6. Act as barriers Barriers can protect from invasion, but hamper cultural diffusion (India) Less farmland = terrace farming (Inca, Japan) Mountain barriers led to Greek city-states instead of Greek empire Adaptation Mountains Place
7. Deserts act as Barriers No farmland, very little travel or trade Isolated societies Gobi Desert = isolation & ethnocentrism in China Adaptation Deserts Place
8. Flat areas, fertile farmland, easy to travel through People living on plains are easily invaded Assyrians & Prussians developed great armies in order to defend themselves Poland got run over Adaptation Plains Place
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12. Economic Systems Known as the “free-market” system. Government should not tell businesses what to do All businesses owned by people, not government Example: USA (sort of) Capitalism (laissez-faire) “ hands off” “ allow them to do”
13. Mix between communism & capitalism Some businesses owned by people Large industries owned by the government Government can pass laws telling businesses what to do Example: Sweden, Germany, UK Socialism (Mixed)
14. Government owns all businesses, has complete control over the economy No private ownership Example: Cuba, North Korea Command/communism AKA “Marxism”
15. Focus on “favorable balance of trade” (sell more stuff to other countries than you buy from them) Get as much gold & silver as possible Led to European colonialism in the 1500’s Mercantilism
16. Neolithic Revolution = civilization Farming (domestication of plants & animals) Led to Led to Led to Led to Specialized jobs Laws Record-keeping Governments
17. The Neolithic revolution led to organized societies, centralized, governments, towns, villages, & cities… in short, the Neolithic revolution led to EVERYTHING!
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39. Cuneiform, hieroglyph, seals, & pictogram Record keeping Centralized, monarchy Government Hierarchical, rigid class system. You are born into your position in society & cannot move up Social structure Near rivers or river valleys; fresh water, irrigation, transportation Location What Ancient River Valley Civilizations have in common
40. Monotheistic, based on Judaism & Christianity, 5 pillars of faith Koran Muhammad 600 CE Saudi Arabia Mecca & Medina Islam Monotheistic, based on Judaism Love & forgiveness Bible/New Testament Yeshua of Nazareth 30 BCE Middle East Christianity 1 st monotheistic religion 10 Commandments Torah & Talmud Abraham 2000 BCE Fertile Crescent Judaism 4 noble truths, 8-fold path “ life is suffering” Siddhartha Gautama 500BCE India, spread all over Asia Buddhism Caste system, polytheism, Dharma/Karma Vedas No founder 1500 BCE India Hinduism What? Who? When Where
57. Picture Picture Picture China has a strong government that does not tolerate dissent and uses harsh punishments (Tiananmen Square Massacre) People are naturally evil Harsh ruler & harsh punishments will make them behave Han Feizi Li Si Legalism Focus on nature & beauty (literature & paintings) Dao De Jing (book) People must learn to live in harmony with nature (yin & yang balance) Laozi Daoism Set up family & social roles that continue today Civil Service exam system Filial Piety (respect for elders) 5 Relationships (oldest male in charge) Confucius Confucianism Impact Beliefs Founder Belief System
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60. What are the most important geographic features of Greece? Sparta Athens
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64. Greco- Roman or Classical tradition S ocrates P lato A ristotle - Hippocrates “ Father of Medicine” -Sophocles: tragic plays -Homer: The Odyssey & The Iliad -Paintings & sculptures of “ideal” people - Architecture, columns Philosophy Medicine Literature Art
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66. Constantine was the 1 st Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity which became the official religion of the Empire & spread all over Europe Adoption of Christianity Aqueducts, Roman Road, arches Roman techniques & styles are still in use today Roman Architecture Began with Augustus Caesar, 200 year long peace, time of cultural and intellectual achievements for Rome. Allowed Christianity to spread Pax Romana Written laws. Everyone = before the law Influenced the Enlightenment 12 Tables Rome became a rep ublic. People elected Senators to rep resent them (indirect democracy) Republican Government
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73. The only thing that united Europe during the Dark Ages was the Roman Catholic Church. Not only was almost everyone Christian, but they were all Catholics Economic/Political Manor System (Manoralism) … self-sufficient – economic side of feudalism (serfs were bound to the land) 3 field system Decentralized government Social Feudal system Strict social classes Most of Europe was Catholic 10% tithe
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76. End of Feudalism in Europe The Black Death Plague killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Helped end Feudalism
77. End of Feudalism in Europe The Crusades Increased trade & travel to the Mideast Helped end Feudalism
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80. The Reformation Decreased power of RC Church Creation of many new Christian churches Religious wars Martin Luther : RC Priest who wrote 95 Theses John Calvin : predestination theocracy in Geneva Guttenberg: Printing press spread ideas Began in Germany, spread all over Europe Especially Northern Europe -Creation of new Christian churches -Reaction against the RC Church’s corruption (indulgences) Secular humanism Effects Important People Location Definition
81. The Counter-Reformation Reform in RC Church Catholic Missionaries Spanish Inquisition Ignatius of Loyola (founded Jesuits) Rome, Spain, New World Catholic Church’s reforms Effects Important People Location Definition
82. Regent’s Questions The information on this map suggests that the Black Death was primarily spread by the actions of (1) invading armies (2) merchants (3) nomadic peoples (4) explorers
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93. Mauryan Empire 1 st time India was unified. Very large, well-administered, & had an extensive system of roads India was not permanently unified by the Mauryan Empire 321 BCE Chandragupta Maurya & Asoka Importance Leader& Dates
94. Gupta Empire Golden Age. Advancements in Mathematics, science, literature, art & medicine -concept of Zero -plastic surgery Chandra Gupta & Chandra Gupta II 320 CE Importance Leader& Dates
95. Mughal Empire Expanded India, Taj Mahal, increased trade & cultural diffusion Akbar the Great (absolute monarch) 1542 Importance Leader& Dates
96. Han Dynasty GOLDEN AGE, silk road trade cultural diffusion, Confucianism Civil Service Exams Wudi 206 BCE- 220 CE Importance Leader& Dates
98. Song Dynasty Increased trade with foreign countries Gunpowder Moveable type printing 960-1279 Song Taizu Wu Zhao (only female emperor) Importance Leader& Dates
99. Ming Dynasty Took over from Mongol emperors Porcelain Voyages of Zeng He (Zeng He travelled a lot & wrote about it) 1368 – 1644 Importance Leader& Dates
100. Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) Justinian Code of Laws (based on 12 Tables) Constantinople Kept Greek & Roman traditions alive Justinian Importance Leader& Dates
101. Ottoman Empire Absolute monarchs “ Sick man of Europe” destroyed by Nationalism & WWI Armenian genocide Late 1200’s Suleiman the Magnificent Importance Leader& Dates
102. Mongol Empire One of largest empires on earth Pax Mongolica : time of peace throughout empire, trade increased along the Silk Road Took over China… Kublai Khan (Marco Polo) Genghis Khan, 1279 Importance Leader& Dates
138. English Civil War, Petition of Right, England became a Constitutional Monarchy NO, but Charles I tried Charles I Charles II England Ivan = 1 st Czar Peter tried to westernize & modernize Russia YES Ivan the Terrible Peter the Great Russia Built Versailles Mercantilism War of Spanish succession YES Louis XIV France Spanish Armada defeated by British Spanish colonies in New World YES Philip II Spain Important Events Absolute monarch? Leader(s) Country
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140. Scientific Revolution Conflict with Catholic Church, questioning the Catholic Church People want to order politics & government (Enlightenment) Copernicus & Galileo Isaac Newton Heliocentric Theory Theory of Gravity Effects Important People Description
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142. Beginning of the end for European divine right monarchies American Revolution French Revolution Latin American Revolutions John Locke (Natural Rights) Montesquieu (Separation of Powers) Voltaire (Religious tolerance) Rousseau (Social Contract) European thinkers inspired by Renaissance secular humanism & the Scientific Revolution began to develop new and better ways to govern Effects Important People Description
146. The French Revolution, Overview Causes Revolution Effects 1) Social Estates General End of French Inequality Meeting Monarchy 2) Absolute Violent Global Spread of Monarchy Revolution Revolution 3) Economy Robespierre’s Napoleon Reign of Terror conquers Europe
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152. Hidalgo led a successful revolt of mestizos, creating an independent Mexico Father Hidalgo Creoles & Mestizos had no political power & were inspired by Enlightenment & American & French Revolutions Spain Mexico Bolivar & San Martin led successful armed rebellions creating new, independent countries Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin Creoles & Mestizos had no political power & were inspired by Enlightenment & American & French Revolutions Spain Spanish South America French sugar plantation colony, African slaves led by L’Overture successfully overthrew French Toussaint L’Overture Slave Revolt Enlightenment French Rev. American Rev. France Haiti Description Leader Causes Colonizer Country or Region
155. Otto von Bismarck, “Blood & Iron” Chancellor. United Germany through wars (Franco-Prussian war) and politics; 1871 Germany Garibaldi, Cavour, helped to unite the different kingdoms within Italy into one country; 1861 Italy
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160. New coal-powered plants & factory waste badly pollute the air & water Pollution: Desire for raw materials leads many industrial countries to colonize Need for Natural Resources: Factory workers underpaid, large families in cramped housing. Women & children working in factories Slums & Poverty: Public schools mandatory to create an educated workforce Education: New developments in soap, medicine & food production = people living longer Longer life-span Rise of the middle class, rise of wealthy factory owners, increase in poor workers New Society: People moved from farms to cities, cities grew Urbanization:
161. Communism (Marxism) Everything is owned by the government Government closely regulates the economy (sets prices, tells factories what to make, etc.) No private property Capitalism (Free Market, Laissez-Faire) Government should not interfere with economy Prices determined by supply & demand Private property for all
172. N R A E T S I I O S N T A A L N I C S E T Chinese martial artists fought back against Open Door Policy, crushed by European armies Boxer Rebellion Chinese citizens fought back against Spheres of Influence, crushed by Chinese gov’t & European armies Taiping Rebellion Britain imported opium to China (balance of trade), Chinese fought back, Britain defeated them & forced them to sign an unequal treaty Opium Wars European nations forced China to sign unequal treaties giving them control over Chinese land Spheres of Influence
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177. Loss of natural resources Loss of traditional culture Racism Forced labor Artificial boundaries (civil war) Infrastructure Education Medicine Improved agriculture Improved communications (-)Negative(-) (+)Positive(+) Effects of Imperialism
196. The Causes of WWII G F A L T REAT DEPRESSION ASCISM EAGUE OF NATIONS PPEASEMENT REATY OF VERSAILLES
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201. -Japanese military controlled government -imperialism in Asia; Rape of Nanking -Attacked Pearl Harbor - Formed an alliance with Germany & Italy Fascist dictator Hitler was elected -Anschlus with Austria -invaded Czechoslovakia -Invaded Poland (start of WWII) -formed an alliance with Italy & Japan -Fascist dictator Mussolini took over. -invaded Ethiopia -formed an alliance with Germany & Japan Japan Germany Italy
209. Easing of tensions between USA & USSR. Agreement to limit nuclear weapons Détente & SALT Communist revolutions in Cuba led by Castro. Communist revolutions in Nicaragua led by Sandinistas & opposed by the Contras (US intervention) Cold War in Latin America Vietnam divided between communist North & capitalist South. Long war. Vietnam communist country Vietnam War CASTRO. Closest we’ve come to nuclear war. USSR missiles in Cuba, USA stopped building of missile bases Cuban Missile Crisis Korea divided between communist North & capitalist South. Long war. North Korea still communist (Kim Jong Il) Korean War USA gave millions of dollars to help rebuild Europe after WWII & stop them from becoming communist Mar$hall Plan: Germany was divided; East Germany controlled by the USSR, West Germany democratic. Berlin Wall Ge r ma ny: Soviet troops remained in Eastern European countries, USSR controlled those governments The Iron Curtain:
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212. End of the Cold War: Solidarity movement (Lech Walesa) helped end Soviet domination, Poland independent Poland Iron Curtain fell, Berlin Wall fell; Germany reunited, Eastern Europe independent Germany & Eastern Europe Gorbachev’s reforms (Glasnost & Perestroika) failed, USSR collapsed, Boris Yeltsin President of Russian Federation USSR
215. Jewish people established a homeland, fought wars with Arab neighbors Herzl (Zionism) David Ben Gurion Israel (British mandate) Middle East Both led civil disobedience campaigns against UK, jailed, became 1 st Prime Minister Jomo Kenyatta Kwame Nkrumah (pan-African) Kenya (Britain) Ghana (Britain) Africa Successful campaign of civil disobedience: Salt March, Homespun Movement -partition: India given independence, but split Gandhi Nehru India (Britain) Pakistan (Britain) Asia Events: People: Countries: Region:
217. 300,000 Chinese murdered by Japanese army during their campaign of Asian imperialism Japanese Army 1937 The Rape of Nanking (China) Over 11 million people systematically murdered by Nazis, 6 million Jews who Hitler blamed for the world’s problems Adolph Hitler Heinrich Himmler 1941-1945 The Holocaust (Europe) Serbian army “ethnically cleansed” (murdered) over 200,000 Bosnian Muslims; rape camps Slobodan Milosevic 1992-1995 Serbian War Crimes (Europe) Bosnian Genocide Students protested for more democratic government. Thousands were killed or jailed by Chinese government Deng Xiaoping 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre (China) Dark-skinned Sudanese being slaughtered by Janjaweed & Sudan gov’t for land & resources Janjaweed militias 2003-present Genocide in Sudan (Darfur) Hutus massacred 800,000 Tutsis who had historically been given more opportunity in Rwanda Hutus vs. Tutsis 1994 Genocide in Rwanda Communists captured the country, killed 2 million in killing fields & forced labor camps Pol Pot 1975-1979 Khmer Rouge (Cambodia) Events: People: Date: Region:
220. England trying to takeover Ireland, Irish resist using terrorism. Northern Ireland belongs to England Catholics (Irish) vs. Protestant (British) IRA Gerry Adams 1916-1998 Ireland Anti-government protests have led to the resignation of Mubarak in Egypt, government change in Tunisia, civil war in Libya (NATO bombings) Hosni Mubarak 2011 Democracy movements in North Africa & Middle East 9/11/01 Al Qaeda attacked the USA. US went to war in Afghanistan to destroy terrorist organization. Al Qaeda attacked London, Madrid, & Mumbai killing hundreds. Bin Laden dead Osama bin Laden George W. Bush Al Qaeda 2001-present War on Terror
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222. Improvements in agriculture in developing countries: irrigation systems, new machines, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, new Genetically modified crops Green Revolution: INDIA Overpopulation Too expensive to help small farmers Used for cash crops More food Longer lifespan Negative (-) Positive (+)
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228. Global organization created after WWII to prevent wars. Security council… kinda weak United Nations Economic cooperation between many European countries. Reduced tariffs & single currency: the Euro European Union African countries cooperating diplomatically & defending each other in case of war African Union Latin American countries cooperating diplomatically & defending each other in case of war OAS Organization of American States North American Free Trade Agreement, no tariffs between Mexico, USA, & Canada. Lowered wages in North America. Illegal immigration NAFTA Description Organization
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