introduction to design as a research practice to non-experts

1. Design methods

2. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, foundations

3. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, a holistic vision, gestalt
The whole is bigger than the sum of the parts

4. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
The best perceived image quality
Hi res image / average audio quality Average image / hi res audio quality
Design, gestalt applied: synesthesia

5. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, abduction and the designerly way of knowing
Induction Deduction
Abduction
Abductive thinking (C.S. Pierce)
Designerly way of knowing (N Cross, 1982)

6. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, abduction & gestalt
Design as a creative synthesis activity processing a an abductive thinking: a logic
inference described as ‘guessing’ and ‘projecting’. This values:
• Iterative trial & error process: prototyping intermediary objects to feel, think, learn.
• Holistic vision (gestalt) within which the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
The Muji CD player would fail against the feature list test, but it is about an experience… An Ideo prototype

7. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, top-down+bottom-up
Design as a creative synthesis activity @ the junction of:
• Top-down approach: a value-led experience system: an ethos, a culture, a
zeitgeist, un imaginaire, eventually encapsulated in a brand.
• Bottom-up approach: a usage and people-led experience system: people’s needs.
Freemason symbols S street context, in Delhi

8. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, top-down+bottom-up: experience qualities
Top-down
behavioural reflective
viceral
experience
Bottom-up
Design as a creative synthesis activity: aiming at balancing experiential qualities.

9. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, inter-discipline
Design as a creative synthesis activity: aiming at balancing constraints.
Ideo’s design thinking popularization
Feasible Viable
Desirable
experience

10. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, process
Design is a creative synthesis activity: aiming at balancing constraints.
Ideo’s design thinking popularization
Empathize Define Ideate Prototype Test

11. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design & constructivism, the familiar and the new
Piaget: To solve experience B, a child builds on previous experience A...
From this comes the concept of affordances (J.J. Gibson): actions possibilities that
are readily perceivable by an actor from remembered experiences...
Therefore, design as change agent needs to address both a marketing need to
value the perception of a disruption / people’s need to capitalise on experience.

12. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, the familiar and the new applied: desktop metaphor
original desktop metaphor
For example, the desktop metaphor was purposefully referring to real world
objects as metaphors to help one grasp the abstraction of a digital ‘space’.
And this is not exclusive to digital devices.

13. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design, the familiar and the new applied: anti-chronological
03/04/2011 12:41BBC NEWS | UK | Magazine | Giving up my iPod for a Walkman
Page 1 of 6http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8117619.stm
LISTEN UP TEENAGERS... THE
CLASSIC WALKMAN EXPLAINED
1: Clunky buttons
2: Switch to metal (that's a type of
cassette, not heavy rock music)
3: Battery light - usually found
flickering in its death throes
4: Double headphone jack (not to
be found on an iPod)
5: Door ejects - watch out for
flying tapes and eye injuries
Walkman v iPod: Scott's verdict
When the Sony Walkman was launched, 30 years ago
this week, it started a revolution in portable music. But
how does it compare with its digital successors? The
Magazine invited 13-year-old Scott Campbell to swap
his iPod for a Walkman for a week.
My dad had told me it was the iPod of its day.
He had told me it was big, but I hadn't realised he meant THAT big.
It was the size of a small book.
When I saw it for the first time, its colour also struck me. Nowadays
gadgets come in a rainbow of colours but this was only one shade -
a bland grey.
So it's not exactly the most
aesthetically pleasing choice of
music player. If I was browsing in
a shop maybe I would have
chosen something else.
From a practical point of view, the
Walkman is rather cumbersome,
and it is certainly not pocket-
sized, unless you have large
pockets. It comes with a handy
belt clip screwed on to the back,
yet the weight of the unit is
enough to haul down a low-slung
pair of combats.
When I wore it walking down the
street or going into shops, I got
strange looks, a mixture of
surprise and curiosity, that made
me a little embarrassed.
As I boarded the school bus,
where I live in Aberdeenshire, I
was greeted with laughter. One
boy said: "No-one uses them any
more." Another said: "Groovy."
Yet another one quipped: "That
would be hard to lose."
My friends couldn't imagine their
parents using this monstrous box, but there was interest in what the
thing was and how it worked.
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Page last updated at 10:10 GMT, Monday, 29 June 2009 11:10 UK
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Giving up my iPod for a Walkman
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03/04/2011 12:41BBC NEWS | UK | Magazine | Giving up my iPod for a Walkman
Page 2 of 6http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8117619.stm
I managed to create an
impromptu shuffle feature simply
by holding down 'rewind' and
releasing it randomly
The Walkman was a nostalgic sight for
Scott's parents
In some classes in school they let me listen to music and one
teacher recognised it and got nostalgic.
It took me three days to figure out that there was another side to
the tape. That was not the only naive mistake that I made; I
mistook the metal/normal switch on the Walkman for a genre-
specific equaliser, but later I discovered that it was in fact used to
switch between two different types of cassette.
Another notable feature that the
iPod has and the Walkman doesn't
is "shuffle", where the player
selects random tracks to play. Its
a function that, on the face of it,
the Walkman lacks. But I managed to create an impromptu shuffle
feature simply by holding down "rewind" and releasing it randomly -
effective, if a little laboured.
I told my dad about my clever idea. His words of warning brought
home the difference between the portable music players of today,
which don't have moving parts, and the mechanical playback of old.
In his words, "Walkmans eat tapes". So my clumsy clicking could
have ended up ruining my favourite tape, leaving me music-less for
the rest of the day.
Digital relief
Throughout my week using the Walkman, I came to realise that I
have very little knowledge of technology from the past. I made a
number of naive mistakes, but I also learned a lot about the
grandfather of the MP3 Player.
You can almost imagine the excitement about the Walkman coming
out 30 years ago, as it was the newest piece of technology at the
time.
Perhaps that kind of anticipation
and excitement has been
somewhat lost in the flood of new
products which now hit our
shelves on a regular basis.
Personally, I'm relieved I live in
the digital age, with bigger
choice, more functions and
smaller devices. I'm relieved that
the majority of technological
advancement happened before I
was born, as I can't imagine
having to use such basic
equipment every day.
Having said all that, portable
music is better than no music.
Now, for technically curious readers, I've directly compared the
portable cassette player with its latter-day successor. Here are the
main cons, and even a pro, I found with this piece of antique
technology.
SOUND
This is the function that matters most. To make the music play, you
push the large play button. It engages with a satisfying clunk, unlike
the finger tip tap for the iPod.
When playing, it is clearly evident that the music sounds significantly
different than when played on an MP3 player, mainly because of the
hissy backtrack and odd warbly noises on the Walkman.
The warbling is probably because of the horrifically short battery life;
it is nearly completely dead within three hours of firing it up. Not
long after the music warbled into life, it abruptly ended.
CONVENIENCE
With the plethora of MP3 players available on the market nowadays,
03/04/2011 12:41BBC NEWS | UK | Magazine | Giving up my iPod for a Walkman
Page 3 of 6http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8117619.stm
Music on the move
each boasting bigger and better features than its predecessor, it is
hard to imagine the prospect of purchasing and using a bulky
cassette player instead of a digital device.
Furthermore, there were a
number of buttons protruding
from the top and sides of this
device to provide functions such
as "rewinding" and "fast-
forwarding" (remember those?),
which added even more bulk.
As well as this, the need for
changing tapes is bothersome in
itself. The tapes which I had
could only hold around 12 tracks
each, a fraction of the capacity of the smallest iPod.
Did my dad, Alan, really ever think this was a credible piece of
technology?
"I remembered it fondly as a way to enjoy what music I liked, where
I liked," he said. "But when I see it now, I wonder how I carried it!"
WALKMAN 1, MP3 PLAYER 0
But it's not all a one-way street when you line up a Walkman against
an iPod. The Walkman actually has two headphone sockets, labelled
A and B, meaning the little music that I have, I can share with
friends. To plug two pairs of headphones in to an iPod, you have to
buy a special adapter.
Another useful feature is the power socket on the side, so that you
can plug the Walkman into the wall when you're not on the move.
But given the dreadful battery life, I guess this was an outright
necessity rather than an extra function.
Scott Campbell co-edits his own news website, Net News Daily.
Return to link
A selection of your comments appears below.
Oh, I remember being so jealous of my classmates who had
Walkmans. When they first came out, they were over $200. Such joy
when the cheap electronics brands started making them! Every long
trip, I carried a big bag full of tapes and extra batteries. When the
iPod came out, I was in awe at the idea of being able to carry my
entire music collection in one small device that would fit in my
pocket. I'd never trade my iPod for a Walkman, of course, but this
brought back some great memories, and I really enjoyed the article.
Maybe next you should try out a Commodore 64 for a week?
Michelle, Portland, Oregon, USA
The one he is using now should be the earliest stage of Walkman
history. I still remember my last walkman 8 years ago was actually
powered by a single AAA battery only and can last for few hours. I
agree perfectly to what he said about '.... with a satisfying clunk " o
men... this was absolutely a SATISFACTION !!
Chester Kev, Malaysia
You mention the lack of capacity and the limited number of tracks
you could carry around, I seem to quite merrily recall ALSO carrying
around a slick over the shoulder carry case for up to 20 cassettes
should my friends and I be heading out. And all the song lyrics were
handily printed out on the inside of the cassette cover, how ingenius
was that!
Andrew McCreath, Wateringbury, Kent
Memories! I still have exactly the same model that Scott used for his
review - brought back floods of memories from the 80s - especially
using the double headphone socket so my girlfriend (now wife) and I
could share Phil Collins (!?). Between myself and my 3 kids I've now
bought every model of iPod/Phone, but I doubt I'll have those
memories again.
Jim Mantle, Melbourne, Australia
BBC experiment on simplicity: asking an iPod’s generation teenager to play a walkman... http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8117619.stm

14. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design & research

15. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design & research
1966 Bruce Archer creates the ‘Design Research Society’
1979 Bruce Archer, design as a discipline
1982 Nigel Cross, the designerly way of knowing
1991 Nigel Cross, Design Thinking symposia
1993 Christopher Frayling, research into/for/through
2008 Daniel Fallman’s triangle: design practice, studies, exploration

16. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design & research
Idealistic
societal and subversive
Context driven
Particular and synthetic
Cumulative, distancing
and describing
Fallman’s triangle

17. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design & research
Interface to society
Possible
Interface to industry
Real
Interface to academia
True
Fallman’s triangle

18. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design studies
A. Findeli

19. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design studies
N. Nova

20. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design practice, tools, samples…
Observe
Ethnography
Journal study
Video-online diary
Cultural inventory
Lucking
Shadowing
In home interviews
AEIOU
Trend analysis
Card sorting
Contextual inquiry
Experts interviews
What/How/Why
User camera study
Visual story telling, scenarios
Benchmarking
Heuristic evaluations
Periodical reviews
Outputs
Test plan and screener
Participant board
User patterns, models
User segmentation
Feature/function map
Personas
Opportunities report
Define
Cluster insights, paterns, needs
Empathy map
Cluster user archetypes
Cluster scenarios archetypes
Journey map
Power of ten
2X2 matrix
Metaphors matrix
low laddering
point of view madlib
point of view metaphor
Point of view want add
Brainstorming
BodyStorming
Conceptual models
Brainstorming
Design probes
Reverse-brainstorming
Design principles
Outputs
Design brief-2
Insights
Models
Competitive audit
Need analysis
Developp
Sketches
Wireframes
Task analysis
Task flow
User scenario
Comics
Storyboard
Navigation concepts
Participatory design
IA mapping
Paper prototypes
Digital prototypes
Design sprints
Iterative design
Usability test
Defining statements
Postion mapping
Value curve
Mental models
Card sorting
Collaborative ideation
Market differentiation
Artifact from the future
Affinity diagrams
Graphic facilitation
Backcasting
Evolution model
Imprtance vs feasibility
priorization
Outputs
UI guidelines
Design principles
Annotated wireframes
Presentation
Digital prototypes
Physical prototypes
Implementation
Technical feasibility
SW architecture
HW limitations
User ecceptance test
Outputs
Collaborative design sessions
with engineers
Briefing-1
Stakeholder interview
Organizational structure
Current state analysis
Understand objectives
Quantitative studies
User gegmentation
Trends (tech, social, business)
Outputs
Transcripts
Objectives, constraints,
conditions
Schedule
Value proposition
Briefing-2
Outputs
Insights
Models
Competitive audit
Need analysis

21. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design exploration, speculative design, what if?
A. Dunne & F. Raby

22. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design exploration, design fiction, what if?
Near Future Laboratory

23. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design practice, meta-design & design space
Default to Harmlessness – in a world where it is possible for a device to broadcast
your most intimate details, user’s safety (physical, psychic and financial) must be
ensured.
Be Self-Disclosing – ubiquitous systems should be technically and graphically self-
disclosing, so that users are empowered to make informed decisions.
Be Conservative of Face – ubiquitous systems must not unnecessarily embarass,
humiliate, or shame their users.
Be Conservative of Time – Ubiquitous systems must not introduce undue
complications into ordinary operations and should ba respectful of our time.
Be Deniable – Ubiquitous systems must offer users the ability to opt out, always
and at any point.
A. Greenfield, Everywear, ubiquitous computing design principles

24. Remy Bourganel | GICC | © 2015
Design practice, meta-design & generative design space
Nokia Animism