bahan kuliah pertemuan 5 6 7 8

1. ‘Sustainable Tourism
Planning & Indicators

2. Tourism Policies (Hall, 2000)
International Tourism Policies from 1945-present
1945-1955:
Streamlining of police and customs, currency and health regulations
put in place after II WW.
1955-1975:
Government involvement marketing in order to increase earning
potential.
1975-1985:
Government involvement in supply of tourism infrastructure and
tourism as tool for regional development.
1985-present
i. Reduced government involvement in supply of infrastructure
ii. Environmental issues
iii. Emphasis on public-private partnerships
iv. Industry self-regulation
v. Alternative tourism/ new approaches to tourism

3. The importance of Tourism Planning
• On a long-term basis, the planned approach to developing
tourism can bring benefits without significant problems,
and maintain satisfied tourist markets (WTO, 1994)
• Underlying concepts:
– Integration of the tourism system: of supply & demand, public &
private sectors, development policies = coordinated development
– Management of impacts
– Processes: community consultation, marketing, land-use planning,
research and education; continuous monitoring
• Tourism planning is not about making more tourism … but
about making better tourism

4. Tourism Planning
“Tourism planning is a process, based on research and
evaluation, which seeks to optimize the potential
contribution of tourism to human welfare and
environmental quality” (Getz, 1987).
• Key question for planning: What is the best way of
organising supply of the tourism product not only to satisfy
visitors but also meet the needs of locals?

5. Tourism Planning Traditions
(Getz, 1987)
• Boosterism (tourism should be developed at all costs)
• Economic (a means to create income & employment)
• Physical / Spatial (based on thresholds or capacities)
• Community (advocates local control)
• Sustainable (holistic planning)

6. The Planning Process
• Study preparation
• Determination of objectives
• Survey and evaluation of all elements
• Analysis and synthesis
• Policy and plan formulation
• Formulation of other recommendations
• Implementation and monitoring
• BUT: Tourism Planning can be problematic

7. The Benefits of a Tourism Plan
• Provides a purpose and criteria for new projects
• Provides for integration of stakeholder objectives
• Develop new opportunities within a strategic framework
• Creates a sense of ownership and involvement
• Improves effectiveness and efficiency
• Provides monitoring and evaluation

8. Some key issues
• Planning tourism is essential for achieving successful
tourism development & management; minimising
environmental and social problems
• Planning is widely adopted as a principle but
implementation of tourism plans remains weak
• Marketing is a term that is misunderstood; marketing
vision must be based on community & ecological values
not just the needs and aspirations of international tourists
• Images have consequences for the impacts of tourism
• Importance of community involvement & representation in
tourism marketing, planning & development
• Tourism marketing, planning and development must reflect
social, cultural & environmental responsibilities

9. Some further thoughts:
• What are the relative advantages of ‘hard’ versus ‘soft’ visitor
management?
– Restrict access / flow / group size or modify / stage the setting?
– Change tourist behaviour by informing visitors through interpretation, or
modify management presence at a site?
• The objectives of conservation and tourism will always be
contradictory (?)
• Planning against the negative impacts of tourism is an essential
part of on-going (proactive) planning & management (?)
• Human attitudes are integral to achieving sustainability (?)

10. Some concluding thoughts:
• Can tourism be managed?
• What is managed?
• Few agencies have the power to manage
tourism
• Can we talk about “tourism management”?
Or, “management within tourism”
• How do we deal with these issues
sustainably?

11. The Futures of Tourism
• Construction of scenarios about the future
position of tourism in order to develop new
thinking and strategic directions
• Read: Chapter 7 of required text
• What will the world be like in 2050?
1. Changing markets - drives tourism spend
2. Technology – how we interface with the
world
3. Resources – determine destinations & how
we get there

12. 1. Changing markets
• China, USA & India are the richest countries in
the world
• The world’s population is getting older
• Average hotel employee is aged under 25 years
• 75% of the world’s wealth is held by people
over the age of 50 years
• Increasing unemployment rates among young
• Polarisation of haves and have-nots

13. Changing values

14. 2. Technology: How will it change?
• Youtube Minority Report official trailer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn2sLUJ-eLk

15. Google glasses:
The end of maps & guidebooks?
• Youtube (2 mins 30 secs) Google glasses
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9c6W4CCU9M4&listplcp

16. What’s next? Retroreflective technology
• Youtube (6 mins) Corning glass advanced technology – intelligent surfaces
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZkHpNnXLB0

17. Terminator Salvation ….?
Scientists at the University of Washington have been
developing a contact lens containing one built-in
LED, powered wirelessly with radio frequency waves,
facial recognition systems etc.

18. 3. Resources
Peak oilGlobal warming
Increasing
world
population
Tourism Industry?

19. Future of Transport – flying cars?

20. Sustainable hotel design – energy
saving and sustainable architecture?
Sustainable architecture
seeks to minimise the
negative environmental
impact of buildings by
enhancing efficiency and
moderation in the use of
materials, energy and
development space.
Photo: Inter Continental Songjiang
Resort

21. What does the Future hold for
Tourism?
1. How we behave and deal with it will make the
difference, e.g. cooperation or rivalry?
2. Families are changing, e.g. free entry for
grandparents? feminisation of travel. Health &
well being are becoming more important e.g.
diabetes, accessibility
3. Consumers looking for change e.g. new niches,
new destinations, individuality
4. but the state of the world is fragile; need for a
drive for sustainable change and a cooperative
world e.g. one world currency?

22. Future scenarios:
1 2
3 4
Cooperation
or rivalry?
Fashionable
ageing?
The search for
individualism
An Eco Paradise

23. Your Future Travel Time Machine
• What meaning does travel hold for you?
• Where would you personally like to travel to
in the future and why?

24. APPROACHES TO TOURISM
PLANNING
• Boosterism
• An economic, industry-oriented approach
• A physical/spatial approach
• A community-oriented approach
• Sustainable tourism approach (system
approach)

25. BOOSTERISM
• Boosterism has long been the dominant
towards tourism development.
• It is simplistic attitude that tourism
development is inherently good and benefits
to the hosts.
• Little consideration is given to the potential
negative, economic, social and
environmental impacts of tourism

26. BOOSTERISM
• Instead, cultural and natural resources are
regarded as objects to be exploited for the
sake of tourism development
• Residents of tourists destination are not
involved in the decision-making and
planning process.
• Boosterism is still used by politicians who
believe that economic growth is always to
be promoted.

27. THE ECONOMIC TRADITION
• Tourism is seen as an industry
• Government use tourism to promote growth
and development in specific areas
• Use of marketing and promotion to attract
the type of visitors
• Economic goals given more priority over
ecological & social issues
• Limited attention is given to impacts of
tourism

28. THE ECONOMIC TRADITION
• Satisfaction of visitors, positive attitudes
towards tourists in host communities not
answered

29. THE PHYSICAL/SPATIAL
APPROACH
• Development defined in environmental
terms
• Ecological basis for development
• Concentration or dispersal of visitors
• Visitor management
• Physical carrying capacity
• Limited attention is given to social and
cultural attributes of the destination.

30. A COMMUNITY ORIENTED
APPROACH
Community-oriented approach is:
• engages with and involve local people at
the destination
• enhancing their economic livelihoods
while…..
• protecting their cultural values and …..
• preserving the natural environment.

31. A COMMUNITY ORIENTED
APPROACH
• Development defined as socio-cultural
terms
• Need for local control
• Search for balanced development
• Search for alternatives to “mass” tourism
• It is therefore a “bottom-up approach”

32. A COMMUNITY ORIENTED
APPROACH
• Under this approach, residents are regarded
as the focal point of the tourism planning
exercise.
• Community development
• Awareness & education
• Social impact assessment
• But…….

33. SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO
TOURISM PLANNING
• Sustainable development with its primary objectives
“promising, lasting and secure livelihoods which minimize
resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural
disturbance and social instability” (Timothy, 1998).
• Sustainable tourism development concept has been often
criticized for its contradictory goals that never achieved.
• Achieving sustainability requires:
– Co-operation
– Industry co-ordination/collaboration
– Consumer awareness
– Producer awareness

34. Reflections
thinking sustainable planning
• Global thinking must become a framework for
local “action”
• Any approach to sustainable tourism planning
needs to be based on triple bottom liner
• Tourism planning must be rich in theory in order
to be effective in the long term

35. MANAGING GROWTH
• What are the reasons for controlling and
managing the growth?
– Allow residents to adjust
– Balance with infrastructure development
– Integration with the development of other
economic sectors
– Minimising the impacts of the increasing
arrivals of tourists

36. MANAGING GROWTH
• quality of development
• quantity of development
• location of development

37. MANAGING GROWTH
Quality
• The process for more carefully deciding
whether to build things is called EIA
• This resulted in raising the public awareness
• Many communities have decided that they
want such development only if they meet
certain standards of quality

38. Case study: Indonesia
• Divided the country into 6 zones
• Each zone is expected to become self-reliant
• Each zone has its market opportunities,
• Each zone will not compete with each other but
rather complement each other

39. Case study: Indonesia

40. Final conclusions
• Government planners have determined that mass
tourism would be inappropriate in most locations
• Tourism development is to be directed only to
cities and few established tourists areas
• Each of the six tourism zones has been mapped
with references to its existing & potential
• Each zone has been primarily targeted for one or
more development strategies on the basis of the
type of tourist attracted by its special qualities

41. MANAGING GROWTH
Quantity
• Those strategies are not new
• Many communities have increased the
quantity of development in the areas in
order to seek quick fix for the economy
• Many developed and developing countries
have been successful promoting sustainable
tourism through strategies emphasize on
quality and location.

42. Please come...but Not too many...and
Not too often
• There is no magic number that identifies the
optimal of tourist destinations
• How many tourists is too many also depends on
when they visit
• What the communities need is strategies to control
and manage the rate, intensity and type of their
tourism growth, so that impacts are favorable to
those conditions the community desires
• Carrying capacity analysis, sustainable concept
approach, & preservation rules strategies

43. Case study: The Saguenay-St.
Lawrence Marine Park, Quebec

44. Case study: The Saguenay-St.
Lawrence Marine Park, Quebec
• In 1990, the government of Canada and the
province agreed to establish the Marine Park to
conserve this exceptional marine environment
• In 1995, a management plan had been agreed upon
and diverse coordinating committee conduct its
initial meetings “conservation is primary goal”
• Government recognition of the importance of this
Park “Multi-purpose”
• Therefore, introduction of modern methods of
protecting marine ecosystems

45. Case study: The Saguenay-St.
Lawrence Marine Park, Quebec
• Key management tool to accomplish its goals is
“districting according to uses”
• Quebec identifies four districts from most
restrictive to least restrictive;
– Comprehensive preservation
– Specific protection
– General protection
– General use districts
• 1997- discussion paper was prepared concerning
control of whale-watching activities in the park

46. MANAGING GROWTH
Location enhancement strategies
There are various strategies that communities
enhance and enlarge and manage their tourism
• Expanding strategies
• Divert/dispersal strategies
• Concentration strategies

48. Case study: Bruges, Belgium
• Faced with an unacceptable influx of tourists
automobile traffic in narrow roads
• It is well-preserved medieval city center,
characterized by interesting architecture, small
shops and cultural establishments.
• In 1992 study identifies serious problems
• Two types of tourists visiting Bruges
• 60% of travelers come by car
• Resulted in threatening the environment

51. Case study: Bruges, Belgium
• Report also differentiated the socioeconomic of
the two types of Bruges tourists
• Overnights tourists tended to spend more locally,
have positive employment impacts, spread over
the entire calendar year, less dependent on
automobile use
• The report proposed a two-pronged strategy to
manage growth in tourism and its impacts
– Concentration model (cultural hub of Bruges), traffic
control plan
– New Marketing efforts

52. Case study: Bruges, Belgium
1. Traffic control for a concentration model which
has five aims:
– Stimulation of the traffic flow within city center
– Restriction of through traffic in the city center
– Discouragement of the use of car as the best means to
reach the city center
– Increase of the mobility of bicyclist
– Accessibility of administrative, socio-economic entities
• The new system prevented vehicles from the
Market square

53. Case study: Bruges, Belgium
• An increased emphasis on public transport to the
city center supplements the traffic restrictions
• Improvement & expansion of parking spaces
• Guarded underground now provide 4,300 parking
places
2. Marketing efforts to promote the concentration
model; to increase the marketing efforts in the
inner city hotels; & convention & conference
markets

54. Final conclusion
• The Bruges concentration model was well thought
out and has few clear focus/aims
• One of the strengths is the policy was based on
clear data
• Further regulations and monitoring should be
continued to realize the effectiveness of this
strategy.

55. Development Sustainable Tourism

57. DIT-ACHIEV Model of Sustainable
Tourism Development

58. DIT-ACHIEV Model of Sustainable
Tourism Development – fields of interest

59. DIT-ACHIEV Model of Sustainable
Tourism Development - dimensions

60. C
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Indicators:
A “thermometer” of
tourism sustainability
for destinations
Alert: remedial action!!
Caution: preventive measures!
OK, doing well

61. Sustainability indicators
basic tools for tourism planning, management and monitoring
• To identify and measure the entire range of impacts
(environmental, social and economic) that tourism can
have in a particular area or society.
• Accurate information
is needed for responsible
decision-making
Sustainability indicators are information sets which are
formally selected for a regular use to measure changes in key
assets and issues of tourism destinations and sites.

62. Benefits from good indicators
• Better decision-making, lower risks and costs, identify limits and
opportunities
• Identification of emerging risks - prevention
• Identification of impacts - corrective action
• Performance measurement of the implementation of development
plans and management actions
• Greater public accountability, better communication
• Constant monitoring – adaptive management and continuous
improvement

63. Expression of indicators
Quantitative measurements:
•Raw data (number of tourists visiting a site/year/month, volume of waste generated)
•Ratios (ratio of the n. of tourists to local residents)
•Percentage (% of trained staff, % change in visitor numbers, expenditures)
Qualitative/normative measurements:
•Category indices (level of protection)
•Normative indicators (existence of tourism management plan, yes/no)
•Nominal indicators (e.g. eco-labels, certifications)
•Opinion-based indicators (level of satisfaction of tourists, or of local residents)

64. Feasibility criteria:
• Relevance to the issue (who is using and how?)
• Data availability (capacity to collect and process)
• Credibility of the information
• Clarity and understandability to users
• Comparability over time and across jurisdictions or
regions
Monitoring takes time and resources:
Selection of indicators
Good indicators: easy to measure and understand
Use of alternative, approximate measures if needed
Start with a smaller set, develop capacities gradually

65. Managers are surrounded by indicators
0
10
20
30
40
50
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
%
Air
Road
Rail
Sea
25,4%
18,1%
45,9%
5,0%
1,2% 4,4%
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
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25
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
%oversameperiodpreviousyear

66. Some common deficiencies in the application of indicators at destinations
• Lack of data, inconsistency of collection (just occasional surveys)
• Monitoring activity does not cover all key sustainability issues
(e.g. more focus on economic performance and indicators)
• Lack of technical capacities, qualified staff, equipment
• Lack of coordination between agencies collecting and using data
(sometimes duplication), lack of involvement of private sector
• Not taking advantage on data collection and processing
capacities (e.g. authorities can get support from educational and
research institutions, students for surveys)
• Data and info available is not linked to planning and management
processes, not used by relevant organizations
• Data is not processed sufficiently to support decision making
(data rich and information poor situations) and communication
needs

67. Developing a regular data collection and reporting mechanism
Reporting template:
Sustainability or tourism management issue
Definition of Indicator, method of calculation
Data source
Frequency of data collection and reporting
Observed trends
Objectives, targets (desired trends)
Actions to reach targets (including improvements in
indicator)

68. 68
CARRYING CAPACITY IN
COASTAL TOURISM

69. 69
PRESENTATION OUTLINES:
1. CONCEPT OF CARRYING CAPACITY
2. IMPACT PARAMETERS AND GUIDELINES FOR
TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY
3. CARRYING CAPACITY IN THE COASTAL TOURISM
4. CARRYING CAPACITY IN HON MUN MARINE
PROTECTED AREA - VIETNAM

70. 70
1. THE CONCEPT OF CARRYING CAPACITY
- The term derives from ecological science  indicate the
maximum population density for a given species in an environment
without degradation of that environment.
- In broadest sense, carrying capacity is a measure of the natural
and artificial limits to development beyond which significant harm
will occur.
- Carrying capacity is being used as a management tool in land
use planning, growth management, fisheries, aquaculture, tourism,
etc. to control their adverse impacts.
- In coastal regions, carrying capacity can be used, for example,
to assess the effects of development on:
* natural factors such as groundwater supply or wetland
productivity.
* artificial factors such as sewage treatment, roadway and
bridge capacity for evacuation in case of storm hazards.

71. 71
- There is no standard ways of conducting carrying capacity analyses
and no universally accepted guides to how to do it (American Planning
Association, 2001)
- Adapted to tourism management: Carrying capacity is ability of a
destination to accommodate:
* the number of visitor
* the quality of the visitors' satisfaction. (WTO, 1981)
* tourism development (WTO, 1992)
without detrimentally affecting the environment and its resources, or
effecting a decline in visitor satisfaction (WTO, 1992).

72. 72
- Other terms with similar meanings:
* limits to use,
* maximum occupancy,
* sustainable limit,
* limits of acceptable change: most appropriate
 all refer to a definable, often quantitative threshold.
DRAWBACKS OF CARRYING CAPACITY:
- Carrying capacity puts a limit on the number of visitors 
can be politically difficult because local businesses want more
tourists to maximize their revenue and many problems are
not so much due to numbers of people, but their behavior.
- “Limits of acceptable change”: instead how many visitors,
should ask what biological and social conditions are
acceptable, and how they may be attained (the point is not the
number of visitors but their use of resource in a destination)

73. 73
2. IMPACT PARAMETERS AND GUIDELINES FOR TOURISM
CARRYING CAPACITYImpact parameters:
• Physical carrying capacity: amount of space or number of visitor per
area unit (on a beach, campground, dive site, etc). A basic equation for
calculating visitor carrying capacity developed in 1992 by the WTO
and the UNEP:
• Facility carrying capacity: number of visitors per boat ramp,
restrooms, parking lot, campground, visitor-staff ratios, etc.
• Economic carrying capacity: ability to absorb tourism activities
without displacing or disrupting desirable local activities.
• Ecological carrying capacity: maximum level of recreational use can
be ecologically accommodated in a destination.
• Social carrying capacity (also referred to as perceptual,
psychological, or behavioral capacity): two aspects
* number of encounters with other tourist groups.
* level of tolerance of host population for the presence and behavior
of tourists.

74. 74
Guidelines for tourism carrying capacity in natural areas
(Clark, 2000):
Excessive use or visitation of natural areas can lead to their
degradation and destruction  use should be matched with a carrying
capacity as per following guidelines:
1. Human use is a major threat to natural areas  carrying capacity
should be used to manage it.
2. Carrying capacity should be a major component of any management
plan for a natural area.
3. The requirement to set a carrying capacity for each natural area
should be embodied in legislation.
4. Zoning is the most useful framework for application of carrying
capacity controls.
5. Carrying capacity should be seen as a mechanism that should be
proactive rather than reactive.
6. Planning for infrastructure should limit facilities to the physical
carrying capacity (ie. less than or equal to the carrying capacity ): a
challenge to meet visitor’s satisfaction.

75. 75
3. CARRYING CAPACITY IN COASTAL TOURISM
In coastal zones, control of tourism is a good example of the use of
carrying capacity. Let’s take a look into the carrying capacity of coral
reef in an MPA:
Reef carrying capacity
* Physical capacity: the size and shape of the reef, and the number of
visitor (divers and snorkellers) per area unit of a reef.
* Facility capacity: the availability of boats which ferry divers and
snorkellers to the reefs.
* Ecological capacity: the threshold limit for visitor use and consequent
incidental damage that a coral reef ecosystem can sustain without being
degraded
* Social capacity: the limit to visual contact between divers and
snorkellers beyond which they become dissatisfied.

76. 76
Coral reefs are very sensitive to change  carrying capacity may
differ from site to site, depending on habitat: a vertical wall of coral
reef may be able to sustain more divers than a flatter reef in that the
latter is more prone to damage by divers with buoyancy problems.
A coral reef’s carrying capacity can increase or decrease with visitors’
level of experience and education. For instance, the diver with
buoyancy problems has a greater impact on habitat than the diver
with good buoyancy control. If a MPA is able to educate visitors to
have less impact per person, its carrying capacity increases
accordingly.

77. 77
Hon Mieu
Hon Mot
Hon Noc
Hon Rom
Hon CauHon Vung
Hon Mun MPA pilot project with very satisfactory
results was initiated in 2001 to re-establish a healthy
fishery and preserve natural marine jewels.
* Covers 9 islands with a total area of 160 sq.km
* IUCN recent survey: over 350 species of hard coral
 over 40% of all the hard corals on earth – an
amazing diversity for such a small area.
* Hon Mun MPA receives roughly 70,000 tourists
annually, who are attracted by diving, snorkeling,
boating, beaches, etc.
HUS
4. CARRYING CAPACITY IN HON MUN MPA – VIETNAM
Nha Trang
Bay

78. 78
* There are totally 9 diving sites, about 3000 divers/year/dive site.
* Nha Trang has recently been recognized as one of the most beautiful
bays on earth  tourism increase.
4.1. Increasing carrying capacity in Hon Mun MPA.
Tourism carrying capacity philosophy
* Proactive planning vs. reactive planning: address tourism boom in
future.
* Increasing visitor numbers is not the essence. Instead, great efforts
have been made in terms of appropriate management to control the
existing levels of visitation and limit visitor use to protect
environment and meet visitors' satisfaction.
* Zoning is the most useful framework for application of carrying
capacity controls.
What have been done towards tourism carrying capacity in Hon Mun?

79. 79
Physical carrying capacity:
* Limits on reinforced concrete facilities to be built on the MPA.
Facility carrying capacity:
* transportation services improvement, a safe jetty building, staff
training  to handle visitor needs.
Ecological carrying capacity:
* Other alternative activities to diving and snorkeling: glass-
bottomed boat rides, boating, parachuting  less impacts on coral
reefs.
* Existing nature trails is being further promoted  allow some
dispersion of activities and alleviation of pressure on the reefs.
* A series of mooring buoys has been established to avoid
destructive anchoring of tourist boats. 
Socio-economic carrying capacity:
* Entrance fee to the island
* Promoting sustainable aquaculture in transition zones.

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4.2. Zoning in Hon Mun MPA
The Zoning Plan, in conjunction with other management mechanisms, aims:
* to protect and conserve the biodiversity of the MPA
* to provide opportunities for the ecologically sustainable use of, and
access to the MPA.
* to provide for a range of recreational, commercial and research
opportunities, and for the continuity of traditional activities.
* to reconcile the conflicting interests of all the stakeholders in tourism,
aquaculture and conservation.
IUCN and its partners have developed a multiple-use MPA into different
zones:
1. Core zone: covers around 10% of the total area, no fishing.
Education and research activities, nature based tourism such as
diving and snorkeling are allowed.
2. Buffer zone: Traditional fishing but trawling is allowed. Permitted
tourism activities include boating and diving, but no anchoring.
3. Transition zone: sustainable aquaculture is allowed.

81. 81
Zoning in Hon Mun MPA

82. 82

83. 83

84. White Dear Cave College
Lushan

85. How many tourists
are too many?

86. A key quality concept with
different dimensions:
-Environmental
-Cultural
-Social
-Psychological
-Infrastructural
-Management
Different types of users, forms, needs
Dynamic, depends on management
Visitor management models
Defining carrying capacity
and optimal use levels

87. Sydney Quarantine Station (Australia):
Tourism Optimization Management Model (TOMM)

88. Perception by tourists and host communities
Computer-generated photos illustrating a range of use levels
Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) method

90. Integrated approach to
congestion management:
Actions at
3 levels, along the tourism
supply chain

91. Controlling use intensity
• Existence of appropriate visitor registry system
• Total number of visitors to the site and its key areas
(per peak day, season, month, year) - seasonality
• % of area opened for visitors, current building used
(open, closed, abandoned)
• Number of tourists per square meter at the site and its
key zones in peak days
• N. of tour operators with licence and permits to operate
at the site
Indicators for sustainable tourism
at cultural heritage sites

92. • Tourism issues are incorporated in site-management plan (yes/no),
existence of tourism management plan, existence of zoning for tourism
use
• Existence of congestion management practices (at the site, destination,
demand levels)
• Number of staff handling visitors (ratio of staff to tourists), level of
training (guards, guides, information, catering, management, etc.)
• Existence of basic visitor facilities (access, toilets, catering, parking),
per number of visitors
• Existence of visitor/information centre, interpretative materials (e.g.
brochures, panels), guided tours, trails, signage (length of trails,
number and language of signs)
• Perception of tourists on crowding, quality of services
Visitor management and infrastructure

93. Damages, deterioration
(caused by tourism)
• % of site open to visitors in degraded condition
• Number of incidents of damage caused by tourists,
violation of rules
• Species population: sighting, counting
• Air and noise pollution caused by tourist
transportation
• Cleanliness of sites: amount of waste collected,
availability of waste collection facilities, littering,
perception of visitors on cleanliness

94. Tourism’s support for site
conservation
• Revenue generated from tourism (per sources:
entrance and parking fees, commissions and licence
fees, services, sale of products, image rights,
donations, etc.)
• % of tourism revenue retained at site, used for site
maintenance and conservation
• % of site restored

95. Visitor’s profile,
satisfaction/perception
• Origin (domestic, international), age, gender of
visitors, mode of travelling (individual, group)
• Satisfaction/perception: services, facilities,
experience, crowding
• Info gathered at entrance (registry) and through
exit surveys
• Complaints received
• Number, % of return visitors

96. Benefits to local communities
• Number of employees from local community (unskilled and
skilled labour)
• Number of local SMEs related to tourism at the sites (TOs,
accommodation, catering, transport), number of locals
employed in them
• Infrastructure development at the site, benefiting also local
communities
• Satisfaction of locals
(survey on opinions, attitudes)
• Existence of coordination
mechanisms
(with local authorities,
private sector associations)
• Negative impacts on culture

97. Statistical indicators for
site management and conservation
• A set of baseline issues and indicators
• Supplementary indicators (suited for different
types of sites and issues)
• Site-specific indicators (defined for particular
issues at each site)
CO
MP
AR
ABI
LIT
Y

98. Heritage
Air Quality
Participation in energy saving / use of renewable fuels // Overall air quality data for the
study area // Specific Pollution / Emissions i.e. CO2 - airlines / accommodation –
important
Archaeology
and History
Local folklore Local monuments & places of interests // Local History // Record of
History and Archaeology
Culture
Local (Irish) language // Local festivals // Local culture // Local customs // Local
sports // Local placename
Flora &
Fauna
Annual counts for wetland bird species (IWeBs Summary Data 1999-2004) // Electrofishing
(fish count) data for key rivers (2004) // Counts for summer bird species // Lakeshore
habitat survey // Census of returning adult salmon to the Shannon Fishery (1960 -2000)
// Qualitative descriptions of protected habitats and record of significant flora and fauna
species. // Number, extent and status of protected habitats in the study area. //
Fisheries status of key rivers in study area. // Length of damaged or degraded lake
shoreline habitat // Number of endangered species occurring in study area // Counts
for sensitive mammal and flora species
Landscape
Status and existence of protected habitats // Photographic record of key landscapes and
protected views // General, qualitative appraisal of landscape character in the study
area // List of protected views // Climate Change – global issue, but local initiatives /
actions could be important
Noise
Environment
Assessment of ambient noise environment and noise pollution // Assessment of visitor /
resident / agency perception of noise pollution
Water
Quality
Trophic Status of Lough Derg (1998 - 2005) // Biological pollution status (Quality Rating)
of key rivers in the study area (1971) // Physical and chemical water quality parameters
of lakes and rivers in the study area (2001) // Hydrocarbon contamination from
pleasure boats // Number of recorded algal blooms // Groundwater quality
parameters at official monitoring boreholes in the study area (2001) // Lake Shoreline
Inspection Record (litter, appearance of water quality etc)

99. DIT-ACHIEV Model of Sustainable
Tourism Development – indicators (1-33)

100. Assessable Parameters

102. DIT-ACHIEV Model of Sustainable
Tourism Development

103. Problems Encountered
• Available data - specific and detailed.
– Large quantity but focused aspects of study area?
• Data - spatial scale - difficult to interpolate.
• Difficulty contacting holders of data.
• Difficulty obtaining data - even if available to public.
• Difficult to establish who, or what body holds rights to
data & permission for its use.
• Issues concerning confidentiality & conflict of interest re-
data.

104. Conclusions
• A number of indicators require primary research (surveys).
These should be spatially and temporally comparable with
others areas
• Purpose is not setting capacity, rather looking at change
over time
• Attention required for collection of local area tourism data
focusing on visitor, local community & local
administration.
• Local authorities & destination managers need identify
‘hot spots’ & begin to identify pressures of importance.
• Weighting of indicators may be desirable to prioritise
actions. However, will vary from place to place, must be
based on local needs and demands.

105. Conclusions
• A number of datasets (CSO pop) limited to periodical
examination and release - only provide snapshots.
• data often collected at national - high level generic context
indicators.
• Local authorities, state agencies and voluntary groups
could do more to provide data which is spatially coded -
facilitate accurate analysis of environmental, economic and
social conditions at a local level.
• Numerous public private & voluntary organisations gather
data of use to investigators. Interaction and agreement
regarding standardised format, availability & quality of
data

106. Important Presuppositions / Premises for
Model
• [Indicators] are used to measure the condition of
something of interest. Indicators are often used as variables
in the modelling of changes in complex environmental
systems
(Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency)
• Indicators should assess conditions, trends and
performance.
• A degree of simplification is a prerequisite . . . to provide
information in a form of practical use to decision-makers
and understandable to the community
(Morrissey, O’Regan & Moles, 2005: 49)

107. Important Presuppositions / Premises for
Model
• Consideration is given to 4 types of indicators
– Environmental condition indicators,
– Environmental performance indicators,
– Management performance indicators,
– Operational performance indicators
• Where possible, the selected indicators consider:
– accuracy,
– bias,
– age,
– verifiability and
– completeness
(Putnam, 2002)

108. Important Presuppositions / Premises for
Model
• Valuable indicators must consider long-term collecting of
data.
• Indicators do not have to be specifically tourism related
once they can be used to indicate a healthy state of
tourism.
• Indicators must assist in indicating data which is useful
and consistent.
• Indicators must indicate change over time
• Indicators must assist in demonstrating movement (‘to’ or
‘from’) relative to specified targets
(R. Butler, 2006)