentMax Telecom
Canada In deploymentTelus
Ecuador PlannedCNT
Germany PlannedE Plus
Hong Kong Soft-launchedCSL
India TriallingBharti Airtel
India PlannedVideocon
Japan In deploymentSoftbank
Netherlands In deploymentTele 2
Russia In deploymentYota
Singapore In deploymentStarHub
Slovenia In deploymentTelekom Slovenije
Sweden In deploymentTele2
Turkey TriallingAvea
UK In deploymentEE
USA In deploymentC-Spire
USA In deploymentUS Cellular
USA In deploymentVerizon Wireless
Slovakia PlannedT-Mobile Slovensko
Spain TriallingTelefonica
Sweden In deploymentTeliasonera
UAE In deploymentEtisalat
USA In deploymentAT&T
USA In deploymentT Mobile US
USA In deploymentSprint
USA TriallingVTel

Voice quality – Issues with VoLTE 53
20 50 200 3400 7000 20000
Fullband audio – EVS Codec
High Definition voice – AMR WB
AMR Frequency (Hz)
AMR WB
(12.65k)c
AMR
(12.2k)
EVS WB
(5.95k)
Voice Capacity
VoiceQuality
Higher Capacity at
Similar Quality
Higher Capacity
and Better Quality
EVS: Enhanced voice service
AMR: Adaptive Multi-rate

Summary of the LTE ‘Voice’ issues 54
LTE
2020+
WCDMA WCDMA+
VoLTE
VoIP over HSPA+ (EV-DO)
Seamless Transitions
CSFB
SRVCC
Packet
Handover
2012 2013 2014 2015+
&
1X 1X Advanced

17 possible official LTE Voice modes 55
UMTS
CSFB
(TDD)
GSM
CSFB
(TDD)
TDS
CSFB
(TDD)
1x
CSFB
(TDD)
VoLTE
(TDD)
VoLTE1x
SRVCC
(TDD)
VoLTE
UMTS
SRVCC
(TDD)
VoLTE
GSM
SRVCC
(TDD)
VoLTE
TDS
SRVCC
(TDD)
1x
SVLTE
VoLTE
(FDD)
VoLTE
UMTS
SRVCC
(FDD)
UMTS
CSFB
(FDD)
GSM
CSFB
(FDD)
1x
CSFB
(FDD)
VoLTE
GSM
SRVCC
(FDD)
VoLTE1x
SRVCC
(FDD)

SMS over IMS 56
Details in 3GPP TS 23.204

Introduction to Carrier Aggregation

UE Categories 58

Carrier Aggregation [1] 59
LTE Carrier
#1
LTE Carrier
#2
LTE Carrier
#3
LTE Carrier
#4
LTE Carrier
#5
Component Carrier
1.4MHz - 20 MHz
Frequency
Aggregated Carrier
7 MHz - 100 MHz
Frequency
LTE Carrier
#1
LTE Carrier
#2
LTE Carrier
#3
LTE Carrier
#4
LTE Carrier
#5
Wider band aggregated carrier

Carrier Aggregation [2] 60
Up to
100 MHz
Aggregated
Data Pipe
LTE Carrier #1
LTE Carrier #2
LTE Carrier #3
LTE Carrier #4
LTE Carrier #5
CCs up to 20 MHz
CCs up to 20 MHz
CCs up to 20 MHz
CCs up to 20 MHz
CCs up to 20 MHz

Band defined CA 61
LTE Carrier
#1
LTE Carrier
#2
LTE Carrier
#3
Frequency
Band A
Intra-band
contiguous CA
LTE Carrier
#1
LTE Carrier
#2
LTE Carrier
#3
Frequency
Band A
Intra-band
Non- contiguous CA
LTE Carrier
#1
LTE Carrier
#2
LTE Carrier
#3
Frequency
Band A Band B
Inter-band
Non- contiguous CA

PSC: Primary Serving Cell – RRC Connection + Data
Secondary Serving Cells – Data
Secondary Serving Cell – Data
UE
Primary and Secondary cell definition 62

RRH
RRH
RRH
eNB
RRH
RRH
Relay
Relay
Relay
eNB
eNB eNB
eNB
CA Deployment Scenarios 63
Rel. 10
Rel. 11

Serving
cell
CC1
CC2
PCell
(activated)
SCell
(deactivated)
SCell
(activated)
RRC connection
establishment with
CC1
RRC reconfiguration
with SCell addition
(CC2)
MAC Activation for CC2
Time
CA Activation 64

Carrier Aggregation Combinations 65
2 CC 3 CC
35
14
9
58
5 TDD
53 FDD
5 x 2 CC
44 x 2 CC
9 x 3 CC
FDD
1 or 2 CC
3 CC
DL Only DL / UL
Inter 33 1 7
Intra 8 2 0
Inter-Intra - - 2
TDD
1 or 2 CC
DL Only DL / UL
Inter 1 0
Intra 3 1

Cross Carrier Scheduling (CCS) 66
CIF = 0 CIF = 1
PCFICH
PDCCH
PDSCH
COMPONENT
CARRIER #1
COMPONENT
CARRIER #2
PCC SCC SCC SCC SCC
F
PUSCH onlyPUSCH and PUCCH
UplinkDownlink
PCC SCC SCC SCC SCC
F
PDSCH, PDCCH is optionalPDSCH and PDCCH
CC#1CC#2CC#3
Without
Cross Carrier Scheduling (CCS)
CC#1CC#2CC#3
With
Cross Carrier Scheduling (CCS)
• CCS helps reduce PDCCH interference in HetNets
• CCS improves scheduling flexibility of the eNB
• CCS reduces the burden on the UE to do blind decoding of the PDCCH, thereby also
saving the power consumed by the UE

LTE
Carrier Aggregation evolution in 3GPP 67
LTE-A
Rel. 8 Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Rel. 12
• DL: 2 aggregated bands (contiguous or non-contiguous)
• UL: 2 aggregated bands intra band only
• Can simultaneously connect to cells with the SAME TA properties
• Cross Carrier Scheduling (CCS)
• Can simultaneously connect to 2 or more
cells with DIFFERENT TA properties
• Up to 3 aggregated contiguous
or non-contiguous bands, in
both the DL and the UL.

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(MIMO)

Principle of MIMO antennas 69
Tx1
Tx0 Rx0
Rx1
Tx Rx
Antenna
Mapping
Symbol
Estimation
Modulation
Bits for
transmission
x1
x2
x2
x1
y1
y2
Demodulation
Received bits
x1
x2
^
^
Channel
Estimation
H11
H12
H21
H22
H
^
Tx Symbols Rx Symbols
Channel
Estimate
y1 = H11 x1 + H21x2 + n1
y2 = H12 x1 + H22x2 + n1

MIMO and its enhancements 70
Rx0
Rx1
eNBTx0
UE1
Tx1
UE2
MU-MIMO
Tx1
Tx0UE Rx0
Rx1
eNB
SU-MIMO
Uplink
Tx1
Tx0eNB Rx0
Rx1
UE
SU-MIMO
Downlink

Beamforming 71
d
φ
2φ
3φ
4φ
5φ
θ
φ = 2πd sin(θ/λ)
Δθ = λ / Nd
Steering beam by
a phase ramp
d
θ
w0
w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
Steering beam by
Amplitude and Phase
w0 – wN = amplitude and
phase weights

Massive MIMO – 3D Βeamforming 72
N  Very large
Very large amount of weights enable 3D beam steering
Energy focus into smaller areas
Higher throughput with lower energy (improved SINR)
w00
w10
w20
w30
wM0
w01
w11
w21
w31
wM1
w0N
w1N
w2N
w3N
wMN
d
d
3GPP Rel. 12

LTE
MIMO evolution by UE Categories 73
LTE-A
Rel. 8 Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Rel. 12
MIMO
Category 1 - 1x1
Category 2 - 2x2
Category 3 - 2x2
Category 4 - 2x2
Category 5 - 4x4
MIMO
Category 6 - 2x2
4x4
Category 7 - 2x2
4x4
Category 8 - 8x8
Massive MIMO
3D beamforming

Coordinated Multi-Point
Transmission (CoMP)
74

CoMP Concept 75
eNB UE1
eNB
UE2
Main lobe control towards reference user
Null control towards other users

Direction of CoMP 76
eNB
eNB
eNB
Rx0
Rx2
Rx1
Tx1
UE
Tx0
eNB1
Tx1
eNB2
Rx0
Rx1
UE
Downlink CoMP
Uplink CoMP

Intra-eNB VS Inter-eNB CoMP 77
Inter-eNB CoMP
Intra-eNB CoMP

CoMP in Homogenous networks 78
Coordination area
CoMP scenario 1: Homogenous macro network
with intra-site CoMP
CoMP scenario 2: Homogenous macro network
with inter-site CoMP
Sectorised
Macro-cell

CoMP in Heterogeneous networks 79
Macro-cells
Small cells RRH
CoMP scenario 3: Heterogenous network with
low-power small cells within the macro cell.
CoMP scenario 4: Heterogenous network with
low-powered Remote Radio Heads (RRH) within
the macro cell.

CoMP evolution in 3GPP 80
LTE LTE-A
Rel. 8 Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Rel. 12
• CoMP frozen in Rel. 11
• Proposed but dropped – Further study was necessary

Relays
81

Relays 82
eNB / DeNB
eNB / DeNB
eNB / DeNB
UE
UE
UE
UE
UE
RN
RN
RN
UE

Relaying techniques 83
RepeaterDeNB UE
RF signal RF signal
Power
Amplification
Amplify & Forward (L1)
• The repeater will receive signal and amplify before
forward to the destination
• Along with the signal, noise will also amplify
RelayDeNB UE
Demodulation
/ Decoding
Encoding /
Modulation
Power
Amplification
Decode & Forward (L2)
• The relay will receive signal and decode.
• It will then reconstruct the signal, amplify and forward
to destination node.
RelayDeNB UE
Data
Regeneration
Data
Transmission
Encoding /
Modulation
Demodulation
/ Decoding
Power
AmplificationSame function
as eNB
Analyze & Forward (L3)
• The relay will receive signal and decode.
• It will then perform error detection and error
correction.
• Data signal is reconstructed and encoded.
• Signal is then amplified and forward to destination.
• Own cell ID, appears as an eNB to the UE.
• 3GPP Rel. 10 defined relay
3GPP
Rel. 10

Network architecture with a Relay Node 84
UE
UE
RN
eNB
eNB / DeNB
• In a similar manner to the Uu interface, Unis capable to carry X2 and S1 (UP & CP)
traffic between the UE and Donor eNB (DeNB).
3GPP Rel. 10
Fixed Relay Node (FRN)

Frequency separation of Uu and Un links 85
3GPP Rel. 10 - Type 1 RN – In-band
UE RN
Uu Un
DeNB
Uu
Tx/Rx
pair
Un
Tx/Rx
pair
UE RN
Uu Un
DeNB
3GPP Rel. 10 - Type 1A RN – Out-band
• Same carrier frequency
• Time domain separation
e.g. Half duplex
• Separation by carrier
frequency

Mobile Relay Node (MRN) 86
0.5 – 3
wavelengths
MRN
Predictor
antenna
The use of predictor antennas improve CSI accuracy to enable the use of
interference avoidance and cancellation schemes for the backhaul links.

Relays evolution in 3GPP 87
LTE LTE-A
Rel. 8 Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Rel. 12
FRN
MRN

Heterogeneous Networks
(HetNets)
88

89
Traditional Homogeneous Network
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
Core
Network
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #

90
Hierarchical Cell Structures (HCS)
• HCS have cells that use different frequencies
Macrocell
Layer
Microcell/
Layer
Pico/Femto/
Other Small Cell
Layer

91
Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
Relay
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
Femto Cell
Fiber
Optic
Core
Network
Internet

Small cell classification 92
Domestic Enterprise High density subs Urban
Femtocell
Picocell
Metrocell & Microcell
Meadowcell

Basic LTE architecture 93
eNodeB
eNodeB
HeNB-GW
MME
S-GW
P-GW
HeNB
HeNB
S5

Small cell architecture 94
HeNB
HeNB
HeNB-GW
HeNB
HeNB-GW

Different Cell Types 95
Cell Type
Serving
UE
Coverage
Area
Location Managing Price
Max
Power
Backhaul
Micro /
Outdoor
metrocell
Femto
50 - 200
Up to 8
Up to 2 Km
Up to 30 m
Small tower,
buildings,
lampposts
House / Office
Service
Provider
Service
Providers /
End user
$$$$$$$
$$$
2 – 5 W
20 mW
Microwave /
Optical
Broadband
Macro
Pico / Indoor
metrocell
WLAN
+200
Up to 64
5 - 20
25 Km – 40
Km
200 – 300 m
300 m
Tower
Buildings,
poles, signals,
indoor
House / Office
Service
Provider
Service
Provider
Service
providers /
End-user
$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$
$
40 W
250 mW
200 mW
Optical
DSL
Broadband
Source: based on a presentation by Agilent Technologies

96
Want to see a real-life HetNet?
Remember this?
Look closer
Wi-Fi
Macro
Pico
Femto

97
Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous Networks
Homogenous Networks Heterogeneous Network
One big and same size Base Station Various with smaller nodes
Carefully planned and configured by
wireless operators
Small cells – less planned, installed by
wireless operators as well as end –
users.
Hardly flexible More flexible
Cell size
Coverage
Deployment ownership
Interference
Capability flexibility
Cost of equipment, installation
and maintenance
Broader (25 – 40 Km) Narrower (50m – 2 Km)
Well managed from deployment plan
Complicated due to various overlaps,
types of backhauls and managing
ownership
Higher Small cells lower

Cell range 99
Power
Distance
Interference
Real cell planning
Frequency
Time
Macrocell and Small Cell operate
at the SAME carrier Frequency

Aggressor and Victim cell concept 100
• Femtocell is typically of a closed subscriber group (CSG) type
• Femtocell is the Aggressor Cell to the macrocell
Not every UE is allowed to camp on a femtocell due to its
CSG nature. When a UE is within its coverage, a femtocell
becomes the source of cell interference.
• Hence in this case, Macrocell is the Victim Cell.
• Picocell is typically of an open subscriber group (OSG) type
• Macrocell is the Aggressor Cell to the picocell.
Every subscribed UE is allowed to camp on a picocell due to
its OSG nature. When a UE is within the picocell coverage,
the macrocell becomes the source of cell interference due to
its high transmit power.
• Hence in this case, Picocell is the Victim Cell.
Femtocell
Picocell
Signal
Interference

Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation (ICIC) 101
Power
Frequency
Hard Frequency Reuse Soft Frequency Reuse Fractional Frequency Reuse

Enhanced ICIC (eICIC) – CA based 102
CC#1CC#2
UE #1
CC#1CC#2
UE #2
Control signal on CC #1
Data signal on both
Control signal on CC #2
Data signal on both
UE#1
UE#2
...the CCS approach
Aggressor and Victim cells are
controlled by the SAME eNB

Enhanced ICIC (eICIC) – Time domain 103
ABS ABS ABS ABS
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
Aggressor cell
Tx Power
Subframe
• Aggressor cell silences for some time
– To provide protected resources to victim cell
– Still PSS, SSS, PRS, CSI-RI, SIB1, Paging transmitted for backward compatibility, so
called it “Almost”
• Victim cell makes use of the silences time
– For eNB of victim cell to schedule UEs in victim cell
– For UE in victim cell to check its’ serving cell radio condition
– For UE in victim cell to measure it’s serving cell
– For UE in other cell to measure victim cell
Almost Blank Subframe (ABS)
UE#1
UE#2

Cell Range Expansion (CRE) 104
• UEs at the cell edge provide the network with measurement reports.
• RSRP and RSRQ thresholds define the cell size.
• Loosening RSRP and RSRQ thresholds is similar to increasing cell size
(UE remains within the cell boundaries with lower signal quality).
RSRPmacrocell = RSRPpicocell
RSRQmacrocell = RSRQpicocell

Further enhanced ICIC (FeICIC) 105
• Further enhanced ICIC (FeICIC) for non-CA based
deployment
– At the transmitter side in DL
• Combination of ABS + power reduction
– At the receiver side in DL
• Use of advanced UE receiver (cancellation/discard of known signals
such as CRS…)
FeICIC does not introduce new techniques.
Just additional eICIC scenarios...

New Carrier Type (NCT) 106
3GPP Rel.12
Reference symbols have been removed in four out of five subframes.
So far, the main concern of 3GPP specification evolution is backward
compatibility.
NCT will not be constrained by legacy Cell Reference Symbols (e.g. PSS, SSS, SIB1
etc.).
Base stations can turn off transmission when there is no data to transmit since
cell reference symbols are eliminated.
Network energy consumption can be improved. Bands 23 and 29
Downlink Only carriers
aggregated with legacy
carriers

Interference Management evolution in 3GPP 107
LTE LTE-A
Rel. 8 Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Rel. 12
ICIC
eICIC
FeICIC
NCT
CRE

Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT)

Logged VS Immediate MDT 109
Logged MDT
Measurements in Idle mode
Logging measurements and reporting later on
Optional for the UE to support
Immediate MDT
Measurement in Connected mode
Immediate reporting e.g. Radio Link Failure (RLF)
Mandatory for the UE to support

Logged MDT example 110
Same amount of measurements as in normal case
Periodical logging : 1280ms~61440ms
logging duration : 10min~120min
: radio measurements
: detailed location info. (if available)
: time stamp

Immediate MDT example 111
UE can discard RLF info 48 hour after it was detected

MDT evolution in 3GPP 112
LTE LTE-A
Rel. 8 Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Rel. 12
• Measurement framework enhanced.
• Additional use cases introduced
• Location information requested by eNB
• Coverage Optimization use cases with basic
measurement framework
• Location information was included by the UE
with measurement report
MDT

Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast
Multicast Service (eMBMS)

Unicast – Multicast - Broadcast 114
Unicast: Point-to-point (PTP) transmission between a single eNB to a single UE.
Multicast: Point-to-multipoint (PTM) transmission between a single eNB to a
multiple UEs within a cell that they belong to the same Multicast Group.
Broadcast: PTM transmission between a single eNB to all the UEs within a cell.
Multicast Group
Unicast Multicast Broadcast

eMBMS architecture 115
S1-MME
S5
eNodeB
eNodeB
S-GWP-GW
MME

MBMS over Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) 116

MBFSN example 117
Normal
Subframe
MBSFN
Subframe
Normal
Subframe
Normal
Subframe
MBSFN
Subframe
Normal
Subframe

MBFSN example 118
MBSFN area #2
MBSFN area #2
Normal
Subframe
MBSFN
Subframe
Normal
Subframe
Normal
Subframe
MBSFN
Subframe
Normal
Subframe
MBSFN area #1
MBSFN area #2 MBSFN area #1

MBMS evolution in 3GPP 119
LTE LTE-A
Rel. 8 Rel. 9
Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Rel. 12
eMBMS
Shared carrier deployment
Downlink only transmission
MBFSN areas with possible overlap
Mobility with eMBMS
Semi-static activation / deactivation of
eMBMS per MBSFN
Counting of MBMS interested UEs in
connected mode

Conclusion

Concluding Remarks 121
Rel. 8 Rel. 9 Rel. 10
Rel. 11
Rel. 12
Enhanced MIMO support
HeNB mobility
eMBMS
M2M enhancement
LTE LTE-A
• DL: 2 aggregated bands (contiguous or non-contiguous)
• UL: 2 aggregated bands – intra band only
• Can connect two cells with the same TA properties
• Cross Carrier Scheduling (CCS)
• 2x2 / 4x4 / 8x8 MIMO
• UE categories 6 – 8 (Cat6 – Cat8)
• CoMP proposed but dropped
• Fixed Relay Nodes defined
• eICIC (CCS – ABS)
• Semi-static activation / deactivation of eMBMS per MBSFN
• MDT coverage optimization use cases
• MDT location information provided by the UE
• 1x1 / 2x2 / 4x4 MIMO
• UE categories 1 – 5 (Cat1 – Cat5)
• ICIC
• Can connect two cells with different TA properties
• CoMP frozen in Rel. 11
• FeICIC
• Mobility with eMBMS
• Additional MDT use cases
• MDT location information requested by eNB
• eMBMS – Downlink only
• MBFSN defined with possible overlap
• MDT introduced
Carrier Aggregation
CoMP
Relays
(f)eICIC
• New carrier type
• MRN
• Up to 3 aggregated bands in both the DL
and the UL
• Massive MIMO
• 3D beamforming

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