2. What is matter?
• Anything that has mass and
takes up space
• Mass is a measurement of the
amount of matter in an object. It
is different than weight which
measures the amount of matter
AND the gravitational pull on an
object.
3. Now that you’re an expert, which of the
following is matter?
Matter Not
1. A book Matter
2. A house
3. A thought
4. Your brain
5. Light
6. Your cell phone
7. Radio waves
4. There is so many different kinds of
matter, that we need to organize it.
Substances have a uniform and unchanging
composition
examples: salt,
water,
sugar
5. Chemical symbols
• Make it easy to write the formulas for chemical
compounds
• Ex: salt water
NaCl
H 2O
6. Elements
• A pure substance that cannot be broken down
into simpler substances by physical or
chemical means
• 91 naturally occurring elements
• Symbolized by one capital letter or one
capital letter and 1 lower case
– ex: S = sulfur
– Na = sodium
• In mid 1800’s, no chart for organizing the
elements that were known at the time
8. Periodic table
• Organized into horizontal rows called
periods and vertical columns called families
• Called “periodic” because properties of
elements repeat as you move from period to
period
• Mendeleev’s table left blank spaces for
elements yet to be discovered and predicted
their properties
9. Compounds
• A combination of 2 or more different elements
that are combined chemically
• Most of the matter in the universe are
compounds
• Ex: water (H2O), sugar (C12H22O11), salt (NaCl),
aspirin (C9H8O4)
10. Compounds
• Can be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
• Usually requires energy
11. Compounds
• Properties of a compound are different from
its component elements
• Ex: water—liquid at
room temp.
Hydrogen—a
colorless,
tasteless gas
Oxygen—a
colorless,
tasteless gas
12. Sodium chloride
• As a compound, it is a white, unreactive
solid that adds flavor to food
• Its component elements:
Chlorine—poisonous, pale,
green gas Sodium—a highly
reactive element
that fizzes in water
13. States of Matter
Classification based upon the following:
Particle arrangement
Energy of particles
Distance between particles
State of matter is dependent on
temperature and pressure of the
surroundings
15. States of Matter
1. Solid—has a definite shape and volume
exs: wood, desk, shoes, sugar
-particles are tightly packed,
incompressible
16. States of Matter
2. Liquids—have a constant volume,
-no definite shape
-takes the shape of its container
-particles are not held rigidly in place,
allows material to
flow
17. States of Matter
3. Gases—have no definite shape or
volume
-particles are very far apart
-particles are easily compressed
27. Separating Mixtures
5. Chromatography—
separating the
components of a mixture
based on the tendency of
each to travel across the
surface of another
material.
28. Matter
Pure
Mixtures
substances
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Mixtures Mixtures
Elements Compounds
Dirt, blood, Lemonade, Oxygen, gold, Salt, baking
milk gasoline, steel iron soda, sugar
30. Physical Properties of Matter
A characteristic that can be observed
or measured without changing the
composition of the sample
Properties such as density, color, odor,
taste, hardness, melting point, boiling
point
31. Physical Properties of Matter: Two Types
1. Extensive: dependent on the amount of
substance present
--length, volume
2. Intensive: independent of the amount of
substance present
--density, melting point, boiling point
--used to identify substances
32. Chemical Properties
Ability or inability of a substance to
combine with or change into one or
more other substances
33. Physical Chemical
Properties Properties
• Conducts electricity • Forms dark blue
• Malleable solution with
• Ductile ammonia
• Reddish brown • Forms green
• Shiny compound when
exposed to air
• Density = 8.92 g/cm 3
• Melting pt = 1085°C
• Boiling pt = 2570°C
34. Classify each as a physical or
chemical property:
1. Iron and oxygen form rust.
2. Iron is more dense than aluminum
3. Magnesium burns brightly when ignited.
4. Oil and water do not mix.
5. Mercury melts at -39°C.
37. Types of physical changes:
•Bend, grind, crumple
•Split, crush, twist
•Boil, freeze, melt, vaporize
(changes of state or phase)
(.wav)
38. Chemical Changes
• A change in the composition of a
substance
• Also called a chemical change or
chemical reaction
• Ex: rust, corrode, tarnish, rot, burn,
ferment, explode, oxidize
41. 3. Odor changes
or production
4. Gas production
5. Precipitate
formation
42. Classify each as a physical or
chemical change:
1. A dead fish rotting
2. Dissolving salt in water
3. Boiling salt water until only salt remains
4. Melting steel
5. Bending steel
6. Cracking ice
44. Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed
during a chemical reaction—it is
conserved. (Antoine Lavoisier)
Mass of reactants = Mass of products
46. When you burn a big pile of wood, why do
you only end up with a tiny pile of ashes?
47. In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury (II) oxide
powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it
is converted to liquid mercury and oxygen gas. The
liquid mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the
mass of oxygen formed in the reaction?
49. Law of Definite Proportions
• John Dalton
• A pure substance will always have the same
percent by weight
• Ex: water (H2O) = 11.2 % hydrogen
88.8% oxygen
50. To find percent by mass:
Percent by mass = mass of element x 100
mass of compound
51. Analysis of sugar:
20.0 g sugar 500.0 g sugar
Carbon 8.44 g 42.2% Carbon 211.0 g 42.2%
Hydrogen 1.30 g 6.5% Hydrogen 32.5 g 6.5%
Oxygen 10.26 g 51.30% Oxygen 256.5 g 51.30%
52. Therefore…
• Sugar always has the same proportions of
ingredients
• If a substance has different proportions, it is
a different substance
53. A 78.8 g sample of an unknown compound contains
12.4 g of hydrogen. What is the percent by mass of
hydrogen in the compound?
Percent by mass = mass of element x 100
mass of compound
55. Law of Multiple Proportions
• When different compounds are formed
using the same elements, different masses
of one element combine with the same
relative mass of the other element in small,
whole number ratios.