B science project 2

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)
Project 2:
Lighting & Acoustic Analysis Integration with Design Studio 5
Contemporary Food Market
Elaine Bong Poh Hui
0310432
Tutor: Mr Sanjay

Content
1.0 Lighting Proposal
1.1 Natural Daylighting
1.1.1 Space 1 – Ground Floor Café
1.1.2 Space 2 – First Floor Outdoor Area
1.1.3 Space 3 – Second Floor Seating Area
1.2 Artificial Lighting
1.2.3 Space 3 – Second Floor Office
2.0 Acoustic Proposal
2.1 External Noise Sound Intensity Level
2.2 Sound Transmission Loss
2.2.1 Space 1 – Ground Floor Café Kitchen
2.3 Reverberation Time
2.3.2 Space 2 – Ground Floor Café Kitchen
3.0 Appendix & References

1.1 Natural Daylighting
Daylight Factor
𝐷𝐹 =
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟
𝐸 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟
𝑥 100%
Where,
DF = Daylight Factor (%)
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = Horizontal illumination of reference point indoor (Lux)
𝐸 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = Horizontal illumination of unobstructed point outdoor in an overcast sky condition
(Lux)
The table below shows the standards of daylight factor as set by Malaysian Standards.
Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution
Very bright > 6 Very large with thermal and
glare problem
Bright 3 - 6 Good
Average 1 - 3 Fair
Dark 0 - 1 Poor

The café is located on the ground floor is very near to the street as the attract people to
go inside and dine in. The space is exposed to sunlight due to the façade which is
main of glass and is not fully covered. The daylight shining into the space is sufficient
and could have save energy from artificial lighting.
Daylight Factor, DF
Total Floor Area = 120.38 m²
Area of Openings = 75.6 m²
Daylight Factor =
75.6
120.38
𝑥 100% 𝑥 0.1
= 62.8 x 0.1
= 6.28%
Natural Illumination Calculation
Daylight Factor =
𝑥 100%
6.28% =
32000
𝑥 100%
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 6.28 / 100 x 32000
= 20009.6 Lux
Conclusion
The space has a daylight factor of 6.28% which exceeded the standards set by
Malaysia Standards and there will be a slight thermal and glare problem. According to
MS 1525, the café should have a standard illuminance level of 200 lux, which the
space has already exceed by having an illuminance level of 2009.6 Lux. The
uncovered is due to the idea of allowing public to be able to see what happening in the
space. A sunscreen is added to the façade to reduce the sun glare problem.

The outdoor area on the second floor is for event to take place. This event space is
located on a high floor due to the level of the monorail track. By having the
happening space on the upper floor enable passer-by to view in the building and
getting hold of what is happening.
Daylight Factor, DF
Total Floor Area = 81 m²
Daylight Factor =
61.32
81
𝑥 100% 𝑥 0.1
= 75.7 x 0.1
= 7.57%
Daylight Factor =
𝑥 100%
7.57% =
32000
𝑥 100%
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 6.28 / 100 x 32000
= 2422.4 Lux
Conclusion
The area has a daylight factor of 7.57% which the zone is very bright with thermal
and glare problem. The standard illuminance level for this area is 500 Lux. The
calculation for natural illumination for indoor is 2422.4 lux. The concept of being able
to view from outside causes the resulting illuminance to be higher.

1.1.3 Space 3 – Second Floor Seating Area
The seating area on second floor is exposed to sunlight since it is nearer to the façade
on the upper floor. The space is partly screened by aluminium strips preventing
overheat. By introducing daylight into the space, les energy can be used on the
artificial lighting.
Daylight Factor, DF
Total Floor Area = 143.4 m²
Daylight Factor =
87.465
143.4
𝑥 100% 𝑥 0.1
= 61 x 0.1
= 6.1%
Daylight Factor =
𝑥 100%
6.1% =
32000
𝑥 100%
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 6.1 / 100 x 32000
= 1952 Lux
Conclusion
This space has a daylight factor of 6.1% which slightly exceeded the standard
illuminance level causing the area to be too bright and has thermal and glare problem.
The natural illuminance for the interior is 1952 which is more than the standard set by
the government, 200. The problem is reduced by having sunscreen in front of the
façade to block some of the daylight.

1.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis
1.2.1 Ground Floor Café
According to MS 1525, the illuminance level of café is 200 lux. The main activities in the
café is dining and serving so the type of lighting used in this area will be the ambient lighting.
Material Location Texture Surface
Type
Colour Reflectance
Value (%)
Concrete Floor Matt Absorptive Grey 20
Timber
Finishing
Wall Smooth Absorptive Brown 50
Plaster
Ceiling
Ceiling Matt Absorptive White 70
Product Philip Master LED Spotlight PAR
Luminous Flux(lm) 900 Lm per lamp / 5 lamps per luminaire
Colour Temperature,
K
2,700 K
Colour Rendering
Index
80
Beam Angle 250
Voltage 220-240 V
Bulb Finish Nil
Placement Ceiling

Location Café
Dimension of Room (m) L = 11.4, W = 10.56
Total Floor Area (m²) 120.38
Type of Lighting Fixture Ambient Lighting
Standard Illuminance Required (lux)
According to MS 1525
200
Height of Ceiling 4.2
Height of Working Level 1.0
Height of Luminaire 3.2
Mounting Height (h) 2.2
Room Index (K)
=
𝑳 × 𝑾
𝒉(𝑳 + 𝑾)
11.4 × 10.56
2.2(11.4 + 10.56)
= 2.49
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.54
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8
Lumen Calculation
𝑵 =
𝑬 × 𝑨
𝑭 × 𝑼𝑭 × 𝑴𝑭
200 × 120.38
4500 × 0.54 × 0.8
= 12.38 = 13
Spacing (SHR = 3:2) 3/2 = Spacing/2.2
Spacing = 3/2 x 2.2
=3.3 metres
Number of Luminaires Across
(Width/Spacing)
10.56 / 3.3
= 3.3 = 4
Number of Luminaires Along (Total no.
of Luminaires/ No. of Luminaires
Across)
13 / 4
= 3.25 = 4

Conclusion
The café operates during evening and night time. The ambient lighting can help to create a
comfortable dining experience by achieving the standard illuminance and attract more public
to visit the place.

1.2.2 First Floor Outdoor Area (Event Place)
According to MS 1525, the illuminance level of outdoor area is 500 lux. There will only
activity happening here when there is an event. Therefore, the type of lighting used in this
area will be the ambient lighting.
Type
Colour Reflectance
Value (%)
Concrete Floor Matt Absorptive Dark Grey 20
Timber
Finishing
Plaster
Ceiling
Product Philip Master LED Spotlight PAR
Colour Temperature, K 2,700 K
Colour Rendering Index 80
Beam Angle 250
Voltage 220-240 V
Bulb Finish Nil
Placement Ceiling

Location Outdoor Area (Event Space)
Dimension of Room (m) L = 12, W = 6.75
Total Floor Area (m²) 81
Type of Lighting Fixture Ambient Lighting
500
Room Index (K)
=
𝑳 × 𝑾
𝒉(𝑳 + 𝑾)
12 × 6.75
2.6(12 + 6.75)
= 1.66
Lumen Calculation
𝑵 =
𝑬 × 𝑨
500 × 81
4500 × 0.51 × 0.8
= 22.06 = 23
Spacing = 3/2 x 2.6
=3.9 metres
(Width/Spacing)
6.75 / 3.9
= 1.73 = 2
Across)
23 / 2
= 11.5 = 12

Conclusion
Based on the calculation, 23 lightings is needed in this space. The number of luminaires
across is two rows but 2 x 12 does not satisfy the uniformity requirement. But an array of 3 x
8 is acceptable.

1.2.3 Second Floor Office
According to MS 1525, the illuminance level of office is 500 lux. The main activities in the
café is clerical task and typing so the type of lighting used in this area will be the task
lighting.
Type
Colour Reflectance
Value (%)
Carpet Floor Rough Absorptive Grey 20
Timber
Finishing
Plaster
Ceiling
Product Philip T8 TL-D Standard Colours
Colour Temperature, K 4,100 K
Colour Rendering Index 63Ra8
Beam Angle Nil
Voltage 59 V
Bulb Finish Frosted
Placement Ceiling

Location Office
Dimension of Room (m) L = 5.365, W = 3.6
Total Floor Area (m²) 19.31
Type of Lighting Fixture Task Lighting
500
Room Index (K)
=
𝑳 × 𝑾
𝒉(𝑳 + 𝑾)
5.365 × 3.6
2.6(5.365 + 3.6)
= 0.83
Lumen Calculation
𝑵 =
𝑬 × 𝑨
500 × 19.31
3600 × 0.47 × 0.8
= 7.13 = 8
Spacing = 3/2 x 2.6
=3.9 metres
(Width/Spacing)
3.6 / 3.9
= 0.92 = 1
Across)
8 / 1
= 8

Conclusion
Based on the calculation, 8 lightings is needed in this space. The number of luminaires across
is one rows but 1 x 8 does not satisfy the uniformity requirement. But an array of 2 x 4 is
acceptable.

2.0 Acoustic Proposal
2.1 External Noise
Sound Intensity Level
SIL = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼
𝐼𝑜
Where,
SIL = Sound intensity (dB)
𝐼 = The intensity of the sound being measured (W/m²)
𝐼 𝑜 = The intensity of the threshold of hearing taken as 1 × 10−12
External Noise Source
a. Site A = 80dB
80 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼1
1 × 10−12
8 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼1
1 × 10−12
Antilog 8 =
𝐼1
1 × 10−12
𝐼1 = 1 × 10−4
b. Side alley = 70 dB
70 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼2
1 × 10−12
7 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼2
1 × 10−12
Antilog 7 =
𝐼2
1 × 10−12
𝐼2 = 1 × 10−5
c. Back alley = 67 dB

67 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼3
1 × 10−12
6.7 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼3
1 × 10−12
Antilog 6.7 =
𝐼3
1 × 10−12
𝐼3 = 5.01 × 10−6
Combined intensity, 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
= 1 × 10−4
+ 1 × 10−5
+ 5.01 × 10−6
= 1.15 × 10−4
SIL = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐼 𝑜
= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1.15 × 10−4
1 × 10−12
= 8.06 × 10
= 80.6 dB
Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008) S12.2-2008
Type of Interior, Task or Activity dB
Small Auditorium (<500 seats) 35-39
Large Auditorium (>500 seats) 30-35
Open Plan Classroom 35
Meeting Room 35-44
Office (Small, Private) 40-48
Corridors 44-53
Courtrooms 39-44
Restaurants 48-52
Shops and Garage 57-67
Circulation Path 48-52
Open Plan Office Area 35-39

The sound intensity level for a restaurant is 57-67 dB similar to a café. Due to the location
near the street, the sound intensity level has exceeded the requirement which is 80 dB. This is
caused by traffic that is constant on site. To reduce the sound, vegetation can be planted in
between the interior of building and the street.
2.2 Sound Transmission Loss
Sound Transmission Loss
𝑇𝑜 =
(𝑇1 × 𝐴1) + (𝑇2 × 𝐴2)
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
Where,
𝑇𝑜 = overall transmission coefficient
𝑇1 = transmission of coefficient one component
𝐴1 = area of that component etc.
Sound Reduction Index
𝑆𝑅𝐼 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑜
R = Sound Reduction Index. Unit = decibel (dB)
T = Transmitted Sound Energy / Incident Sound Energy

2.2.1 Ground Floor Café Kitchen
Transmission Loss, TL
Site Noise 80 dB
Required Noise Control for Kitchen 52 dB
Required Transmission Coefficient 52 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇
Antilog 5.2 =
1
𝑇
T = 6.31 × 10−6
Brick Wall
Timber Door

Wall type: a. Brick Wall
TL of brick wall = 40
𝑅 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑜
40 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 =
1
𝑇𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘
𝑇𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 =
1
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 4
𝑇𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 = 1 × 10−4
Wall type: b. Timber Door
TL of timber door =14
𝑅 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑜
14 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 1.4 =
1
𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 =
1
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 1.4
𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 3.98 × 10−2
Surface Material Surface Area, A
(m²)
Transmission
Coefficient, T
A x T
Brick wall 57.1 1 × 10−4
5.71 × 10−3
Timber door 1.8 3.98 × 10−2
7.16 × 10−2

𝑇𝑜 =
(𝑇1 × 𝐴1) + (𝑇2 × 𝐴2)
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑇𝑜 =
5.71 × 10−3
+ 7.16 × 10−2
57.1 + 1.8
=
7.73 × 10−2
58.9
= 1.31 × 10−3
𝑆𝑅𝐼 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑜
= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
1.31 × 10−3
= 2.88 × 10
28.8 dB
28.8 dB of noise will reduced during the sound transmission from the traffic on the street to
the kitchen area. The selection of material to reduce unnecessary noise transmission is
enough the isolate the space from adjacent noise source.

Transmission Loss, TL
Site Noise 67 dB
Required Noise Control for Office 48 dB
Required Transmission Coefficient 48 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇
Antilog 4.8 =
1
𝑇
T = 1.58 × 10−5
Brick Wall
Timber Door

Wall type: a. Concrete Wall
TL of concrete wall = 46
𝑅 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑜
46 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
1
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 =
1
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 2.51 × 10−5
Wall type: b. Timber Door
TL of timber door =14
𝑅 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑜
14 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
1
𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 =
1
𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 3.98 × 10−2
Surface Material Surface Area, A
(m²)
Transmission
Coefficient, T
A x T
Concrete wall 66.2 2.51 × 10−5 1.66 × 10−3
Timber door 1.8 3.98 × 10−2
7.16 × 10−2

𝑇𝑜 =
(𝑇1 × 𝐴1) + (𝑇2 × 𝐴2)
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑇𝑜 =
1.66 × 10−3
+ 7.16 × 10−2
66.2 + 1.8
=
7.33 × 10−2
68
= 1.08 × 10−3
𝑆𝑅𝐼 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
𝑇𝑜
= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1
1.08 × 10−3
= 2.97 × 10
29.7 dB
29.7 dB of noise will reduced during the sound transmission from the activities in the back
alley to the kitchen area. The selection of material to reduce unnecessary noise transmission
is enough the isolate the space from adjacent noise source.

2.3 Reverberation Time
Reverberation time is calculated based on Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz.
Reverberation Time
𝑡 =
0.16𝑉
𝐴
Where,
t = reverberation time (s)
V = volume of the room (m³)
A = total absorption of room surfaces (m² sabins)
= ∑(Area × Absorption Coefficient)

Room Height = 4.2 m
Standard Reverberation Time for Office = 1s
Peak Hour Capacity = 3 people
Volume of Office = 81.1 m³
Materials (Wall) Area, A (𝒎 𝟐
) Absorption
Coefficient, S
Sound Absorption
(S x A)
Plastered brick wall
with paint
66.2m² 0.02 1.32
Materials (Ceiling
and flooring)
Area, A (𝒎 𝟐
) Absorption
Coefficient, S
Sound Absorption
(S x A)
Carpet, thin, over thin
felt on concrete floor
19.31m² 0.3 5.79
Gypsum plaster tiles,
17% perforated,
22mm
19.31m² 0.65 8.58
Materials
(Furniture)
Area, A (𝒎 𝟐
) Absorption
Coefficient, S
Sound Absorption
(S x A)
Adult office furniture
per desk
3 0.60 1.80
Solid timber door 1.8 m² 0.10 0.18
Total Sound Absorption 17.7
Reverberation time
𝑡 =
0.16𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 x 81.1
17.7
= 0.734s
The reverberation time for the office during peak hour is 0.734s which has met the standard
reverberation time (1s) according to the Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008). The selection of
material is suitable for the office area for a comfortable working environment.

2.3.2 Ground Floor Café Kitchen
Room Height = 4.2 m
Standard Reverberation Time for Kitchen = 1.2 – 1.5s
Peak Hour Capacity = 3 people
Volume of Kitchen = 55.6 m³
Materials (Wall) Area, A (𝒎 𝟐
) Absorption
Coefficient, S
Sound Absorption
(S x A)
Standard brickwork 58.8m² 0.05 2.94
Ceramic tiles with
smooth surface
58.8 m² 0.02 1.18
Materials (Ceiling
and flooring)
Area, A (𝒎 𝟐
) Absorption
Coefficient, S
Sound Absorption
(S x A)
Floor tiles 13.2m² 0.05 0.66
Gypsum plaster tiles,
17% perforated,
22mm
13.2m² 0.65 8.58
Materials
(Furniture)
Area, A (𝒎 𝟐
) Absorption
Coefficient, S
Sound Absorption
(S x A)
Aluminium working
table
4.5 0.45 2.03
Solid timber door 1.8 m² 0.10 0.18
Occupants Area, A (𝒎 𝟐
) Absorption
Coefficient, S
Sound Absorption
(S x A)
People 3 0.5 0.75
Total Sound Absorption 16.3

Reverberation time
𝑡 =
0.16𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 x 55.6
16.3
= 0.546s
The reverberation time for the kitchen during peak hour is 0.546s which has met the standard
reverberation time (1.2 – 1.5s) according to the Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008). The
selection of material is suitable for the kitchen area for a comfortable working environment.

3.0 Appendix
MS 1525 Lighting Standard

Light Reflectance Table
Utilization Factor Table

Reference
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from
http://www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf
CMS Danskin Acoustics,. (2015). Absorption & Reverberation - CMS Danskin
Acoustics. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from http://www.cmsdanskin.co.uk/general-
construction/absorption-reverberation/
Khan, A. (2015). Acoustics: Room Criteria (1st ed.). Retrieved from
http://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/departments/academic-
affairs/Academic%20Resource%20Center/pdfs/Workshop_-_Acoustic.pdf
Lightcalc.com,. LightCalc Lighting Design Software Glossary. Retrieved 4 July 2015,
from http://www.lightcalc.com/lighting_info/glossary/glossary.html

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