1. Introduction to Occupational
Safety II
Introduction toIntroduction to
Occupational Safety IIOccupational Safety II
Rona Tan (Grad IOSH)

2. The Nature and Scope of health
and Safety
• The Multi-Disciplinary Nature of Health
and Safety,
Chemistry and physic
Biological sciences
Engineering
Psychology
Sociology
The Law

3. Obstacles to Good
Standards of Health & Safety
• Complexity
- The cause of a problem
- Process & Technology
- Requirements & Regulations
• Competing & Conflicting Demands
- Productivity & Cost
- External Customer Oriented
- Competing
• Behavioural Issues
- Unsafe Act
- Ignorance, Carelessness or Incompetence
- Work Culture

4. Health and Safety Foundations
Why ?
Humane – harm to people
Economical Impact- expensive
Legal – compliance to legal requirement
Reputation – societal expectation

5. Meanings and Distinctions
• Health , Safety , Welfare and Environmental
Protection
►Health relates to the physical condition of both body
and mind of all people at the workplace,
►Safety relates to the conditions at the workplace and
applies to the pursuit of a state where the risk of harm
has been eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level
►Welfare relates to the general well-being of workers at
the workplaces,
►Environmental protection can be seen as comprising
two types

6. Health & Safety Foundation
– Types :-
• The workplace environment, which relates to the
general conditions in the immediate area of the
workplace itself-
• The external environment, which relates to
pollution of , damage to, the air , land , water and
living creatures outside of the workplace, insofar
as they may be affected by workplace activities,

7. Accidents and other Events
Definitions in relations to health and safety.
☻Incident: an event –include accident and near miss.
☻Accident: undesired event
☻Near-miss: could have resulted injury but did not
☻Occupational accident
☻Occupational diseases
Basically accidents are caused by two factors:
• 1) Unsafe Behavior/Act
• 2) Unsafe Condition

8. 90% Behavior
30,000 Hazards
At Risk Acts/Conditions
10% Conditions
Reactive Safety
Management
Proactive BBS
Accident Prevention
Approach
1 Fatality
30
Majors
300
Recordable
3000
Near Miss
Statistics based on
200 companies

9. Definitions
• Hazards
A Hazard is an article, substance or
situation that has the potential to
cause harm or damage.

10. Definitions
• Risk:
A risk is the likelihood of harm occurring.
The degree of risk is based both on the
likelihood and severity of outcome (type of
injury, number involved..)

11. Example
Hazard Position of Cable
Magnitude of Risk
(Likelihood x Severity)
Tripping over cable
And falling
Fastened to wall Zero
Trailing around edge
of room
Low
Trailing across the
floor
Medium
Trailing across head
of stairway
High
Identification of hazards and the assessment of associated risks has
become the cornerstone of modern health and safety law

12. HAZARDS
HAZARDHAZARD
HAZARD
HAZARD
HAZARD
HAZARDS AND RISKS

13. HAZARDHAZARD
HAZARD
HAZARD
HAZARD
Risk emerges
when
TARGET is
introduce or
expose to the
HAZARD

14. HAZARDHAZARD
HAZARD
HAZARD
HAZARD
Risk level is
dependent upon the
number of
hazards and
time/length of
exposure

15. Types of Hazards
physical
Biological
Chemical
Psychosocial
Ergonomic

16. General Hierarchy of Hazard
Control
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Isolation
• Engineering
• Administration
• PPE

17. The Moral, Legal and Economic
Reasons For Health and Safety
• Legislation Requirement-Minimum
• Vicarious Liability-defense Negligence
• Moral Obligations- Take cares of
neighbours
• Fines for non-compliance
• Economical impact- accidents and ill
health very expensive-direct and indirect
costs,

18. Size of the problem
ILO statistics shows the scale of the problem:-
There are 270 million occupational accident and 160
million occupational diseases each year,
2 million people die every year from occupational
accidents and occupational diseases,
4% of the world’s GDP (gross domestic product) is lost
each year through the cost of injury, death, absence ,
etc
Around 355,000 on-the job fatalities each year-half from
agriculture – others construction and fishing industries

19. Costs of Accidents and Ill-Health
• Direct costs
• Indirect costs
• Iceberg Theory
• Insurance , Costs and Liabilities

20. Safe Systems of Work
• It is not sufficient to stop at the provision of safe
premises and plant and equipment. Employer
must provide safe procedures in the used of
equipment:-
• The system of work should be reasonably safe in all
circumstances, procedures must cover all foreseeable
possibilities
• Workers must be fully aware of and competent in carrying
out the safe system of work (properly trained, instructed, and
given information necessary is made available)
• There is a need to review , planning and control in ensuring
that working methods are safe,

21. Training and Supervision and
Competency of Staff
• It is also become the duty of employer to ensure , that
staff are equipped with the knowledge, experience, skills
and training necessary to carry out their work in a safe
manner,
– This starts with recruitment, appointment and selection of
personnel has all the necessary abilities to do the job safely
(Competent)
– All staff need to be provided with the specific knowledge
required to operate safely in the particular workplace,
machinery ,plant according to recognized safe system of work ,
through training, instruction, information is a major responsibility
of employer.

22. • Employers should take reasonable
practical steps to ensure that:-
– Staff follows all the correct procedures
– And are actually operating safely,
– Around 60% of workplace accidents are the
result of human actions and are preventable,
– Adequate supervision , can reinforce
adherence to procedures.
Training and Supervision and
Competency of Staff

23. To provide and maintain workplaces, machinery
and equipment, and use work methods, which
are as safe and without risk to health as is
reasonably practicable;
To give necessary instructions and training,
taking account to the functions and capacities of
different categories of workers;
The Employer’s Basic
responsibilities

24. General Duties of
Employee/Workers
 To take care of his own safety and the safety of
others,
 Comply with established safe systems of work
and rules,
 To use protective equipment provided while
carrying out the work requiring them,
 To report to supervisors, unsafe condition, tools,
that equipment are in good repair
 To report all accidents, for lesson learnt

25. Consequences of Non-Compliance
• Breach of health and safety legislation –
criminal offence
• Civil liability may also arise – compensation
resulted from negligence,
• Negligence – is probably the most important
in terms of the number of cases and the
amount of damages which may be awarded
for serious injury

26. Negligence
• Breach of the legal duty to exercise
reasonable care towards others-resulting
causing harm to someone to whom you
owed a duty of care as result of something
you did OR failed to do. (foreseeable
harm)
• In health and safety terms, the same
applies to employers, who are under a
duty of care towards their workers and
others

27. Role of Enforcing Authorities and other
External Agencies
• Government makes laws and courts
decides on guilt and pass sentence on
those who are guilty – in between the two
various agencies who can enforce laws,
investigate, provide advice and so on.
Typical Agencies might includes:-
Enforcement Agencies
Fire Authorities
Insurance Companies

28. The Role of International Standards
and Conventions
• Countries has their own specific laws, developed
over the years to tackle their own specific issues .
E,g OSHA 514 for Malaysia (1981 draft – 1994 Feb
24.implemented with out grace period.)
• The prime mover in the area of International
Standards in Health and Safety is the United
Nations (UN) specifically- ILO – a large number of
countries are members of ILO.

29. Sources Of Information
(Internal and External)
• External data sources includes:-
• Internal data source includes:-
 Exercise ( List down source of information
available to consult on Health and Safety )

30. ACTION FOR
IMPROVEMENT
ACTION FOR
IMPROVEMENT
POLICYPOLICY
ORGANISINGORGANISING
PLANNING AND
IMPLEMENTATION
PLANNING AND
IMPLEMENTATION
EVALUATIONEVALUATION
AUDITAUDIT
FEEDBACKCONTINUALIMPROVEMENT
Health and Safety Management Model
HEALTH & SAFETY MANAGEMENT MODEL

33. Discussion
• Choose a hazard and apply it on this schedule.
Hazard Condition of Hazard
Magnitude of Risk
(Likelihood x Severity)
Zero
Low
Medium
High

34. DISCUSSION
• Discuss the ways in which employers
might motivate their employees to comply
with health and safety procedures