Psychopathology depression

1. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF
DEPRESSION

3. 1- Psychodynamic
• The psychodynamic understanding of
depression defined by Sigmund Freud and
expanded by Karl Abraham is known as the
classic view of depression
• Loss of love object>projective identification
and introjection>ambivalence>anger and
turning against self>depression

4. • That theory involves four key points:
• (1) disturbances in the infant mother relationship
during the early oral – late anal predispose to
subsequent vulnerability to depression
• (2) depression can be linked to real or imagined object
loss
• (3) introjection of the departed objects is a defense
mechanism invoked to deal with the distress connected
with the object's loss
• (4) because the lost object is regarded with a mixture
of love and hate, feelings of anger are directed inward
at the self.

5. • Melanie Klein understood depression as
involving the expression of aggression toward
loved ones, much as Freud did
• Bibring regarded depression sets in when a
person becomes aware of the discrepancy
between high ideals and the inability to meet
those goals
• Jacobson saw the state of depression as similar to
a powerless, helpless child victimized by a
punishing parent.

6. • Silvano Arieti observed that many depressed
people have lived their lives for someone else
rather than for themselves.
• Depression sets in when patients realize that
the person or ideal for which they have been
living is never going to respond in a manner
that will meet their expectations.

7. • Heinz Kohut's
• Self psychology
• the developing self has specific needs that
must be met by parents to give the child a
positive sense of self-esteem . When others
do not meet these needs, there is a massive
loss of self-esteem that presents as depression

8. • Bowlby
• believed that damaged early attachments and
traumatic separation in childhood predispose
to depression.
• Adult losses are said to revive the traumatic
childhood loss and so precipitate adult
depressive episodes.

9. 2- Cognitive Theory
• According to cognitive theory, depression results
from specific cognitive distortions present in
persons susceptible to depression.
• Those distortions, referred to as depressogenic
schemata, are cognitive templates that perceive
both internal and external data in ways that are
altered by early experiences.
• Aaron Beck postulated a cognitive triad of
depression that consists of negative views of self,
world and future.
• Therapy consists of modifying these distortions.

10. 3- Learned Helplessness(Seligman)
• connects depressive phenomena to the
experience of uncontrollable events.
• internal causal explanations are thought to
produce a loss of self-esteem after adverse
external events.
• Behaviorists who subscribe to the theory
stress that improvement of depression is
contingent on the patient's learning a sense of
control and mastery of the environment.

11. 4-Social model ( brown and harris)