5. • Interview
• Questionnaire
• Open-ended questions
• Closed questions
• Observation
• Use of Devices
•WAYS OF OBTAINING
DESCRIPTIVE
INFORMATION
6. • Narrative
Records
Full narrative
descriptions of a
participant’s behavior.
• Checklists
A tally sheet on which
the researcher
records attributes of
the participants and
whether particular
behaviors were
observed.
•DATA COLLECTION
7. • An empirical research method for
which the researcher examines the
history and behavior of a single
person.
•CASE STUDIES
8. • Case of Anna O. by Sigmund Freud
• HM – a person who underwent brain
surgery in the 1950s
• Howard Gardner’s book, “Leading
Minds (1995)”
EXAMPLES:
•CASE STUDIES
9. • An objective method of obtaining
information from members of a
population.
•SURVEYS
10. • Has your college
experience been
satisfying thus
far?
________________
_
________________
_
________________
_
________________
_
• Has your
college
experience
been satisfying
thus far?
Yes ___
No___
• With regard to your
college experience,
which of the
following factors do
you find satisfying?
• Academics
• Relationships
• Residence halls
• Residence life
• Social life
• Food service
• Other ____________
• Open-ended • Closed-ended • Partially open-ended
•Examples of types of survey questions
• Likert rating scale
• I am very satisfied with my college
experience.
1__Strongly Disagree 2__Disagree
3__Neutral 4__Agree 5__Strongly Agree
11. 1. Census
- Covers the entire
population of
interest.
2. Sample
- Deals only with a
portion of the
population.
•2 SCOPES OF SURVEYS:
12. 1. A Census of Tangibles
-covers a small population
where the variables are
concrete.
3. A Sample Survey of
Tangibles
-obtain information from large
groups where the
variables are concrete
2. A Census of Intangibles
-deals with constructs based from
your indirect measures.
4. A Sample Survey of Intangibles
-measurement of
psychological/sociological
constructs, as well as comparing
a large population where the
variables are not directly
observable.
•4 CATEGORIES OF SURVEYS
13. • “A Comparative Study of the Employment Status of
Nursing Graduates in Selected Regions of the Philippines:
Its Implications to Nursing Education” by Perla B. Sanchez
(1981)
• “Public Elementary School Teacher-Stayers and Leavers
in the NCR: A Comparison” by Corazon D. Santiago
(1981)
EXAMPLE DISSERTATIONS:
•A Sample Survey of Tangibles
14. • “Anxiety Levels, Self-Concept, and Emotional States of
Pregnant Single Women in Institution Shelters” by Daby
Friedland (1981)
• “Rorshach Personality Profiles of Some Adolescent
Children of Working and Non-Working Mothers in the
Manila Area Perceived to Show Positive Parental
Behavior” by Elizabeth E. Ventura (1981)
EXAMPLE DISSERTATIONS:
•A Sample Survey of Intangibles
15. • May investigate progression along a
number of dimensions such as
intellectual, physical, emotional, or
social development
•DEVELOPMENTAL
STUDIES
16. 1. Longitudinal
Method
- Studies the same
sample
participants over
an extended
period of time.
2. Cross-Sectional
Method
- Studies participants of
various characteristics
at the same point in
time.
•DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES
2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNIQUES:
17. • Child and Youth Research Center (CYRC) (1963)
conducted a longitudinal study among selected 170
Filipino infants in their first year of life in Metro Manila.
• A comparison of math achievement in public middle
schools in the United States in 1990, 1995, and 2000
EXAMPLES:
•Longitudinal Method
18. • “The Sex Knowledge of Filipino Children in a Philippine
Barrio” by CYRC (1977)
• A survey of reading achievement at different grade levels
in a school system in 2000.
EXAMPLES:
•Cross-Sectional Method
19. • - investigating the subsequent
development of the participants after a
specified treatment or condition.
•FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
20. • A 20-year follow-up study of a sample of 50 pairs of twins
with neurotic-psychosomatic disorders. By Muhs
A, Schepank H, Manz R. (1990)
• A 12-month follow-up study of self-management
• training for people with chronic disease:
• Are changes maintained over time? By J. H. Barlow*, C. C.
Wright, A. P. Turner and G. V. Bancroft
• School of Health and Social Sciences, Coventry
University, UK (2005)
EXAMPLES:
•FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
21. • - involves gathering data by examining
records and documents.
•DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS
22. • “An Overall Analysis of Money Market Investments in the
Philippines from the Time of Inception up to 1976” by
Tuazon-Repuyan (1978)
EXAMPLES:
•DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS
23. • - involves studies that seek future
status.
• - aim to project the demands or needs
of the people in the future.
•TREND ANALYSIS
24. • Current Trends Paper: Diversity in Education Management
and Student Achievement Gap by: S.Duncan, University of
Phoenix (2006)
• K-12 Professinal Development Plan
• (2010)
EXAMPLES:
•TREND ANALYSIS
25. • An empirical research method for which
the researcher takes two or more
measurements of characteristics for each
participant and then examines the
correlation among the variables.
•CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
26. • Positive Correlations: Both variables increase or
decrease at the same time. A correlation coefficient close
to +1.00 indicates a strong positive correlation.
•
Negative Correlations: Indicates that as the amount of
one variable increases, the other decreases (and vice
versa). A correlation coefficient close to -1.00 indicates a
strong negative correlation.
• No Correlation: Indicates no relationship between the
two variables. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no
correlation.
3 POSSIBLE RESULTS:
•CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
27. • Decker, W. H. (1987). Managerial humor and subordinate
satisfaction
• A Correlational Study of the Relationship Between Sense of
Humor and Positive Psychological Capacities by Larry W.
Hughes University of Nebraska at Kearney (2008)
• Correlation Between Grade Point Average and Absences by
Ignacio Suarez
• Exploring the Self-Esteem and Depression of Selected Filipino
Single Mothers by Mia Betina D. Abad (2011)
EXAMPLES:
•CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
28. METHODOLOGY
A cross-sectional survey was undertaken for the purpose of
studying the statistical relationships between sense of humor,
and its dimensions, and PsyCap, and its dimensions. Surveys
were administered to 92 participants from a wide cross-
section of employers. The results were tabulated and
descriptive statistics generated for the purpose of exploring
linkages between sense of humor, humor orientation and
positive psychological capacities.
A Correlational Study of the
Relationship Between Sense of Humor
and Positive Psychological Capacities
by Larry W. Hughes University of
Nebraska at Kearney (2008)
29. • Calderon, Jose F., Methods of Research and Thesis
Writing, 2012 (reprint)
• Hale, J. (2011). The 3 Basic Types of Descriptive
Research Methods. Psych Central. Retrieved on June 30,
2013, from
http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/09/27/the-3-basic-ty
• Jackson,Sherri L.,Research Methods:A Modular
Approach,2nd
Ed.,2010
• Pittenger, David J., Behavioral Research Design and
Analysis, 2003
• Sevilla, Consuelo G., et. al, Research Methods, 1993
•REFERENCES
