3. Pressure Systems and Wind Where is the tropical rainforest and where are the deserts?

4. Ocean Currents

5. Continentality – Distance from the Coast How does distance from the coast affect temperature? The oceans and the land warm up and cool down at different speeds. Basically the oceans take longer to warm up and longer to cool down. Compare the climate graphs of; Brest in France, Bratislava in Slovakia, Volgograd in Russia.

6. Brest Bratislava Volgograd

7. °C 7.4 8.8 12.1 14.6 15.9 15.8 14.0 11.5 8.8 7.4 6.0 6.2 °C Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan 0.9 4.8 10.4 15.8 19.6 20.3 18.4 15.0 10.4 4.6 0.4 -1.3 Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan Bratislava Brest -4.9 -0.2 7.5 15.4 22.4 23.8 21.5 16.5 8.5 -2.9 -8.3 -8.2 °C Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan Volgograd

8. Altitude How does altitude effect climate and thus vegetation?

9. Climate and Vegetation Ecuador Case Study

10. Ecuador – What would we expect the climate and vegetation to be like?

11. Ecuador – on the equator right underneath the inter-tropical convergence zone

12. This was taken in Ecuador

14. B A A B

15. Vegetation Changes A B

16. Cotopaxi mountain (5987m), permanent snow and high altitude alpine tundra (4000-5000m) Andean mountain cloud forest (Mindo area 1600 – 2200m Highland scrub (Paramo, 3200-4000m) Inter-Andean agricultural land (Machachi area 2300-3200m) Lowland tropical rainforest e.g. Santo Domingo are or upper Amazon Basin – Rio Napo - (0-1500m) Esmeraldes, coastal tropical mangroves Climate and Vegetation of Ecuador – Andes cross section

17. Cotopaxi (5987m)