Environmental aspects tehri dam final

1 REPORT : ENVIRONMENTALASPECTSOFTEHRI DAM
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
SURAT
Dr. R. K. Desai Road, Athwalines, Surat – 395 001, Gujarat, INDIA
A Project report on
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF
TEHRI DAM
Under subject of
HYDROLOGY
B.E.3, Semester - 5
Submitted by:
Sr No. Name Enrollment no.
1 Jariwala Khushboo 130420106023
2 Parikh Aayush 130420106036
3 Patel Ekta 130420106040
4 Viradya Pruthika 130420106055
5 Donga Jeet 130420106061
6 Patel Devang 120420106052
Guided By:-
Prof.Sapan Parekh

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORY
1.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS
1.3NEW TEHRI
1.4 THDC INDIA LTD.
2. CONSTRUCTION OF TEHRI DAM- STUDY OF FORCES AND GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS
2.1 ROCKS AND EXTERNAL MATERIALS USED- STUDY & CONSCEQUENCES
2.2 FILLING THE EARTH- ROCK FILLED TEHRI DAM
2.3 CHOICE OF DAM SITE
3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
3.2.1 MEASURES FOR ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS
3.2.2 MEASURES FOR SOCIAL IMPACTS
4. BENEFITS TO NATION AND NEARBY REGION
5. DISADVANTAGES AND RISK
5.1 SEISMIC RISK
5.2 DISPLACEMENT AND REHABILITATION
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCEQUENCES
5.4 CORRUPTION
5.5 OVERSHOOTING ECONOMIC COSTS
5.6 URBAN ISSUES
5.7 POLITICAL CONFLICT
6 REHABILITATION PLAN
6.1 BROAD FEATURES OF PLAN
6.2 IMPROVEMENTS OF R&R PACKAGE
6.3 IMPROVEMENTS BY HRC
6.4 IMPROVEMENTS AFTER HRC

6.5 REHABILITATION PACKAGE
6.6 INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM
7. FUTURE SCOPES
8. CONCLUSION
9. LIST OF FIGURES
10. REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1: TEHRI DAM
1.1 Introduction
 Tehri Dam is a multi-purpose rock and earth-fill embankment dam on the Bhagirathi
River near Tehri in Uttarakhand, India. Tehri is located 200 miles north east of Delhi,
in the state of Uttaranchal. With a height of 260 meters (855 feet), the dam is the fifth
tallest in the world and the tallest dam of India. The Tehri Dam withholds a reservoir
for irrigation, municipal water supply and the generation of 1,000 megawatts
(1,300,000 hp) of hydroelectricity.
Fig 1.1.1
 The construction of the dam started in 1978 and phase 1 was completed by 2006. The
cofferdam was completed in 1996. The construction cost was $1 billion. The owner of
the dam is THDC INDIA Ltd. Tehri Hydro Development Corporation (THDC) is a
joint venture of the Government of India and the state government of Uttaranchal. In
1986 an Indo-Soviet agreement brought Soviet expertise and aid of approximately $416
million to the project. In 2001 the German export credit agency Hermes guaranteed
loans to Voith Siemens Hydro to provide generating equipment for Tehri.
 Tehri Development Project also includes the 97 meter high Koteshwar Dam, under
construction 14 miles downstream of Tehri Dam. The 400 MW Koteshwar Dam will
either completely or partially submerge 16 villages. It provides 270 million gallons of
drinking water per day to Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. It also gives
stabilization to existing irrigation on 600,000 hectares land.
 From its inception, Tehri dam has been opposed due to concerns over its
environmental and social impacts, and its ability to withstand earthquake damage. Tehri
Dam officials have also been implicated in several cases of corruption.
 Tehri Hydro Power Complex (2400 MW), comprise the following components:

o Tehri Dam & Hydro Power Plant (1000 MW)
o Koteshwar Hydro Electric Project (400 MW)
o Tehri Pumped Storage Plant (PSP) (1000 MW) 5
 The two lower tunnels of the dam were closed in December 2001 submerging the
main bridge leading to Tehri town and nearby areas. The last two tunnels, which are at
a higher level, were closed by December 2002.The total capacity of the dam is 4.0km3
1.2 History
 The timelines for the Tehri Dam project are summarized as follows:
 1961 - A preliminary investigation for the Tehri Dam Project was conducted.
 1972- Design was completed with a 600 MW capacity power plant based on the
study.
 1978- Construction began after feasibility studies but was delayed due to financial,
environmental and social impacts.
 1986-Technical and financial assistance was provided by the USSR but this was
interrupted years later with political instability. India was forced to take control of the
project and at first it was placed under the direction of the Irrigation Department of
Uttar Pradesh.
 1988-The Tehri Hydro Development Corporation was formed to manage the dam and
75% of the funding would be provide by the federal government, 25% by the state.
Uttar Pradesh would finance the entire irrigation portion of the project.
 1990-The project was reconsidered and the design changed to its current multi-
purpose.
 2006 - Construction of the Tehri Dam was complete
 2012 -. The second part of the project, the Koteshwar Dam was completed.
 February 2016- The pumped storage power plant is slated for commissioning.
 Uttarakhand state’s Tehri Hydroelectric dam is a massive 261-meter rock-and-
concrete power plant that supplies large amounts of electricity as well as drinking and
irrigation water to the greater part of northern India, including the country’s second-
most populous city of Delhi.
 It has also created a large reservoir that inundated the town of Old Tehri, along with
approximately 110 villages, displacing between 50,000 and 100,000 people (Joshi
2006).

 The recently constructed city of New Tehri was designated for some of these
displaced people who lost their homes and businesses.
 These people, accustomed to their long-established life along the Bhagirathi and
Bhilangna Rivers, now adapt to a new environment on the side of a mountain which is
not directly accessible to the river.
1.3 Technical Details
Fig 1.3.1
 Type of Dam: Embankment, earth and rock-fill
 River: Bhagirathi River
 Height: 260.5 m (855 ft)
 Length: 575 m (1,886 ft)
 Width (Crest): 20 m (66 ft)
 Width (Base): 1,128 m (3,701 ft)
 Spillway Type: Gate controlled
 Spillway Capacity: 15,540 m3/s (549,000 cu ft/s)
 Total Capacity: 4.0 km3 (3,200,000 acre·ft)
 Surface Area: 52 km2 (20 sq mi)
 Turbines: Vertical Francis turbines
 Installed Capacity: 1,000 MW (1,300,000 hp) Max. Planned: 2,400 MW

 The installed hydro capacity is 1,000 MW along with an additional 1,000 MW of
pumped storage hydroelectricity. The lower reservoir for the pumped-storage plant is
created by the Koteshwar Dam downstream.
 The Tehri Dam and the Tehri Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plant are part of
the Tehri Hydropower Complex which also includes the 400 MW Koteshwar Dam.
The complex provides irrigation to an area of 270,000 hectares (670,000 acres),
irrigation stabilization to an area of 600,000 hectares (1,500,000 acres), and a supply
of 270 million imperial gallons (1.2×106 m3) of drinking water per day to the
industrialized areas of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
1.4 New Tehri
 The newly built well planned modern town nestles at a height of 1,550 metres
overlooking the massive artificial lake and Tehri dam built on the Bhagirathi and
Bhilanganariver. It has taken over as district headquarters of TehriGarhwal from the
Old Tehri town and was established to rehabilitate the Old Tehri, which was submerged
into the waters of the Tehri Dam. In fact New Tehri is considered to be Asia's most
comprehensive and successful rehabilitation program. The gleaming township has
developed into a lovely hill resort.
 General Information
o Altitude- 1550 mts. To 1950 mts.
o Climate -Min. Temp. 40 C, Max. Temp. 300 C
o Language- Garhwali, Hindi & English
o Air – Nearest is Jollygrant 93 kms
o Rail – Rishikesh is the nearest railway station, 76 kms.
 Road – New Tehri is well connected by road to all important stations of Garhwal
Division like Dehradun, Mussoorie, Haridwar, Pauri, Rishikesh, Uttarkashi etc. Private
Taxiesabd jeeps are available for trips to nearby towns of chamba&Tehri. Bus service
connect to New Tehri to Tehri, Rishikesh, Haridwar, Dehradun, Mussoorie.

1.5 THDC India Ltd.
 THDC India Limited (Formerly Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited), is a
company jointly promoted by Government of India and Government of Uttar Pradesh.
The equity is shared in the ratio 75:25 between GoI and GoUP for the power
component. It was incorporated in July’88 to develop, operate and maintain the 2400
MW Tehri Hydro Power Complex and other Hydro Projects. THDC India Limited is a
Mini Ratna Category-I Enterprise.
 At present the company has two power plants in operation namely Tehri Dam (1000
MW) and Koteshwar Dam (400 MW).The corporation has grown into a multi –Project
organization with projects spread over various states as well as the neighboring country,
Bhutan.

CHAPTER 2: CONSTRUCTION OF TEHRIDAM: STUDY OF FORCES
AND GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS
2.1 Construction of Tehri Dam- Study of Forces and Geological Aspects
 The Tehri dam rocks are 65% clayey and are thus highly fractured and ridden by
earthquake fault lines. Such fault lines could be reactivated by the sheer load of the water.
There are ominous signs of a steep increase in the frequency of earthquakes not only close
to the dam but far away from the dam.
 Alternatively, the swelling of the soil layer can impose a pressure on the rock-layers
and tend to crack them. Moreover, when the wet soil layers dry they shrink. This
expanding-drying cycle can result in the rock-layer cracking further and add to the
crushing, sand-forming, mechanisms.
 The Tehri dam is built 1.5 km downstream of the confluence of Bhagirathi (starting
from Gomukh) and the Bhilangana river. The rocks around the river gorge are mainly of
the Chandpur phyllite kind. Chandpur phyllite are folded and are of grayish green color
probably of the kind shown.
 The rocks here have undergone various magnitudes of tectonic deformation and have
been summarized in Fig 2.1.1, right. Grade I Phyllites are massive in character and are
predominantly arenaceous (describing rocks or deposits that are composed of sand grains
or have a sandy texture). Phyllites of Grade II are conspicuously banded with alterations of
arenaceous and argillaceous (sedimentary rock that is made up of clay or silt particles) and
Phyllites of Grade III are mainly argillaceous and are generally weathered, thinly foliated,
sheared and shattered. Sheared Phyllites are the weakest bed-rock unit in the gorge. When
the Tehri dam tunneling was started there was very little actual in-tunnel engineering
experience available anywhere, leave alone the Himalaya.

Fig 2.1.1
 An L-shaped crack developed on Raika hills of Tehri (Fig 2.1.2, left), which has since
then become notorious for many accidents. These hills form part of the reservoir around
Tehri’s dam. The image of this crack has two features of interest. It shows the vulnerable
properties of the hill slope that consists of cracked slabs. The figure on the right could
indicate why. The picture on Fig 2.1.2 right depicting the crack occurs for concrete and
foundations where a foundation stair-steps down to follow a hill-slope and probably
shrinkage cracks.
Fig 2.1.2
2.2 Filling the Earth-Rockfill Tehri Dam
 A major input that is required before a dam is built is the permeability (hydraulic
conductivity) of rock masses. When there is a wide variation in the permeability (as it is
for the Tehri rocks) dependence on an average value simply will not suffice especially
if one knows that collapse takes place at the weakest link.ld not have been used for the
top cover.

 The discontinuity apertures in the rocks are the most important factor for the rock’s
hydraulic conductivity. The changes in apertures due to stress could have marked effect
on the hydraulic conductivity so that one requires in situ tests such as, what is called,
Lugeon tests.
 One of the main drawbacks of the Lugeon test is that each test it is limited to an area
of only ~ 100 m2 rocks near the dam site could not be expected to give reliable
engineering information and a height of ~ 10m. In short, results of Lugeon tests on the
Phyllite.
Fig 2.2.1
 A cross section of the Tehri dam is given in Fig 3.2.1. The length across the valley at
the crest is ~ 575 m while the base width in the upstream-downstream direction is ~
1000 m at the base and nearly 20 m at the crest. The design requires an impervious core
made up of clayey materials and a shell of graded gravel that is topped with blasted
rock which should be massive and mostly quartz. However there is no certified
expertise on the stability of the dam to earthquakes, the stability of the surrounding
slopes to mudslides and collapse as well as to settlement.
 The fragile nature of the rockfill as compared to the requirement of rocks surface size
between 25 mm to 600 mm size or between 1” and 2 ft size as per the drawing in Fig 9
is not satisfied.

 The rocks used for rockfills were obtained from Old Dobata area that lies
approximately 5 km upstream of dam site on the right bank of Bhagirathi and new
Dobata borrows in Tehri Garhwal district. These rocks are technically described as
tabular grains, equigranular, granoblastic (fragments are irregular) in texture, and
metamorphosed from sedimentary rock sandstone. The main difference between the
New Dobata borrow and the Old Dobata borrow is that the former had nearly 99%
quartz and were white in color while that from the Old Dobata borrow had 96% quartz
with more garnet and mica. This suggests that the rocks from the old Dobata borrow
were more clayish. The old Dobata borrow rocks should not have been used for the top
cover
2.3 Choice of dam site
Fig 2.3.1
 Because of the very nature of the requirements for tall dams on main rivers,
geological boundaries such as thrust lines or major faults are not uncommon, since they
provide the necessary geomorphologic features. Major fault lines are known to exist at the
Tehri dam site.
 Some of the features that require to be taken into account are given in Fig 11.Perhaps
the first and most important requirement these is that the rocks adjacent to the dam or on
the sides of the river should be stable to sliding when wet. The slopes of the banks of the

river are dominated by Debris or remains of broken rock because of high levels of
fracture, and faulting (of the earthquake kind) and sedimentation.
 As discussed above hydro geological reasons such as low grade phyllitic rocks in the
abutments and rim slopes with increased soil moisture due to soaking by the increased
height of the reservoir could lead to a sliding of bedrocks and cause large landslides.
These landslides would increase the sedimentation rate and drastically reduce the dam’s
life for power generation or irrigation.
 Because of the high levels of fracture and sandy character the slopes of the hills are
expected to be close to the critical angle of 35o of the slope. The lower regions of the
surrounding hills have a slope considerably larger than 35o they soaked and wet as when
the reservoir is full. If the entire slope was to attain this critical angle , the level of the
bottom of the river would rise roughly to 650-660 ft. Flood waters from higher ranges
would fill the river up further. This is what is found for the higher parts.

CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & ASSESSMENT
3.1 Environmental Impacts
 The Tehri Dam has been the object of protests by environmental organizations and
local people of the region. The construction of the dam has resulted in destruction of
houses of thousands of people. The relocation of more than 100,000 people from the
area has led to protracted legal battles over resettlement rights, and ultimately resulted
in the project's delayed completion.
 Since 2005, filling of the reservoir has led to the reduced flow of Bhagirathi water
from the normal 1,000 cubic feet per second (28 m3/s) to a mere 200 cubic feet per
second (5.7 m3/s). This reduction has been central to local protest against the dam,
since the Bhagirathi is considered part of the sacred Ganges whose waters are crucial to
Hindu beliefs.
 At some points during the year, the tampering with Bhagirathi waters means this
tributary stops flowing. This has created resentment among many Hindus, who claim
that the sanctity of the Ganges has been compromised for the generation of electricity.
Though the officials say that when the reservoir is filled to its maximum capacity the
flow of the river will again become normal. In spite of concerns and protestation,
operation of the Tehri Dam continues.
 Impacts on the surroundings due to the dam are:-
a. Change in the (i) water chemistry, especially with respect to dissolved oxygen
and (ii) turbidity of water.
b. Impact on biodiversity, i.e., flora and fauna of the area.
c. Obstruction of movements of migrating fish species during breeding season.
d. Rivers carry a lot of sediment, which on construction of a dam, will be locked
up behind the dam wall. The collected silt in the reservoir eats away the capacity
of the reservoir. This impact of reducing the capacity and life of reservoir was
studied.

e. Impact of water accumulation on the upstream side of the dam, which causes
inundation of land including forest-land.
f. Since 109 villages (full or partial) and Tehri town (full) were affected and the
residents were to vacate their ancestral homes and agricultural fields, a scheme
was prepared, to resettle these people, with the idea to improve their living
standard, keeping their social bonds intact.
g. Problem of water-logging and salinity of the land in the command area.
3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment
Based on the impact assessment studies, various mitigating measures were designed. In
order to mitigate probable impacts following measures/safeguards were taken:
3.2.1 Measures for Ecological Impacts
 Compensatory Afforestation-
Forest land of 4193.813 ha.were diverted for construction of Tehri Dam Project and
Koteshwar Project (in the downstream of Tehri Project). This forest-land included the
land used in construction of Project, Project colonies, resettlement colonies and filling
of reservoir.
 Catchment Area Treatment-
In order to reduce soil erosion (for reducing sedimentation in the reservoir), the Tehri
Project had completed the Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) in the entire degraded
catchment, in areas of ‘High’ and ‘Very High’ erosion class.
 Command Area Development-
Command Area Development Plan had been implemented by the Irrigation
Departments of the State Governments of Uttarakhand and U.P. In order to mitigate the
likely problem of water-logging and salinity, the network of field channels and drains
were developed.

 Flora-
In CAT works, the species as recommended by Botanical Survey of India (BSI), based
on their flora study of the area, have been planted. A botanical Garden in an area of
14.28 ha.has also been established and plantation of special species coming under
submergence has been completed, so as to preserve important flora of the region.
 Fauna-
Faunal studies were got conducted through Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), for fauna
affected due to formation of reservoir. As per ZSI studies there will be no adverse
impact on mammals, Aves (Birds), Reptiles (Snakes and Lizards), Amphibian (Frogs &
Toads) and Pisces (Fresh Water Fishes) due to proposed reservoir except on Tor-
Putitora (Mahseer Fish).
 Water Quality Maintenance-
The water quality modeling study had been carried out, which concluded that no
specific measures are required and there would be no adverse effect on the water
quality due to impoundment. However, the work on water quality monitoring on Tehri
Reservoir, both upstream and downstream is being carried out at 5 monitoring stations.
 Green Belt-
A green Belt have been planned to be created along the rim of the reservoir between
850 m above MSL and 1050 m above MSL. The idea for developing the green belt is to
check soil erosion and resultant siltation of the reservoir; to protect and regenerate the
vegetation in the rim area; to increase the natural beauty of the landscape.
 Impact on Human Health-
A comprehensive study of the potential health impacts of Tehri dam was conducted.
National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP) and Malaria Research Centre
(MRC) carried out detailed field investigations of the area. Action-plan for
preventive/mitigation measures is being implemented.

3.2.2 Measures for Social Impacts
3.2.2.1 Better Quality of Living:
In order to achieve the objective of ‘better quality of life’ following steps were taken
through R&R programme. The idea is to ensure that settlers are provided opportunities
to become established and economically self-sustaining in shortest possible period.
Urban:-
 Better quality of living. Urban population was provided better facilities like better
and wider road network, sewerage system, hospital with enhanced capacity,
stadium and other amenities, scope for expansion, planned growth.
 Larger school buildings with hostel accommodation will enable their
management to enhance their capacities. A larger University campus has been
constructed in addition to a college keeping in view the future needs of the
region.
 More employment opportunities due to high tourism potential and industries
likely to come up due to excellent infrastructure available in NTT and
surrounding areas.
 100 economically backward and houseless persons now have free housing at
NTT, of which they would become owners.
Rural:-
 The all-round development of the area would lead to prosperity, better
infrastructure and better quality of life.
 New road network and taped drinking water supply save the time of people which
can be utilized for other works.
 Due to the increase in land holding, i.e., against the existing less than 1 acre
average rain fed land holding, to the allotted 2 acres well irrigated and developed
land, yield and total income is expected to increase. Due to payment of House
Construction Assistance to PAFs, the PAF have been able to construct better
houses, which has resulted in improvement in their living standards.

 Landless agricultural labors have also become owners of 2 acres of agricultural
land and independent houses.
 People who will not be shifted (above the reservoir level) shall be benefited due to
Catchment Area Treatment, tourism, fishery development and horticulture, apart
from infrastructural development.
3.2.2.2 Employment & Income Generating Schemes:
Employment:
 For employment in the THDC, preference was given to the dependents of the
project affected families, particularly in the category of workmen & supervisors,
subject to vacancies and their meeting the necessary laid down qualifications and
experience requirements.
 Apart from this, the contractors deployed on the Project a sizable work force form
the local area.
 In order to provide gainful employment to the local population, THDC awarded
small value contracts to the local people.
 For treatment and soil conservation work in the Catchment Area, the forest and
other concerned departments, have employed more persons.
 With the construction of the New Tehri Town at a high altitude, formation of
reservoir, better road network etc., it is expected that there will be an all round
 development in the area, which will further enhance the employment
opportunities due to setting up of new non-polluting industries, better tourism
opportunities through developmental activities.
 With a view to encourage the dispossessed families taking to useful vocations,
like poultry farming, floriculture, pisci-culture, animal husbandry, handicrafts,
khadi work etc. the Government agencies have taken up various self-employment
/ income generating schemes.

Income Generating Schemes:
Since it was not possible to give direct employment to all unemployed youth from
PAFs in the project, a group was formed in THDC for helping the resettled
families to take advantage of various schemes of Self-employment and Income
Generation being implemented by various Govt. and Semi Govt. agencies. The
group organized various activities for the benefits of PAPs as under-
o Organized awareness camps at Athoorwala and KhandRaiwala so that
PAPs should come forward as rural entrepreneurs. The group invited the
officials of various State/Central Government agencies like Khadi Village
& Industry Commission, State Horticulture & Food Preservation Dept.,
State Sericulture Dept., State Fisheries Dept., Lead bank & Poultry Dept.,
etc.
o Being influenced with these awareness programmes PAPs started showing
the interest in various schemes. PAPs interested for Mushroom cultivation
requested the group for organizing training. Group arranged training in
three batches through UP State Horticulture & Food Preservations Dept.

CHAPTER 4 BENEFITS TO THE NATION AND NEARBY REGION
4.1 Benefits to Nation
Fig 4.1.1
 2400 MW of environment friendly Peaking Power (6532 MU of Annual Energy) –
1000 MW (3532 MU of Annual Energy) in Stage-I. This is bound to lead to industrial
and agricultural growth in the Northern Region.
 12% power free to home state, apart from Power as per their share, where distress is
caused by setting up the project at the specific site.
 Additional energy form downstream run-off-the river schemes.
 Irrigation of 2.7 lakhs ha. of new area, besides stabilization of irrigation in already
irrigated 6.0 lakhs ha.
 300 cusecs (162 million Gallons per day) of water supply to Delhi, which will meet
drinking water need of 4 million people.
 200 cusecs (108 million gallons per day) of water supply to UP which will meet
drinking water need of about 3 million people.
 The project would lead to all round development of the region through better
infrastructure and easy availability of electricity, particularly peak time power
 Flood moderation during monsoon by way of storage of excess water.

Fig 4.1.2
 Development of pisciculture.
 Integrated development of the catchment area.
4.2 Benefits to Nearby Region
 Development of Hill Station- For shifting of old Tehri Town a new modern town
named as New Tehri Town (NTT) has been developed at a height of 1550-1850 m.
above MSL which is at height almost similar to that of Mussorrie. This town has all
modern facilities.
 Better Road Network- Due to construction of Project, roads of the area have been
widened and improved which made communication easier and comfortable. Rishikesh-
Chamba-NTT roads have also been widened and geometry have been improved which
has resulted in reduction of journey time.
 Education- For shifting of educational institutions of Old Tehri Town, larger buildings
with modern facilities were constructed so that more number of students can be
accommodated, while having scope for further expansion in future.
o In most of the educational institutions, Hostel facilities for 860 students have
been provided, though it did not exist in Old Tehri. Thus, more students coming
from the nearby areas will be benefited as NTT is expected to develop as a nodal
center for education in the region.
o Against existing degree college running in Old Tehri Town, a degree college
and a big university campus has been constructed at Badshahithaul which can
accommodate 400 residential students and also the teaching staff.

o In addition, for the students of villages who were studying in Old Tehri, 4 degree
colleges have been constructed at project cost. Similarly, against one Inter
College in Old Tehri, one Inter college in N.T.T. and 4 Inter colleges in villages
have been constructed.
 Health-
o Against 22 beds Hospital of Old Tehri, 75 beds Hospital have been
constructed at New Tehri Town, with modern medical facilities. In addition, 5
numbers Primary Health Centers with indoor treatment facilities (totaling to 70
beds) have been constructed at Project cost.
o To provide hygienic conditions, treated water is supplied to houses and a
central sewerage treatment plant has been constructed with a properly designed
network of sewer lines connecting houses and other buildings of the town.
 Electrification- For improving electricity distribution system in nearby rural areas, 3
nos. 33 KV sub-stations have been constructed and network of LT/HT transmission
lines have also been made at project cost.
 Drinking water facilities- 54 numbers drinking water schemes in rural areas and New
Tehri town have been constructed and made operational at Project cost. They shall now
be operated and maintained by respective agencies.
 Shifting of District Head Quarter- With the shifting of district head quarter from
Narendra Nagar to New Tehri, a distance of about 60 km have been reduced for the
urban and rural population of Tehri resulting into saving of time and inconvenience to
the public having work at district level offices.
 Setting of New Industries- The New Tehri Town is very suitable for setting up of
Non-pollutive Industries due to its better climate and excellent communication
facilities. As the power is now easily available after the construction of dam, more
factories are likely to come up as NTT has excellent infrastructure as well.

 Tourism- The New Tehri Town is a pre-planned hill town with all modern facilities.
Hence, it is expected to develop as a major tourist hill station in near future.
By creation of lake due to the impoundment of the reservoir of Tehri Dam, scope for
water sports will be there.
Due to wider and improved roads, communication has become easier which is very
important for development of tourism .Due to tourism development, Hotel Industry in
the area will increase, which will further help the local people in getting employment.
 Commercial Centre- New Tehri Town market is developing as a market for adjoining
towns/villages in the region and is expected to come up as a nodal commercial centre in
the region because of its vocational advantage and better infrastructure facilities like
roads, telecommunication and properly designed shopping centre. The shop area is also
larger and made of RCC structure and has greater storage capacities for goods.

CHAPTER 5: DISADVANTAGES AND RISKS
5.1 Seismic Risk -
 The design of the dam was finalized in the 1960s when scientific understanding
of seismic hazards and seismic engineering solutions were far less advanced than
today. Tehri Dam is situated in the highly active Central Himalayan Seismic
Zone. It is designed to withstand earthquakes of up to 7.2 on the Richter scale
although experts predict that earthquakes of magnitude 8.5 or more could strike
this region.
 If the dam were to burst, several major towns downstream of the dam with a total
population of over half a million people could be wiped out Landslides are
common on the steep slopes above Tehri’s reservoir. A major landslide into the
reservoir could cause a huge wave, which could overtop the dam and cause
massive damage downstream. It would bury the towns of Rishikesh, Hardwar,
Bijnor, Meerut, Hapur and Bulandshahar within hours and devastating large areas
of the Gangetic Plains.
Fig 5.1.1

5.2 Displacement and Rehabilitation
 Although land acquisition started in 1979, resettlement of affected people is far
from complete. There is no master plan for rehabilitation nor even a clear
estimate of the number of people affected. Past estimates range from 67,500 to
97,000. According to the 2002 Status Report of the Public Works Department of
Tehri, the Dam displaced 12,547 families.
 This estimate excludes a large number of people who lost their lands but have not been
officially recognized as project-affected. Among those officially recognized, only half
of the fully affected and very few of the partially affected families have been resettled.
In most cases the land allotted is of poor quality or with multiple ownership claims.
5.3 Environmental Consequences:
 The highly absorbent shale, customary in the valley, makes the slopes
susceptible to frequent slides. As the reservoir fills, landslides from above the
submergence line further heighten and compound the siltation problem.
 In fact, landslides are a prevalent problem as a result of the deforestation and road-
building. The construction obstructs the flow of the river impeded Ganges as a
result of which the entire Gangetic valley.
 Silt brought down from the upper reaches of the catchment and containing
valuable mineral deposits is caught behind the dam strangling the holy river. This
has enormous consequences for all who live on the Gangetic plain. It halts the
flow of this natural fertilizer could cause severe agricultural problems in the
foreseeable future, possibly even famine.
 The residents of Old Tehri lived in a river valley at an average altitude of 1,115 feet
above sea level. Since relocation to New Tehri, the community has had to adapt to
life at 5,085 feet.
 The extreme elevation change has resulted in radical environmental differences
that include wider daily temperature ranges and a reduction in daily sunlight.
 Though daytime temperatures can still be warm, as high as 105º F in the summer,
it is the conditions at night that offer the biggest change. Cold temperatures and
blistering wind drive people from the streets shortly after the sun falls behind the

mountain, which occurs not long after 4 p.m. during the winter.
 The higher altitude of New Tehri has also resulted in a lengthened winter
and introduced the possibility of regular snow, since temperatures at the
new site commonly fall below freezing (Baruah and Sabhlok 1994).
Fig. 5.3.1
5.4 Corruption
The Central Bureau of Investigation is currently investigating six cases of corruption
against high-ranking officials of THDC for embezzlement of public money. The
Hanumantha Rao Committee report expressed concern about the high incidence of
corruption in the rehabilitation process.

5.5 Overshooting Economic Costs:
 The projected cost of Tehri Dam had gone up from $612 million in 1994 to $1.2
billion in 1999. A Cost benefit analysis commissioned by the Indian National Trust
for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) concluded that the construction costs for
Tehri are twice the projected benefits.
 The INTACH study predicts the useful life of the dam would be reduced to 62 years
by the huge volumes of sediment that will be trapped in its reservoir. A recent study
shows that the cost of electricity per unit from Tehri is almost twice the average cost
of power supply in the neighboring states of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu
and Kashmir.
Fig. 5.5.1
5.6 Urban Issues :
 New Tehri is a planned city that was designed to host 25,000 people’s homes and
businesses. Yet its citizens describe the new city as awkward, cold, and unpopular.
Already facing overwhelming opposition from the displaced citizens, the government
designed it in a way that would appease the upset immigrants.
 Within New Tehri, residents have expressed a concern over transportation problems
that exist both within the community as well as with neighboring cities and towns.
The city is a split-level town with a lower half of western block-style residential
housing and an upper half with markets, a school, and government facilities.

 The main intra-city accessibility problem concerns the difficulty of travel between
the upper and lower parts of the city, resulting in bottlenecking of main routes.
Additionally, walking within the city has been hampered due to its larger size and
elevation changes present throughout the city.
 Furthermore, the construction of the dam also cut the local region in half, with the
reservoir serving as the knife. With the existing bridges over the Bhagirathi being
submerged, cities directly to the east of New Tehri have virtually no access to their
district capital.
5.7 Political Conflict:
 The resettlement policies and the structural flaws of the dam hence provoked civil
protests, lawsuits and international attention that have stalled the project during its
construction period.
 The Tehri project was unsuccessfully challenged in the Supreme Court in the writ
petition filed by the Tehri Bandh Virodhi Sangarash Samiti (TBVSS) in 1985. In
1987, the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), an
'intervenor' in the petition and a leading non-governmental organization in the field of
conservation, sponsored an independent assessment of the economic feasibility of the
dam.
 The principal findings of the multi-disciplinary team that conducted the appraisal was
that the benefit to cost ratio of the Tehri dam, after calculating social and
environmental costs and benefits, workout to 0.56 to 1., well short of the 1.5:1 ratio
adopted by the planning Commission to sanction such projects.
 In addition, the Soviet Union agreed to help fund the project with loans at concession
terms and as part of the agreement reviewed the proposed project and made several
findings. The most important one was the high seismicity of the Tehri area had not
been adequately taken into consideration by Indian planners.
 Also, the Indian government had projected a useful life of 100 years, the actual figure
would be 62 years or less. Finally, while the authorities put the number of displaced
people, or oustees at 46,000, the INTACH team found that 85,600 people would be
displaced by the project.

 The Supreme Court dismissed the petition in 1990 after a very limited enquiry.
Although the Environmental Appraisal Committee had unanimously concluded that
the Tehri project should not be approved, the Central Government relied instead on an
opinion of the Department of Mines to convince itself and the court that the project
was sound.
 The report of the high commission was again considered by the committee of
Secretaries in its meeting on 23rd April 1990. The committee of Secretaries found on
consideration of the report of the high level committee that the Tehri Dam as designed
was safe and the seismic potential of the site was taken into consideration by the
experts. Later on 12th May Dr. V.K.Gaur who had earlier agreed on the report, sent a
note of dissent and questioned the conclusion of the high level committee of experts,
in respect of the safety aspect.
 The committee of Secretaries met again on 10th August 1990 and discussed the
recommendations of the high level commission along with the dissent of Dr. Gaur.

CH.6 REHABILITATION PLAN
 The Rehabilitation Plan has been broadly divided into Rural Rehabilitation and Urban
Rehabilitation. Affected families under Rural Rehabilitation are categorized as "Fully
affected" or "Partially affected". The families whose 50% or more land is being acquired are
treated as fully affected. Those families whose less than 50% land is coming under
submergence are categorized as-"Partially Affected". In case of urban population of Tehri
Town, all 5291 families living in the Town as on the cut-off date of 06.06.1985 are treated
as fully affected. Under Rural Rehabilitation, there are 5429 Fully Affected families due to
Tehri Dam, which are to be rehabilitated. Another 3810 rural families are Partially Affected
and are not going to be displaced; they would be paid cash compensation for their land
under submergence.
6.1 BROAD FEATURES OF REHABILITATION POLICY
The basic principles that had guided the formation of the Rehabilitation Policy are:
● Rural oustees to be compensated through allotment of agricultural land or cash in lieu
theory.
● The rural oustees should be settled in large blocks so that the fabric of their social life
remains intact.
● Oustees or their representatives be involved to the extent possible in selecting the
rehabiltation centers.
● To the extent possible, consideration be given to the preference of the oustees for
settlementat a particular center.
● Community facilities be provided at each of the rural rehabilitation centers at the cost
of the project even if these did not exist at their earlier settlements.

6.2 IMPROVEMENTS IN R&R PACKAGE FROM TIME TO TIME
 The rehabilitation work of the Project affected families was commenced by the Govt.
of U.P.when the Project was under them. The Rehabilitation Policy include the loction
of the new Tehri town. (NTT) had been evolved and decided by the State Government
of U.P. after interaction with the representatives of the local population. After the
incorporation of THDC, the rehabilitation work was handed over to the THDC in 1990.
6.3 IMPROVEMENTS BY HRC
 On the demands for further improvements raised by the local population, the
Government of India in September, 1996 constituted a committee viz. Hanumantha
Rao Committee (HRC) to examine the Rehabilitation Policy of the Project and
suggest further measures/improvements etc.
 The HRC submitted its recommendation to the Govt. in November 1997. The Govt. of
India after examining the recommendations of HRC, accepted certain additional
benefits/measures,which were incorporated in the Rehabilitation Policy of 1998.
 The major recommendations of the Hanumantha Rao Committee, approved by the
Govt. in regard to rehabilitation of the affected population include definition of family
so as to make all major sons and major daughters who attained the age of 21 years on
19.07.1990 and dependent parent (Mother/Father) of the fully affected entitled land
owner eligible for ex-gratia payment of Rs.33,000/-, i.e. 750 days minimum
agricultural wage each; grant of house construction assistance to the urban land owner
families, linked with the progress of construction and shifting; allotment of one
constructed shop to the shop owners, recognition of the right of people, living in the
villages upstream of Tehri reservoir, over the water.

6.4 IMPROVEMENT AFTER HRC
After the Government decision of December 1998, on the recommendations of HRC,
following measures/ benefits were also agreed by the Government of India in consultation
with the State Government.
Rural
Enhancement of cash in lieu of land from Rs. 2 lakh to Rs. 5 lakh, house construction
assistance to fully affected house owners be given @ Rs. 1 lakh; increase in cash grants
for
shifting and purchase of seeds and fertilizers; cash grants ranging from Rs. 80,000 to Rs.
1,20,000 for rural shop owners depending upon their location; liberalization of eligibility
criteria for land allotment and made eligible, those land owners in rural area who sold their
part land after 1978, but before issue of Section 4(1) notification under Land Acquisition
Act.
Government has also allowed reconstruction and relocation of public properties situated
below EL 835 m in partially submergence villages, at higher level for population residing
above submergence level;arrangement for Ferry boat and cable car services for cut-off
area; and Heavy motor vehicle bridge across Bhagirathi river near Dobra village (this is in
addition to two medium motor vehicle bridges.
Urban
Amount of house construction assistance revised, varying from Rs. 2.5 lacs to Rs. 4.5 lacs
depending upon plot size; cost of flats and shops allotted to the entitled oustees at pre-
1989 construction cost, development cost not to be charged; State government allowed in
July’01 payment of cash grants to shop keepers of old Tehri Town ranging from Rs. 1 lakhs
to Rs. 3 lakhs depending on category of shop, subject to the handing over of possession.

6.5 REHABILITATION PACKAGE
Within the framework of the set principles, which guided the formation of Rehabilitation
Policy, an attractive and a liberal rehabilitation package was evolved, which has been
improved from time to time without changing its basic features.
a) Rural Package
 2 acre, of developed irrigated land or half acre of developed irrigated land adjacent to
Municipal limits of Dehradun, Haridwar or Rishikesh cities or cash of Rs. 5 lacs in lieu
of allotment of land, as per their option.
 Compensation for acquired land as per Land Acquisition Act plus solitium. Even if
acquired land is less than 2 acres, 2 acres of developed irrigated land is given, cost of
which to be adjusted from the amount of compensation payable in respect of acquired
land.
 Cost of house property/trees acquired to be evaluated at the PWD/Forest/Horticulture
deptt. rates plus solitium. Further, ex-gratia equivalent to amount of depreciation,
subject to a maximum of Rs. 50,000/- is payable. Minimum compensation in case of
house is Rs. .00 lac.
 Allotment of residential plot of 200 sq. m. to each family at nominal cost.
 Cash grant for shifting is Rs. 5200/- and for seeds/fertilizers is Rs. 4960/-.
 Additional incentive grant of Rs. 15,000/- payable to those who shift within 6 months
rom date of award of compensation or date of allotment of land, whichever is later,
after anding over their acquired property.
 All the eligible additional family members for fully affected rural families attaining
the age of 21 years as on 19.07.90, and dependent parent (Mother/Father) would
receive x-gratia amount equivalent to 750 days of minimum agricultural wage per
member.

 Cash grant ranging from Rs. 80,000/- to Rs. 1,20,000/- to each rural shop holder
depending upon the locations.
b) Urban Package
 Land owners including Nazul land holders are given residential plot of various size
(60, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 sq.m.) in proportion to their holdings at very nominal
cost (ranging from Rs. 5 per sq. m. for plot up to 150 sq.m. to Rs. 150 per sq.m. for
plots of size 300 sq.m.) at locations as per choice, in addition to compensation of house
property as calculated in case of rural properties.
 House construction assistance, as grant to the land owners at following rates less
compensation already paid;
a. • 60 –100 Sq.m. plot holders - Rs. 2.50 lacs
b. • 150-200 Sq.m. plot holders - Rs. 3.50 lacs
c. • 250-300 Sq.m. plot holders - Rs. 4.50 lacs
 Ready to built houses/flats to entitled tenant who were residing prior to 06.06.1985,
on subsidized cost at pre-1989 rates.
 Benap house owners who constructed house before 6.6.1985 are allotted either
house/flats or plots (if available).
 Allotment of shop at cost in NTT/Dehradun/Rishikesh to those running shops at Old
Tehri own at pre-1989 rates.
 Compensation for “Saj-Sajja”, for shopkeepers.
 One shop to be allotted to shop owner who were not running shop(s) themselves in
O.T.T.
 Cash grant of Rs. 3000/- to Rs. 4000/- for transportation of household effects and Rs.
1500/- to Rs. 2000/- for commercial goods. In addition, entitled families who hand over
their acquired properties and shift to new allotted sites within a period of 6 months from
the date of allotment of plot/flat, an incentives grant of Rs. 12000/- per family would be
paid.

 One room flat to EWS families free of cost, upto a maximum of 100 families.
 All additional eligible family members of entitled landowner families as per criteria
defined under rural package, get ex-gratia amount equivalent to 750 days of minimum
agricultural wage per member.
 Cash option allowed in lieu of allotment of plots (Rs. 1.10 lac to Rs. 3.00 lacs), flat
(1.00 lac) and shop (Rs. 0.25 lac to Rs. 0.60 lac).
 - The urban families are resettled at New Tehri Town (NTT) or at Rishikesh or
Dehradun, as per their option. The NTT, newly developed, is at a height of 1350 to
1850 m., overlooking the proposed lake, with a panoramic view of the Himalayas. It
has all the modern facilities for Education, Hospital, Financial Institutions, District
Administration offices, Markets, Bus Stand & places of worship etc.
6.6 INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM
As per government decision, R&R woks were transferred to the U.P. State Government in
January 1999 for implementation, under control and supervision of Commissioner, Garhwal,
with funds to be provided by THDC. With the formation of Uttaranchal State, R&R was
being implemented by Uttaranchal/Uttarakhand State Government since January, 2001.
Subsequent to takeover, the Government of Uttaranchal have reconstituted the Co-ordination
Committee under the Chairmanship of Commissioner, Haridwar, Dehradun and other
Government and non-Government officials as members. The Co-ordination Committee has
now greater representation of the public representative; viz. MLA, Tehri; Chairman, Zila
Parishad, Tehri and Chairman, Nagar Palika Parishad, Tehri.

CHAPTER 7: FUTURE SCOPES
 Estimation of permanent displacements of the Tehri dam in the Himalayas due to
future strong earthquakes-The objective is to estimate permanent displacements of
Tehri dam due to an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 8·5, the occurrence of which has a
high probability in the region, and for an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 7·0, for
which the dam has been currently designed. A two-dimensional finite element analysis
and five different semi-empirical and empirical methods, like, Seed and Makdisi’s
method, Newmark’s double integration method, Jansen’s method, Swaisgood’s method
and Bureau’s method have been utilized to study the probable dynamic behavior of the
dam and their results are compared to get a range of values within which, the
permanent displacement of the dam, is estimated to lie. The present study shows that
the predicted displacements due to an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 7·0 are
significant but not enough to compromise the safety of the dam. However, the
displacements predicted for an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 8·5 are quite high and
might cause rupture of filter zones. The maximum deformations (755 cm for Mw = 8·5
and 43 cm for Mw = 7·0) are predicted by Seed and Makdisi’s method while the
minimum deformations (14 cm for Mw = 8·5 and 2·5 cm for Mw = 7·0) are computed
by Jansen’s method.
7.1 Seismicity at Tehri dam
 A number of large magnitude (Mw > 7) earthquakes have occurred along the
Himalayan mountain belt, four of which (1897 Assam earthquake (MS > 8·7), 1905
Kangra earthquake (MS > 8·6), 1934 Bihar earthquake (MS = 8·4) and 1950 Assam
earthquake (MS = 8·7)) had magnitude greater than 8 (Richter 1958).
 The four great earthquakes in the past have ruptured only 200 to 450 km of the plate
boundary, leaving unruptured sections in between called seismic gaps. The unruptured
section of Himalaya between the rupture zones of Kangra &Bihar earthquakes is called
central Himalayan seismic gap. TheTehri dam is located within this seismic gap.
 There has been considerable controversy concerning the seismic intensity to which
the Tehri dam may be subjected to as no great earthquake have occurred in this gap
region within the past 200 years .

 The above researchers believe that the earthquakes in the past two centuries have not
been representative of infrequent great (Mw > 8) plate boundary event that could occur.
It is reasoned that recent earthquakes may have responded to different elastic driving
forces from those that drove the mega quakes of medieval times. It is suspected that an
alternate source of energy to cause a great earthquake exists in the form of elastic and
gravitational energy and is stored in flexure of the Indian plate, and is now sufficiently
mature to sustain a mega quake of Mw > 8 (Ambraseys & Jackson 2003; Ambraseys &
Bilham 2000).Here, the seismic behaviour of the Tehri dam has been studied for two
earthquake motions. The first one is an Mw = 7, PGA = 0·23 g earthquake for which
the dam has been designed (Thatte 1992). The second motion is for an Mw = 8·5, PGA
= 0·45 g hypothetical earthquake.
 This second motion represents MCE of the region according to some experts and
initially recommended by THDC (1990) and High Level Committee of Experts (1990).
There are considerable controversies between the experts regarding the validity of these
motions. The proper way of coming up with a motion is to establish seismic sources
within 500 km and their maximum potential, and perform probabilistic seismic hazard
analysis.

7.2 Results-
 The present study indicates that the displacements due to an earthquake of
magnitude(Mw) 7·0 are significant but not enough to compromise the safety of Tehri
dam.
 The displacements due to a hypothetical earthquake of magnitudeMw = 8·5 are quite
large.
 They might lead to a rupture in the existing 1m thick filter zones, resulting in
uncontrollable seepage.
 The 2-D finite element analyses show that the maximum deformations
occur along the upper reaches of the upstream face of the dam while the
surface at the foundation level has almost negligible deformations.
 For theMw = 7 earthquake, the maximum displacement is predicted by the
finite element method, while for the Mw = 8·5 earthquake, Seed and
Makdisi’s method predicts the maximum displacements.
 All the simplified methods predict larger displacements on the downstream
face of the dam, but finite element method predicts almost two times larger
displacements for the upstream face of the dam.
 Among the simplified methods, the maximum displacements are computed
by Seed and Makdisi’s method, while the minimum displacements are
obtained by Jansen’s method.
 The large variation of the seismic displacements predicted by different
methods indicates scope for further research in this area and stresses on the
need for the instrumentation of the dams and verification of different
methods in predicting seismic displacements of dams.
The different dams coming up in the Himalayan region should be properly
instrumented to record ground motions, amplification of motions through the dam and
displacements of the dam, so that better understanding of the seismic behaviours of
large earth and rockfill dams can be achieved and proper mitigation measures can be
put in place before hand in case a disaster strikes.

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION
 Tehri Dam is the biggest dam in Asia. It is situated on Bhagirathi River in
Uttarakhand, India. It is rock and earth filled massive water barrier. Tehri
Hydro Development Corporation (THDC) was formed in 1988 to manage the dam.
The dam started working in 2006. Tehri dam generates 1000 MW of hydroelectricity
along with an additional 1000 MW of pumped storage hydroelectricity (to be
completed in 2013).
 The relocation of more than 100,000 people from the area has led to protracted legal
battles over resettlement rights, and ultimately resulted in the project's delayed
completion.
 The Tehri Dam has been the object of active protestation by
environmental organizations and local people of the region. In addition to the
human rights concerns, the project has spurred concerns about the
environmental consequences of locating a large dam in the fragile
ecosystem of the Himalayan foothills.
 There are further concerns regarding the dam's geological stability. The Tehri dam is
located in the Central Himalayan Seismic Gap, a major geologic fault zone.
 This region was the site of a 6.8 magnitude earthquake in October 1991, with an
epicenter 500 km from the location of the dam.
 Since Tehri dam is Rock and Earth filled dam, it is strong enough to withstand an
earthquake of 8.4 magnitude. Also like other dams, in case of breakage, the Tehri
dam will not collapse suddenly.

CHAPTER 9: LIST OF FIGURES
SR NO. FIG
NO.
DESCRIPTION PG NO.
1 1.1.1 Location of Tehri Dam 4
2 1.3.1 Tehri Dam 6
3 2.1.1 Tectonic Deformation of Dam 10
4 2.1.2 Crack identified in Tehri Dam 10
5 2.2.1 Cross section of Tehri Dam 11
6 2.3.1 Choice of Dam Site 12
7 4.1.1 Graph of Inflow & Outflow of Tehri Dam 20
8 4.1.2 Development of Pisciculture 21
9 5.1.1 L shaped crack on Tehri Dam 24
10 5.3.1 Reservoir level of Tehri Dam 26
11 5.5.1 Protest against construction of Tehri Dam 27

CHAPTER 10: REFERENCES
9.1 JOURNALS
 “Effects of Tehri Dam”, S.C.Sharma, Former General Manager THDC Ltd
 “Tehri Dam fact sheet”, IRN FACT SHEET, October 2002
 “Cost and time over run in the construction of Tehri Dam project”, Dr. A.K.Dube,
THDC
 “GIS and remote sensing-based study of the reservoir induced, land use in the
catchment of Tehri Dam in Garhwal, Himalaya”, Piyoosh Rautela, Rahul Rakshit,
V.K.Jha, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
 “Displacement and Development: the paradoxes of India’s Tehri dam”, Jason
Newton, University of Louisville.
 “Impact of development activities on biodiversity – A case study of Tehri Dam”,
THDC
 “Estimation of permanent displacements of the Tehri dam in the Himalayas due to
future strong earthquakes”, Aniruddha Sengupta, IIT-Kharagpur.
9.2 WEBSITES
 www.caprarius-aquacom.blogspot.in
 www.slideshare.net
 www.euttaranchal.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.thdc.gov.in

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