Middle Childhood and Adolescence Paper PSY/280 During childhood and throughout adolescences changes can occur that can either positively or negatively affect the youth and future relationships, as well as how the develop. A good example of this is children that are born to teen mothers. The mother has not fully developed and is not able to make tough life choices without a negative impact. Furthermore, the teen mom is influenced not by other adults but other teens that are her peers. This greatly affects her newborn child as they look to the mom for advice when she is getting it from the wrong places. Changes that happen at school and home affect the child because how they handle situations when young will determine how they cope with adult decisions that they need to make. In terms of family there is a huge gap when looking at a dysfunctional family versus how a functional family works. The idealistic functional family has the parent as the leaders, and they are in place to raise the children and keep them on a promising belief system. On the opposite end of the spectrum a dysfunctional family does not have parents as leaders leaving the kids the fend for themselves and they have to pull emotions from each other and strangers. They grow up thinking that absenteeism is ok as a parent. When a parental figure is not active in a child’s life, they learn the wrong traits and values that they receive from their peers. The most common traits of a dysfunctional family are signs of abuse, kids hat always want to be perfect, lack of communication, addiction fear and the need to be in control. The underlying factor of this is children that grow up in this type of environment not only harbor these bad traits but the pass them on to their children think it is ok and the 0process continues. Also, various forms of anxiety form, social anxiety is one that prevents interaction between persons because one or both are worried about what the other will think about them. Relationship anxiety directly affects how a child handles different relationships, is there is anxiety in relationships when a child is young there is a real chance the child will not know how to handle adult relationships. The difference in how a child handles relationship is greatly determined by if they grow up in a dysfunctional family or if they are able to have full family functions. One of the advantages of having a functional family is when there are peer issues and peer pressure is involved there is a better chance that the child will be able to mentally handle what is happening and make better informed decisions. Adversely a child that grows up in a dysfunctional family will accept the unhealthy relationships and give in to peer pressure. When in the teen stage peer pressure becomes a huge part of life. To ease the transition from teen to adult and help combat some of the negative peer pressure out there it is important the teen have some positive family members .

1. Middle Childhood and Adolescence Paper
PSY/280
During childhood and throughout adolescences changes can
occur that can either positively or negatively affect the youth
and future relationships, as well as how the develop. A good

2. example of this is children that are born to teen mothers. The
mother has not fully developed and is not able to make tough
life choices without a negative impact. Furthermore, the teen
mom is influenced not by other adults but other teens that are
her peers. This greatly affects her newborn child as they look to
the mom for advice when she is getting it from the wrong
places. Changes that happen at school and home affect the child
because how they handle situations when young will determine
how they cope with adult decisions that they need to make.
In terms of family there is a huge gap when looking at a
dysfunctional family versus how a functional family works. The
idealistic functional family has the parent as the leaders, and
they are in place to raise the children and keep them on a
promising belief system. On the opposite end of the spectrum a
dysfunctional family does not have parents as leaders leaving
the kids the fend for themselves and they have to pull emotions
from each other and strangers. They grow up thinking that
absenteeism is ok as a parent. When a parental figure is not
active in a child’s life, they learn the wrong traits and values
that they receive from their peers. The most common traits of a
dysfunctional family are signs of abuse, kids hat always want to
be perfect, lack of communication, addiction fear and the need
to be in control. The underlying factor of this is children that
grow up in this type of environment not only harbor these bad
traits but the pass them on to their children think it is ok and the
0process continues. Also, various forms of anxiety form, social
anxiety is one that prevents interaction between persons because
one or both are worried about what the other will think about
them. Relationship anxiety directly affects how a child handles
different relationships, is there is anxiety in relationships when
a child is young there is a real chance the child will not know
how to handle adult relationships.
The difference in how a child handles relationship is greatly
determined by if they grow up in a dysfunctional family or if
they are able to have full family functions. One of the
advantages of having a functional family is when there are peer

3. issues and peer pressure is involved there is a better chance that
the child will be able to mentally handle what is happening and
make better informed decisions. Adversely a child that grows up
in a dysfunctional family will accept the unhealthy relationships
and give in to peer pressure. When in the teen stage peer
pressure becomes a huge part of life. To ease the transition from
teen to adult and help combat some of the negative peer
pressure out there it is important the teen have some positive
family members to fall back on and usually in a functional y
family that role goes to the parents. A big decision that some do
not realize that affects you later in life is if you commit a crime
as a child, depending on with crime it came stay with you and
directly affect you as an adult. Values that are taught at an early
age tend to be more ingrained I the child and they continue to
use those values as they grow., Morale values are really a good
set of guidelines to live by. These guidelines will set the stag3e
for the new adult and will also be passed down to their children.
Children who were not taught with a good se to guidelines have
anything to grow with and this leads to them making the wrong
decisions. Sometimes a child is in a lost situation and with one
or more missing parents and they end up having to either earn
from various persons the right and wrong way to do things or
worst-case scenario they never learn, and they end up having
bad consequences. When I was growing up, I had parental
figures that even though they were not my biological parents
they still instilled good guidelines with me early on that lead to
good values and ethics. I still follow these ethics in everyday
life and when I’m at work dealing with others. I hope to pass
those values on my kids and hope that the value will guide them
through their middle childhood and adolescent life. It is
important to note that sometimes bad things happen to good
people, sometimes as an individual you are able to grow and
come out of a really bad situation. other times there is an
emotional need for some help and sometimes outside guidance
is needed for those that have no guidance and are looking to
make themselves better. When these situations occur, there are

4. several programs out there for at risk youth. The programs help
the teen get on track with life and reinstall guidelines that were
missed or just forgotten. The program provides other choices
for teens who think they have no choice but to do the wrong
thing and continue to make the wrong choice. The programs
take away the excuse that no one cares about the lost child and
gives the child hope.
References:
• Shipman, K. L. (2001). Regulating Emotionally Expressive
Behavior: Implications of Goals and Social Partner from Middle
Childhood to Adolescence. Child Study Journal, 31(4), 249.
• Sørlie, M.-A., Idsoe, T., Ogden, T., Olseth, A. R., &
Torsheim, T. (2018). Behavioral Trajectories During Middle
Childhood: Differential Effects of the School-Wide Positive
Behavior Support Model. Prevention Science, 19(8), 1055–
1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0938-x

5. Early and Middle Adulthood Paper
PSY280
Early time to the middle adulthood is a period of autonomy,
character looking for, and way of life framing. Amid this time
individuals strike out all alone, assembling connections and
making social and health-affecting habits. Middle adulthood
varies from youthful adulthood in social needs (in spite of the
fact that the essential requirement for socialization continues as
before), and speaks to a shift in demeanor about connections
and jobs that moves from ease to strength. Health practices are
likewise at work here, with elements, for example, eating
regimen, work out, and medication use in youthful adulthood
affecting center adulthood later on.

6. Erikson acknowledged that individuals need consistent contact
with others for the duration of their lives, from conception to
death, whether that contact is sentimental closeness or an
association with loved ones. In sentimental connections,
youthful grown-ups have a tendency to be "serially
monogamous" (Berger, 2010) or remaining candidly or sexually
included with one and only individual for a time of time,
however the relationship is seldom lasting, and the youthful
grown-up may have a hefty portion of these connections amid
this phase of his or her life. This is average for the age bunch,
which is described by an unwillingness to submit forever to
work, a mate, or even an instructive project. According to
Berger, (2010) youthful grown-ups or adult of today are notably
not quite the same as youthful grown-ups in the past era, in that
they wed later and may not begin families or enter a perpetual
livelihood until they are well into center adulthood, or around
their late twenties or mid thirties; this is partially because of
more prominent future and more open conception prevention,
permitting youthful grown-ups to examination before settling
down to permanency. Associations with loved ones can be
viewed as close for youthful grown-ups, who (in any event in
most Western societies) prize self-governance and
independence. Be that as it may, since numerous youthful
grown-ups amid this time are seeking after advanced education
and are not professionally or monetarily secure, they get
assistance from relatives (generally folks). For instance, my life
partner and I, who are youthful folks, still get help with
childcare from our guardians as we both have employments and
I am going to class.
Youthful grown-ups in the adolescent’s stage of development
seek an inclination of identity and Erikson acknowledged that
the character was accomplished at the age 18; it is presently
accepted to be a long lasting methodology (Berger, 2010).
Where teenagers discover character in associate gatherings and
may not be especially inspired by a social or ethnic legacy,

7. youthful grown-ups look to comprehend ethnic or religious
foundations, researching and acclimatizing perspectives or
totals of their parentage or customs into their comprehension
and statement of self (Berger, 2010) . This can likewise
incorporate relationship with sex, which is frequently seen in a
marvel called generalization danger, which is characterized as
an intuitive conviction that certain qualities, capacities, or
ineptitudes are inalienable in a gathering he or she relates to
(Geary & Stoet, 2012). Studies demonstrate that, albeit
numerical focal point in the middle of guys and females is
distinctive in diverse age bunches and educational modules,
there is a checked contrast in execution in math at larger
amounts, favoring guys, when females are mindful of the
generalization that guys are better at math. The first study
included two gatherings of blended sexual orientation who were
given a math test. The second gathering was informed that the
consequences of the test could show sexual orientation. Berger,(
2010) believe that ladies or girls who were the second gathering
scored lower on their tests than the men in that gathering. On
the other hand, different studies show that generalization danger
has an alternate impact on diverse age bunches. A test of 7-13
year olds upheld the discoveries of the first study, yet a test
including 16 year olds was less convincing (Geary & Stoet,
2012). By and large, the identities of people, once thought to be
hereditary and set from conception, are presently comprehended
to be plastic, influenced by experience and society; attributes,
for example, hostility or agreeability that were had in childhood
don't vanish, yet rather are tempered by age and experience.
Early adulthood is thought to be one of the healthiest times in a
man's life. The body has an abnormal state of what is alluded to
as homeostasis, which is the flexibility of the body to natural
considers and infirmity solicitation to keep the body working in
balance (Berger, 2010). This includes digestion system and safe
framework, which clarifies why young adults appear to have the
capacity to battle off malady, consume what they if it’s not too

8. much trouble and endure the impacts of medication and liquor
utilize better than more established grown-ups.
Notwithstanding, delayed horrible propensities, for example,
medication ill-use take their toll later on, and are much harder
to stop the more extended they are being used. This is genuine
not just of unlawful medication utilize and episodic drinking,
additionally of ill-advised eating regimen and absence of
activity. Fit young adult are more averse to create diabetes,
hypertension, and other incessant infections than the individuals
who are large and/or have horrible way of life practices. In
middle adulthood and into maturity, horrible practices
continued from youthful adulthood, for example, overwhelming
liquor utilization can bring about lessening in insight, diminish
in fruitfulness, and an increment in the pervasiveness of
emotional sickness (which youthful grown-ups are especially
defenseless to) and even mind misfortune (Berger, 2010) .
Indeed age-related decreases, for example, in vision, hearing,
and general health are exacerbated by dangerous conduct as
youthful grown-ups; cannabis use, uproarious music, and
tobacco utilization are probably the most vigorously referred to
explanations behind quickened wellbeing decrease in center and
late adulthood (Berger, 2010). Allostatic burden is sympathy
toward more established grown-ups, it alludes to the aggregate
trouble of anxiety and infection a man manages (Berger, 2010).
Like homeostasis, the body is better ready to handle stressors
and horrible propensities in ahead of schedule adulthood, yet as
individuals age, folks offer less backing and insusceptible
frameworks are not as sound, permitting anxiety to take its toll
(Kinnunen, Kaprio, & Pulkkinen, 2005). A longitudinal
investigation of people from eight years of age to forty-two
years of age measured the stressors and wellbeing issues
identified with way of life and profession. At the age of forty-
two, a number of the subjects of the study who reported
profession flimsiness additionally reported psychosomatic
manifestations, for example, shaking, migraines, higher
circulatory strain, and other medicinal issues (Kinnunen,

9. Kaprio, & Pulkkinen, 2005. Higher liquor utilization was
likewise noted in these people, which obviously contributes
contrarily to the soundness of the individuals utilizing it
As indicated by Erikson’s in his article, he believed that people
need interaction with others for psychosocial development does
not cease in middle adulthood. Middle adulthood is
characterized by more stability of personality, and adults
structure their lives to fit their personalities, rather than the
other way around. In fact, barring a stressful upheaval in
routine or lifestyle, personality is more or less set until late
adulthood or old age (Berger, 2010) . While gender roles depend
on culture and differ greatly from one nationality to the next,
the differences between genders become more similar later in
life than is typically experienced in young adulthood, likely
because young adults identify with gender groups as well as
ethnic and religious ones; the decrease in difference between
male and female behaviors are referred to as gender
convergence, and suggests that gender differences are cultural
rather than inherited (Berger, 2010). Middle adults seek
committed relationships, although this does not necessarily
mean marriage in today’s adults. Middle adults tend to be in
Erikson’s generativity vs. stagnation stage (Berger, 2010),
which involves a tendency to seek to be caring and productive
through creativity, care giving, and employment. Employment
in particular seems to meet psychosocial needs; most middle
adults have chosen a vocation from which they draw fulfillment,
as opposed to young adults who tend to rarely keep jobs for
longer than 18 months. This occurs when adults find a career or
workplace that provides structure, interaction, creative energy,
support to and from coworkers, and a sense of community,
rather than just a means to provide for self and family. For
example, in my late teens I was serially employed, working at
retail stores, gas stations, and small restaurants. I never stayed
anywhere more than a year, until I started working for Outback.
There I found a sense of community, where I’m close with most
of my coworkers, and, after four years, I’m seeking promotion

10. and management opportunities there.
To conclude, young adulthood is a time of social and vocational
experimentation; early adults rarely establish permanence with
regards to relationships and job choices, and can even change
college majors many times during their education. Middle
adulthood marks a shift to stability and permanence, where
people establish long-term relationships, raise families and start
careers.
References
Berger, K. S. (2010). Invitation to the Life Span. New York:
Worth Publishers.
Geary, D., & Stoet, G. (2012). Can stereotype threat explain the
gender gap in mathematics performance and achievement?
Review or General Psychology, 93-102.
Kinnunen, M., Kaprio, J., & Pulkkinen, L. (2005). Allostatic
Load of Men and Women in Early Middle Age. Journal Of
Individual Differences, 20-28.
dulthood
EARLY AND MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PAPER
Page | 1

11. Early and Center Childhood
Early and Middle Adulthood
Middle age does not include any indication to assert its
existence (because teenage years are stated by puberty).
Scientifically inventive countries show the existence duration is
better than age 68. During early middle age, the majority of
people are involved in processing the facts that it takes to grow
to be close, these individuals want to shape connections and
discover the intimate affection relationship that they are looking
for. Several long-standing relationships might be developed
through this instance, which will usually result in children and
marriage. The rising grown-up is now also faced with several
professional choices.
Options that worry marriage and family are sometimes
through middle childhood, but this is during an early stage.
Some studies explain that separation is more common among
individuals who get married through teenage years, or for those
who have a mother and father that are separated, and individuals
that vary in dotage, good looks, character, people that get
separated sooner or later remarry; therefore several kids may be
exposed to having do different kinds of families that are
involved. In addition a diverse option to getting wed; is called
“cohabitation (Berger, 2010).” Some options that people make

12. concerning their career or work have an effect on each part in
their existence. This can have an effect on associates, job
tension, adolescent concern, house location, supporting
principles, and a lot of other parts in one’s existence.
Original studies implicated two different groups of mixed
sexual category were given a mathematical test. The other
grouping was told that it could specify the sexual category. This
is because certain studies showed when it came to math those
men and women have levels in performance and those males
were at higher level than women. And the women in the next
group scored poorer on their assessment than the men in that
group (Berger. 2010”). On the other hand, other studies that
were performed indicated that the stereotype threat can have a
different effect on different age groups. Test performed from
the ages of 7-14 years old supported the results of the original
study; however the experimenting that involved the ages of 16
year olds was shown to be less convincing. Generally, the
personalities of human beings, once considered to be set from
our births to genetic, are now to be unstated as plastic, that is
affected by ones experience and culture and the traits we posses
in our childhoods never vanish, but are tempered by our
knowledge and age. Earnings, profession longevity,
accomplishment, acknowledgment, fulfillment, safety, and
challenges are all important aspects while looking for job or a
pursuing a profession. This is where the whole stress factor can
all be relevant to one another.
During the middle adulthood people often seek devoted
relationships, but it does not have to marriage in today’s middle
age. Also during middle adulthood many adults seek to be
productive and caring, through care giving, originality, and
employment. Having a job at this stage can be very important
to adults, because they fill fulfilled and it usually meets their
psychological necessities, as opposed to younger adults who
really don’t take their job seriously and tend to keep their jobs
no longer than 17 months. This is because adults find that

13. interaction in the workplace, a career they worked towards to,
resourceful energy, the supporting of their employees and vice
versa, a sense of from the people, rather than just the means of
oneself or for their families.
Throughout center adulthood, one of the most important
things to confront is to achieve a true awareness for the new era
to come and their well being. At some stage in this of living
people also build up a necessity to give back to the world,
families and other people by having a job or socializing more
with your family. According to Robert Havighurst, “there are
seven major tasks that happen throughout the middle years.”
Individuals should change and recognize the physiological
changes, like, andropause and menopause. Individuals must
adjust to or perhaps be concerned for their aging mother and
father. They are helping the teenagers in their lives become
responsible adults and citizens. By this time one should have
already achieved their civic and social responsibilities. At this
time they should consider their spouse as being an individual.
Lastly, they should be finding some type of leisure activities
(anonymous, 2011). Some individuals may go through a
“midlife crisis” during these stages of life. A midlife crisis
could cause one to do excessive spending, gaining weight, or
getting depressed. People of this age are realizing that their
lives are half over. They want to do the things that they did not
do in the earlier years. Or it may be just the opposite; they may
want to isolate themselves.
When one goes through these stages of life, they have found
themselves and are focusing on planning for the later years of
their lives. Motivation and determination will play a critical and
crucial part in these stages of adulthood. For instance, during
my late teens I was working and going to school and even
volunteering at a hospital in oncology, and also at retail stores
until I came to work at a place where I knew I felt the
community was comfortable and found more of a sense of

14. community. Because of the fact I always left jobs after about a
year until I started working for East Bank Club, it was there
that the sense of community was very good and I worked there
for seven years and was even promoted to supervisor.
Eventually, people are going to want to retire and just be able to
enjoy their lives including myself. Whatever the case may be,
we all have to face the fact that we will not stay young
eternally.
References
Development In Early & Middle Adulthood. (2011). Retrieved
from http://CliffsNotes.com
Topicarticleid-25438. (2011). Retrieved from http://<
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-
25438,articleId-25385.html>.
EBOOK COLLECTION: Berger, K. S. (2010). Invitation to the
Life Span. New York, New York: Worth
Publishers
91% match
1. 3 Discuss how social and intimate relationships evolve and
change during early and middle adulthood.
4 The presentation of middle childhood and adolescence, a
critical time of advancement, for the kid and parent can turn
into a period of vulnerability. The child-rearing styles of the
parent have any effect on the out-happen to the kid. All kids
need guardians that care about them. The distinctive child-

15. rearing styles incorporate; tyrant, tolerant, and legitimate. To
the most significant advantage of the youngster's turn of events,
guardians need to assess the child-rearing strategies that
function admirably with the character of the kid. 4 During these
years, the kid's disposition additionally starts to have an impact
on their lives. "A youngster's personality matters (Kagan and
Fox, 2006). If they don't think about the character of the
youngster, tyrant guardians may threaten kids who are
intrinsically dreadful or on edge, or tolerant guardians may
watch their imprudent kids thrash out of control."(Berger,
2010).
2. 3 Identify at least 3 various role changes that occur during
early and middle adulthood.
4 For some individuals, pubescence is a period in their life that
won't be overlooked.
Suspected Entry: 91% match
Uploaded - PSY 280 Week 3 .docx
For some individuals, pubescence is a period in their life that
won't be overlooked
Source - Another student's paper
For some people [,] pubescence is a period in their life that
won't be overlooked
The ages from 7 to 11 are some of the time called the school
years. "The normal 7-to 11-year-old increases around 2 inches
(5 centimeters) and 5 pounds (about 2.2 kilometers) per
year."(Berger, 2010). Those solid and profitable years permit
estimated development in; the dominance of new athletic
aptitudes, conceivable ideas, jargon, and scholarly capacity
Functional and Dysfunctional Families. At the point when a
youngster's family is functional, their improvement advances
quickly. With help from a functional family, a kid can grow
well, and now and again exceed expectations.
Interestingly a youngster being a piece of a dysfunctional
family; 4 "It is assessed that more than 7,000,000 American
teenagers—one out of four—are powerless against numerous

16. high-hazard practices and school disappointment, while another
7,000,000 are at moderate hazard (Carnegie Council,
1989; Husain and Cantwell, 1992). In the present society, young
people can engage with harmful practices, especially those
related to liquor, drugs, sexual action, explicitly transmitted
infections, and pregnancy."(2000).
3. 3 Examine and identify the immediate and future impact of
healthy and unhealthy 3 habits practiced during early and
middle adulthood.
Peers Impact. 5 During the change from middle childhood to
adolescence, the positive and negative impact of peers and
companion relations shift. "Small kids play best with
peers; 4 individuals of about a similar age and economic
wellbeing as themselves.
Additional Pressures. The additional weight that youngsters
face during the change from middle childhood into adolescence
likewise influences improvement. 5 Such pressures as; 4 family
structure and marital status of the guardians add to a youth's
recognitions and social perspectives.
Moral Value. 4 A person's inspiration is dependent on thoughts
of good and evil.
References
4 Cost of Raising a Child Continues to Rise. By: 5 Stride R,
Practice Nurse, 09536612, March 26, Vol. 6 39, issue 6
5 Invitation to The Life Span. By: 5 Berger, K.S. (2010).
5 Understanding Dysfunctional And Functional Family
Behaviors For The at Risk Adolescent. By: 5 Martin, Maggie,
Adolescence, 00010449, winter 2000, Vol. 35, issue 140
WORKSHEET
Information Worksheet
Complete the following questions:
1. Discuss how social and intimate relationships evolve and
change during early and middle adulthood.

17. The presentation of middle childhood and adolescence, a critical
time of advancement, for the kid and parent can turn into a
period of vulnerability. The child-rearing styles of the parent
have any effect on the out-happen to the kid. All kids need
guardians that care about them. The distinctive child-rearing
styles incorporate; tyrant, tolerant, and legitimate. To the most
significant advantage of the youngster's turn of events,
guardians need to assess the child-rearing strategies that
function admirably with the character of the kid. During these
years, the kid's disposition additionally starts to have an impact
on their lives. "A youngster's personality matters (Kagan and
Fox, 2006). If they don't think about the character of the
youngster, tyrant guardians may threaten kids who are
intrinsically dreadful or on edge, or tolerant guardians may
watch their imprudent kids thrash out of control."(Berger,
2010).
2. Identify at least 3 various role changes that occur during
early and middle adulthood.
For some individuals, pubescence is a period in their life that
won't be overlooked. The ages from 7 to 11 are some of the time
called the school years. "The normal 7-to 11-year-old increases
around 2 inches (5 centimeters) and 5 pounds (about 2.2
kilometers) per year."(Berger, 2010). Those solid and profitable
years permit estimated development in; the dominance of new
athletic aptitudes, conceivable ideas, jargon, and scholarly
capacity
Functional and Dysfunctional Families. At the point when a
youngster's family is functional, their improvement advances
quickly. With help from a functional family, a kid can grow
well, and now and again exceed expectations.
Interestingly a youngster being a piece of a dysfunctional
family; "It is assessed that more than 7,000,000 American
teenagers—one out of four—are powerless against numerous

18. high-hazard practices and school disappointment, while another
7,000,000 are at moderate hazard (Carnegie Council, 1989;
Husain and Cantwell, 1992). In the present society, young
people can engage with harmful practices, especially those
related to liquor, drugs, sexual action, explicitly transmitted
infections, and pregnancy."(2000).
3. Examine and identify the immediate and future impact of
healthy and unhealthy 3 habits practiced during early and
middle adulthood.
Peers Impact. During the change from middle childhood to
adolescence, the positive and negative impact of peers and
companion relations shift. "Small kids play best with peers;
individuals of about a similar age and economic wellbeing as
themselves.
Additional Pressures. The additional weight that youngsters
face during the change from middle childhood into adolescence
likewise influences improvement. Such pressures as; family
structure and marital status of the guardians add to a youth's
recognitions and social perspectives.
Moral Value. A person's inspiration is dependent on thoughts
of good and evil.
References
Cost of Raising a Child Continues to Rise. By: Stride R,
Practice Nurse, 09536612, March 26, Vol. 39, issue 6
Invitation to The Life Span. By: Berger, K.S. (2010).
Understanding Dysfunctional And Functional Family Behaviors
For The at Risk Adolescent. By: Martin, Maggie, Adolescence,
00010449, winter 2000, Vol. 35, issue 140