Troubleshooting ppt

May be departments within the same or different companies
Budgets / Targets
Poor communication between departments
Breeder Farms
Hatchery
Broiler Farms
High chick mortality
Uneven size
Poor weight gain in first week
“You sent us poor genetics”
“You don’t know how to incubate
eggs”
“You sent us poor quality
eggs
“You sent us poor
quality chicks”
“You don’t know how
to look after chicks”

Do not put it into
a filing cabinet
and ignore it
TAKE ACTION

What DoWe DoWith Data?
• Collect data on
• Eggshell temperature.
• Chick vent temperatures.
• Egg water loss.
• Chick yield.
• Break out data.
• Hatch window.
• Chicks & eggs uniformity.
• What do we do with it all?

We Need the
RightTools to
do the Job

Maintenance
Fire Fighting Preventative Maintenance

Useful Equipment
for Analyzing
Hatchery
Problems

Angle Locator
The angle locator provides a way of checking the
turning angles of the eggs in incubation.

These eggs are turning only 31 degrees.
Adjustments need to be made to provide
uniform airflow.

The eggs should turn a minimum of 42 degrees. The
angle locator shows an angle of only 35 degrees.

The Procedure for Measuring Eggshell
Temperature
• The only equipment
required for measuring
eggshell temperature is
a medical infrared ear
thermometer.
• It is recommended to
use a Braun
ThermoScan 4520.

Themo-neutral zone for chicks
= Rectal temperature of 104 – 105°F or 40 – 40.5°C
Use of rectal temperaturesUse of rectal temperatures
1” (2.5cm) insertion1” (2.5cm) insertion
From Donna Hill (HatchTech)
10 second technology

Vane Anemometer (Airflow Meter)
This meter can be used to check for drafts on the
eggs or chicks. It can also be used to measure the
airflow from the fans in the incubation equipment.

This fan blade is positioned too high and
is only moving air at the rate of 2143
fpm. This is a reduction of 193 fpm of air
from the slide shown earlier, which is
equal to 52.6 miles less air each day.

Sling Psychrometer
Handy for checking wet and dry bulb
temperatures to determine relative humidity
levels in each hatchery area.

A sling psychrometer can be used to check the
room dry and wet bulb temperatures. The slide
scale allows conversion to relative humidity.

Static Air Pressure Gauge
A portable “Magnehelic” gauge is handy for checking
the air pressure in rooms, ducts and plenums. A
gauge with a zero center is needed to observe both
positive and negative conditions.

The static air pressure in the incubator exhaust duct
inlets should be controlled at 0.01 negative.

If the exhaust plenums are power exhausted, the static
air pressure should be controlled between a balanced
and 0.0025 negative level.

Stroboscope/Tachometer (Strobe Light)
This device is useful for checking fan motor rpm’s
and for detecting bent or damaged fan blades.

A strobe light can be used to check the fan
motor rpm’s and is also useful for locating
bent or damaged fan blades.

This photo shows a bent fan blade.
When placed on a flat surface, all four
blades should touch the surface.

Digital Thermometer
Ideal for calibrating controls of incubation
equipment. Also used to check infertile egg
temperatures. The flashlight is used to find
infertile eggs.

When eggs are prewarmed for three hours,
the egg temperatures vary greatly throughout
the racks resulting in hatches that are not
uniform.

Meat Probe Thermometer
This pointed thermometer can be used to
check egg temperatures at the farms and
upon arrival at the hatchery.

Water Pressure Gauges
The gauges are adapted to fit any type humidity nozzle.
The water pressure should be checked at the humidity
nozzles.

Smoke Generators and Smoke Tubes
Smoke generators are ideal for checking empty
incubators and hatchers for leaks and proper
exhaust. The smoke tubes are handy for detecting
air leaks around the doors of the rooms and
incubation equipment.

Sound Meter
The sound meter measures the dB level of noise in any
area.

Ammeter
This device can check voltage and amperage loads. It
is handy in a hatchery for checking the amp loads on
the incubator and hatcher heaters.

Walkie-Talkies
These units can be very useful when one person is
working on the roof-top ventilation equipment and
another is operating the controls in the rooms.

Long-term COLong-term CO22 diffusion tubesdiffusion tubes
Low TechLow Tech
Gives the average COGives the average CO22 levellevel
over a period of up to 10over a period of up to 10
hourshours
Gastec Carbon Dioxide Passive Dosi-Tube No. 2DGastec Carbon Dioxide Passive Dosi-Tube No. 2D

Positive air pressure forces air to other hatchery
areas and also influences the exhaust systems on
the incubation equipment.

The adjustable motor pulleys on the air moving
equipment can be set to help control the static
air pressure in each room.

The incubator door gaskets must be kept in
good repair to prevent air leakage.

The water eliminators must be kept clean to
allow the proper flow of air, heat and humidity
out of the air ducts.

Rust around a fan mounting bracket bolt is
an indication that the bolt is loose.
The fan boards should be checked often for
indications of water leaks.

Hatchery TargetsHatchery Targets
• Hatch of all eggs setHatch of all eggs set
• Hatch of fertile eggsHatch of fertile eggs

Hatch of all
eggs set
(%)
81.1
84.0
Fertility
(%)
91.6
94.9
Hatch of
fertile eggs
(%)
88.5
88.5
Hatchery 1
Hatchery 2
Hatchery 2 is
doing better than
Hatchery 1 ?
Hatcheries are
performing the
same
Farm supplying
Hatchery 2 is
better

Rahn, Ar and Paganelli, 1979Rahn, Ar and Paganelli, 1979
= 12% weight loss to pipping
+ 3% during hatching
process
= 15% egg
weight loss
during total
incubation

From the smallest to the largestFrom the smallest to the largest

No matter which bird . . .No matter which bird . . .

. . . or where or how it builds its nest. . . or where or how it builds its nest

Every bird follows the same rules . .Every bird follows the same rules . .
12% weight loss12% weight loss
to pipping ofto pipping of
the eggshellthe eggshell

At transfer time, about one-third of each egg should be
consumed by the air cell if the desired moisture loss is taking
place. The air cell in the egg on the right only consumes
about one-fifth of the egg. With today's birds, we need to
lose about 14% of the weight of the eggs from set time to
transfer.

Correct weight loss gives correct sizeCorrect weight loss gives correct size
of air space from which the embryoof air space from which the embryo
can ventilate it’s air sacscan ventilate it’s air sacs

Not enough Egg Weight Loss?Not enough Egg Weight Loss?
.

EggsEggs
Need to loseNeed to lose
12% of their12% of their
freshfresh weight toweight to
transfertransfer
ChicksChicks
67% of the67% of the
freshfresh eggegg
weightweight
HatcheryHatchery
TargetsTargets

Chicks should weighChicks should weigh
67-69%67-69% of theof the
fresh egg weightfresh egg weight
At Chick Take-offAt Chick Take-off

• Hatcheries tend to know only the egg 'setting weight’,
not the fresh egg weight
• Some weight loss will have occurred in storage
Egg weight loss and chick yieldEgg weight loss and chick yield

For egg storage of about one week:
•Try to lose 11.5% of egg setting weight by transfer to
hatcher
•Try to get a chick yield of 67.5% of the egg setting weight
For egg storage of about two weeks:
•Try to lose 11% of egg setting weight by transfer to hatcher
•Try to get a chick yield of 68% of the egg setting weight
Egg weight loss and chick yieldEgg weight loss and chick yield

• Visual recording of egg tray positions important
• Every 3 hours
• 45° angle

Egg turning during incubation
• Turning during 3-7 days of incubation isTurning during 3-7 days of incubation is
criticalcritical
• Sub-embryonic fluid is forming in this timeSub-embryonic fluid is forming in this time
periodperiod

Sub-embryonic fluid (SEF)
OO22

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 4 8 12 16 20
Days of incubation
Water(g)
Albumen Sub-embryonic fluid
From Ar (1991).From Ar (1991). InIn “Avian Incubation”. Edited S. G. Tullett“Avian Incubation”. Edited S. G. Tullett
Water content of albumen and sub-embryonic fluidWater content of albumen and sub-embryonic fluid
TurningTurning
CriticalCritical33 77

28 no turning
78 1-7days
95 1-14days
92 1-18dys

Critical Times During IncubationCritical Times During Incubation
For Egg TurningFor Egg Turning
0-18 days – 78.6%0-18 days – 78.6%
0 days – 50%0 days – 50%
3-7 days – 76.9%3-7 days – 76.9%
Tullet & Deeming, 1986Tullet & Deeming, 1986
0-3 & 7-18 days – 42.9%0-3 & 7-18 days – 42.9%

We rely too much on new technologyWe rely too much on new technology

OurOur
computerscomputers
may thinkmay think
everything iseverything is
OKOK
But, why notBut, why not
ask theask the
embryosembryos
how theyhow they
feel ?feel ?

Single-Stage Setter
37.0
37.5
38.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Days of Incubation
Temperature('C)
HeatingHeating
CoolingCooling

+
36.2 °C
+
37.0 °C
+
37.8 °C
Infertile orInfertile or
deaddead
FertileFertile

• Have been incubatingHave been incubating
eggs from abouteggs from about
400 BC in Egypt.400 BC in Egypt.
• And, achieved goodAnd, achieved good
hatchability without thehatchability without the
use of electronic sensors,use of electronic sensors,
microprocessors andmicroprocessors and
plasma screens.plasma screens.

At least
1.6°F
102.7F 102.2F
101.1F
100.6F
103.8F
83.8F(Chick Master Avida)

Measuring Eggshell temperaturesMeasuring Eggshell temperatures

Measuring IncubationTemperature
Simple methods are
available for measuring
shell temperature

37.4
37.6
37.8
38.0
38.2
38.4
0 10 20 30
Day of I ncubation
Temperature°C
Air I nternal Surface
Relationship between incubator air, eggshell
and internal egg temperatures. (French, 1997)

Multi Stage
Examples
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Day of Incubation
ShellTemperatur
Danger
Risk
Ideal
Risk
Delayed
hatch
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Day of Incubation
ShellTemperature(F)
Danger
Risk
Ideal
Risk
Delayed
hatch
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Day of Incubation
ShellTemperature(F)
Danger
Risk
Ideal
Risk
Delayed
hatch

Hatchability & Shell
Temperature
• Increased shell temperature from day 10
• Highest shell temperature - day 18 (40.5o
C)
• All shell temperatures above 38.0o
C
• Hatchability related to shell temperature

Hatchability & Shell
Temperature

Leg DuplicatioLeg Duplication.n.
Anomalies.Anomalies.
Aisz-2002

Conclusions
• Shell temperature depended on position in incubator
• High shell temperatures caused lower hatchability (late
dead & culled chicks)
• High shell temperatures caused by low air velocity

Shell & AirTemperature v
AirVelocity

But…..the hatch window is also
influenced……

The Hatch WindowThe Hatch Window

Cumulativepercentageofchickshatched
Pull
IdealIdeal
Hatch WindowHatch Window
1
-30h

30
1
-20h-30h Pull
IdealIdeal

30
90
1
-10h-20h-30h Pull
IdealIdeal

A Key Observation:A Key Observation:
30 hours before hatch take-off,30 hours before hatch take-off,
should be no more than 1% of chicksshould be no more than 1% of chicks
hatchedhatched
Chicks hatching too early lose weightChicks hatching too early lose weight
and begin to dehydrate in the hatcherand begin to dehydrate in the hatcher

Chick Take-OffChick Take-Off
A Key Observation:
Exterior of eggshells should not be tooExterior of eggshells should not be too
dirtydirty

Observations when pulling
the hatch
EggshellsEggshells
should beshould be
relativelyrelatively
cleanclean

Want clean eggs at chick take-offWant clean eggs at chick take-off
Clean eggs mean better chick quality,Clean eggs mean better chick quality,
better broiler performance, morebetter broiler performance, more
profitprofit
 


Eggshells should be no dirtier than these:Eggshells should be no dirtier than these:

RecordsRecords
Look in the hatcher baskets atLook in the hatcher baskets at
chick take-offchick take-off
Record the dirtiness of the worstRecord the dirtiness of the worst
5 eggs on each tray on a scale of 1-55 eggs on each tray on a scale of 1-5
Record to Setter, Flock Age and EggRecord to Setter, Flock Age and Egg
Storage PeriodStorage Period
1 2 3 4 5
XX

Some chicks (~5%) stillSome chicks (~5%) still
damp on neckdamp on neck

475
480
485
490
495
500
26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
Flock Age (weeks)
Incubationperiod(hou
Shanawany, British Poultry Science, 1984Shanawany, British Poultry Science, 1984
Egg storage adds at least 40 minutes perEgg storage adds at least 40 minutes per
day of storage.day of storage.
Incubation period may vary with seasonIncubation period may vary with season
10h

WeightWeight
GainGain
+ 10 g+ 10 g
7 days7 days
Live weight correlation
+ 40-50g+ 40-50g
35 days35 days

Effect of holding
temperature on
chick gut
development
Goblet cells stained blue
Picture courtesy of
Malheiros and Ferket,

Incubation Research
• There has been a recent upsurge of interest in incubation
research
• 50% increase of papers in Poultry Science in last 5 years
• Why?
Understanding that incubation is not just about hatchability,
it is about post hatch performance

Chick boxes in dispatch areaChick boxes in dispatch area
Photograph by Mike Czarick, University of GeorgiaPhotograph by Mike Czarick, University of Georgia

Ideal or thermal neutral zone
• Evenly spread in the boxes
• 103F-105F vent temp
• Little noise
• Chicks breathe quietly through their nostrils

Can we measure ?
• Chick comfort can be determined by measuring Chick vent
temperature.
YES

Measuring ChickVentTemperature

ChickTemperature
•Overheating or
chilling chicks either
in the hatcher or
chick holding room
will stress the chick
and reduce broiler
performance

ChickTemperatures Can Identify
Problems
• Example from a hatcher
• Cool zone where water
from humidity nozzle
spraying onto hatcher
baskets
• Chicks chilled and slow
hatching

Optimum chick vent temperatures
•103-105 F
•When and where ???
•Hatchers, chick rooms, chick truck and
on arrival at farms.
•Observe chicks behavior and check near
walls, doors and fans .

Recommended Post hatch Climate
Settings
•Chick handling ,holding rooms and truck
•75-79F
•50 to 60% RH
•500-600 ppm CO2
•Sufficient but gentle airflow.

In boxTemperatures
•Aim for 30C-87 F to 33C- 92 F inside
the box
•Vent temps between 103F-39.5C and
105 F-40.5C

ChickTemperature
• Overheating or chilling chicks
either in the hatcher or chick
holding room will stress the
chick and reduce broiler
performance

Conclusion
•Post hatch chick vent temperatures 103-105F
•Avoid cold drafts
•Avoid hot spots
•Keep them at thermal neutral temperature to
ensure the best possible start so they will
achieve its full growth potential

Not all eggs hatch to giveNot all eggs hatch to give
a normal healthy chicka normal healthy chick
But, what losses are normal ?But, what losses are normal ?

Causes for Losses in Hatchability.
Fertility
Early Mortality
Mid Mortality
Late Mortality & Pips
42 %
28 %
24 %
6 %
Source: Dr. Keith Bramwell. University of Arkansas. (2002)

Probability of embryo losses through
days of incubation
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Days of Incubation
Probabilityoflosingembryos
Kuurman et al. (2003). Poultry Science, 82:214–222

Probability of embryo losses through
days of incubation
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Days of Incubation
Probabilityoflosingembryos
Kuurman et al. (2003). Poultry Science, 82:214–222
Early Mid LateEarly Mid Late
Usually farmUsually farm
related:related:
Egg handling
Egg
sanitation
Egg storage
Transport
Disease
Drugs /
Nutrition
Contamination
Setter conditions
Setter
conditions
Hatcher
conditions
Moulds
Poor shell
quality
Cracked
eggshells

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Flock Age (Weeks)
(%)
Infertiles
EarlyDead
Mid Dead
Late Dead
Broiler Example – Top QuartileBroiler Example – Top Quartile

Hatchery TargetsHatchery Targets
• Hatch of all eggs setHatch of all eggs set
• Hatch of fertile eggsHatch of fertile eggs
• Egg weight loss during incubationEgg weight loss during incubation
• Chick YieldChick Yield
• Correct Hatch WindowCorrect Hatch Window
• Embryo losses (Early, Mid, Late deads)Embryo losses (Early, Mid, Late deads)
• 7 day bodyweights on the farm7 day bodyweights on the farm

Quickly give the chicks what they need:Quickly give the chicks what they need:
• Warmth and Moisture (Humidity)Warmth and Moisture (Humidity)
Brooding Temperature 30 - 33 °C
Brooding temperature is measured at
the level of the chicks (litter)

Large differences in temperatureLarge differences in temperature
can occur with small changes incan occur with small changes in
heightheight
18.0°C
40.0°C
20
25
30
35
40
SensorSensor
LitterLitter
Low litter temperatures can have a bigLow litter temperatures can have a big
effect on performanceeffect on performance
32°C32°C
27°C27°C

Plenty of feed and waterPlenty of feed and water

IdealIdeal
Within 8 hours 80% of chicks have full cropsWithin 8 hours 80% of chicks have full crops
Within 24 hours 95% of chicks have full cropsWithin 24 hours 95% of chicks have full crops
If hard, need to increase access to waterIf hard, need to increase access to water
Crop must be full, but softCrop must be full, but soft

Two days old...
No
feed
Feed
availa
ble 8
hours
later
Feed
availa
ble
at
start

Early Feeding
• Stimulates intestinal enlargement
• Enhances development of villi
• Improves early viability
• Stimulates bird growth
• Increases meat yield
• Stimulates development of immune
system
• Gives better antibody response
500 um
Hatch 6 days old
Drawn from Dibner et al (1996). J. Appl. Poultry Res., 5, 70-77

Liver
Intestine
Albumen
Amnion

““In ovo” feedingIn ovo” feeding
(US Patent 6592878)(US Patent 6592878)
Peter Ferket and Zaheva UniPeter Ferket and Zaheva Uni
Introducing nutrients into the amnioticIntroducing nutrients into the amniotic
fluid which is then drunk by the embryofluid which is then drunk by the embryo

Protein, peptide, amino acid (Egg white protein, Arginine, Leucine)
Carbohydrate/Sugar (Maltose, Sucrose, Dextrin)
Vitamins/Minerals (Zn-Meth)
Salt
Enteric modulator – hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB)

19 Days of incubation19 Days of incubation
HatchHatch
3 days old3 days old
From: Tako, Ferket and Uni (2001)
ControlControl ‘‘In Ovo’In Ovo’

If you are not reaching your 7 dayIf you are not reaching your 7 day
weights or other broiler targets:weights or other broiler targets:
•Holding chicks in the hatcher too long?
•Holding the chicks at too high a
temperature?
•Inefficient processing of chicks in hatchery?
•Delays in transport?
•Delays on arrival at the farm?
•Chicks do not start taking feed fast enough
Until they are fed, chicks willUntil they are fed, chicks will
lose bodyweight and conditionlose bodyweight and condition
which reduces broilerwhich reduces broiler
performanceperformance

Rules of IncubationRules of Incubation
Correct eggshell temperatureCorrect eggshell temperature
~~ 37.837.8oo
C (100°F) [> 39C (100°F) [> 39 oo
C (102°F) is notC (102°F) is not
good]good]
Correct egg weight lossCorrect egg weight loss
12% of12% of freshfresh egg weight to pipping of shellegg weight to pipping of shell
(transfer to hatcher)(transfer to hatcher)
Correct relative chick weight at take-offCorrect relative chick weight at take-off
67% of67% of freshfresh egg weightegg weight
TurningTurning
Through 90° every hour until Day 15Through 90° every hour until Day 15
VentilationVentilation
0.35% carbon dioxide in multi-stage setters and0.35% carbon dioxide in multi-stage setters and

Rules of IncubationRules of Incubation
Correct hatch timeCorrect hatch time
First chicks should hatch no sooner thanFirst chicks should hatch no sooner than
30 hours before chick take-off30 hours before chick take-off
Clean eggshells in hatcher baskets after chickClean eggshells in hatcher baskets after chick
take-offtake-off
Obeying these rules is the key to successfulObeying these rules is the key to successful
incubation, good chick quality and uniformityincubation, good chick quality and uniformity

After hatchingAfter hatching
Chick ComfortChick Comfort
No pantingNo panting
Warm legsWarm legs
Body temperature 40.0 – 40.5°C from hatchingBody temperature 40.0 – 40.5°C from hatching
to end of Day 2 on farmto end of Day 2 on farm
On farmOn farm
Plenty of good quality feed and waterPlenty of good quality feed and water
Warm litterWarm litter
160 - 180g bodyweight by 7 days of age160 - 180g bodyweight by 7 days of age

Optimal Incubation ConditionsOptimal Incubation Conditions
Correct hatch timeCorrect hatch time
Should be no chicks hatchedShould be no chicks hatched
35 hours before chick take-off35 hours before chick take-off
Eggshells should be relatively clean at chick take-offEggshells should be relatively clean at chick take-off
Correct eggshell temperatureCorrect eggshell temperature
99.5 - 101°F99.5 - 101°F
Correct egg weight loss at transferCorrect egg weight loss at transfer
10 - 12% of egg setting weight10 - 12% of egg setting weight
Correct chick yield at take-offCorrect chick yield at take-off
67 - 69% of egg setting weight67 - 69% of egg setting weight
Correct body temperature of chickCorrect body temperature of chick
40 – 41°C for the first two days after hatch40 – 41°C for the first two days after hatch

Getting these right is the key toGetting these right is the key to
Good hatchability,Good hatchability,
Good chick qualityGood chick quality
and the best start on the broiler farmand the best start on the broiler farm

• Cracks
• Depends
• Force
• Package
• Egg
• Weight
• Shell quality
• Shape?
• Deformities
• Early dead, late dead, culls
• Earlier deads which not visible with bare eye?
• Worse if we set eggs immediately
after transport?
What are the damages of
inappropriate transport?
To myself:
Include into
the further
examination

Practical usage
• Determine a level of maximum g for fiber tray and setter tray
delivery to minimize loss during transport
• Because flock age correlated with the level of breakage (shell quality,
size)
• It would worth to switch from setter trays onto fiber
tray to minimize breakage loss at older age?
Plan „B”
What if not the shock
but the vibration causing
the deformities?

twins
?
Stick to
Problems in
determining
deformities

F e r t ile B la s t o d is k
In f e r t ile B la s t o d is k T y p e I
Y o lk
Y o lk
A p o in t s u r r o u n d e d b y a h a lo
A p o in t w it h o u t a h a lo
In f e r t ile B la s t o d is k T y p e II
Y o lk
A p o in t o n t h e s id e o f t h e h a lo
U n in c u b a t e d E g g F e r t ilit y

Blood Rings.Blood Rings.
Blood Rings.Blood Rings.

•1.
•8–14.
•710Egg Tooth.

High incubation temp during
1-6 days at the setters
(next 4 slides)

Mal Positions
&
Points Up
(Next 4 slides)

Malposition
#
Description %Incidence
1 Head between the
thighs
12.5
2 Head @ small-end of
the egg
7.5
3 Head under the left
wing
7.5
4 Head not directed
toward the air-cell
4.5
5 Feet over the head 20.0
6 Head over the right
wing
48.0

In c o r r e c t C o r r e c tIncorrect Correct

Late EmbryoLate Embryo
MortalityMortality

Uneven, DraggyUneven, Draggy
Hatches.Hatches.

Cold spots in theCold spots in the
setter box.setter box.
Prolonged, uneven,Prolonged, uneven,
and, slow pre-warmand, slow pre-warm
period in the setterperiod in the setter
room.room.
Lengthy transfer inLengthy transfer in
a cold room.a cold room.
Transfer into wetTransfer into wet
hatcher trays.hatcher trays.
High incidence of liveHigh incidence of live
chicks with bloodychicks with bloody
navels.navels.

Pattern of Embryonic
Mortality in a flock hatching at 88%
0
1
2
3
4
5
%ofalleggsset
0-24h 24-48h Blood Ring Black Eye Feather Turned Pipped
Stage of Development
Assuming 2% infertility

Infertility - Causes
• Males too heavy so leg & foot problems, or excessive
fat & breast
• Males too light, having lost condition
• Females too heavy, so not storing or transporting
sperm well
• Females avoiding aggressive males (especially easy
with slats & autonests)

Blastoderm of an Infertile Egg at Lay

EARLY DEAD EMBRYO SHOWING
2 DAYS OF DEVELOPMENT

Likely Causes
• As for mortality 0-48h
• Severe deficiencies of Vit A, Vit E,
Pantothenic acid, Copper or Boron
• Embryos underdeveloped at oviposition

EMBRYO WHICH HAS DIED AFTER
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM (i.e. at approx 3 days of incubation)

PARTLY INCUBATED EGG AFFECTED BY
PRONOUNCED YOLK MOTTLING

EMBRYO WHICH DIED AT
APPROXIMATELY 3 DAYS

Early Dead Embryos - Causes(2)
•Contamination
•Rough handling or transport
•Toxins, medication
• inappropriate egg disinfection

CONTAMINATED EGGS IN WHICH
EMBRYOS DIED AFTER
APPROXIMATELY 6 DAYS

VIEW OF EGG CONTENTS IN WHICH
EMBRYO DIED AS APPROXIMATELY
16 DAYS

Mid-term Mortality
Diagnosis
• Chick still loose in shell
• Feathers or feather follicle present
Causes
• Incubation conditions (temperature, RH, turning, ventilation)
• Contamination
• Nutritional Deficiencies

Late Mortality
Diagnosis
• Embryo fills the egg shell
Causes
• Nutrition
• Incubation Conditions
• Flock age
• Egg Shell quality - too thick or too thin
• Contamination

Developmental Abnormalities
- Temperature Too High• Days 1-3
• Exposed brain
• Days 1-5
• short or missing beak, facial abnormalities
• Days 1-6
• Eye missing or abnormal
• Days 1-14
• Wiry Down
• Throughout
• Viscera exposed after day 15

• Riboflavin - Clubbed down, curled toes, dwarfism
• Vitamin D - Skeletal deformities
• Biotin - oedema, webbed toes, short, twisted bones
Generally unusual, unless there has been a major
problem with the premix.
Developmental Abnormalities
- Vitamin deficiencies

Key Developmental Features
Day 2 - First appearance of heart & blood vessels
Day 4 - First black eye pigmentation
Day 12 - Feathers visible
Day 15 - Small intestines taken into body
Day 17 - Embryo turns so head in blunt end of egg
Day 20 - Yolk fully retracted into body cavity. Internal
pipping.

Temperature profiles
• Data loggers can be placed to follow the whole life of the
egg from the nest to hatch

FIGURE 13 : SAMPLE TRACE FROM DATA LOGGER
INDICATING TEMPERATURE CONTROL
FAILURES IN THE EGG HANDLING PROCESS.
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
07/08 08/08 09/08 10/08 11/08 12/08 13/08
Date
TemperatureoC
Nest Box
A
B
Collection &
Cooling
Storage
Incubator

Critical points
• Must cool and then not be allowed to go above
physiological zero - 21C
• Many problems
• time in nest
• frequency of collections
• storage conditions on farm & in egg store

FIGURE 14 : PATTERN OF EMBRYONIC MORTALITY
FROM PARENT FLOCK OF 30 WEEKS
OF AGE COMPARED WITH TARGETPattern of Embryonic Mortality
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Infertile 24h 48h Blood Ring Black Eye Feathers Turned Pipped Pipped Shell
Stage of Development
Percentageofeggsset
Flock
Target

FIGURE 17 : TEMPERATURE TRACE OBTAINED
THROUGHOUT THE HANDLING
AND INCUBATION PROCESS
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
07/08 12/08 17/08 22/08 27/08
Date
TemperatureoC
Nest Box
Cooling
Incubator
Storage

TYPICAL EMBRYONIC MORTALITY -
PARENT FLOCK 31 - 45 WEEKS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
%ofAllEggsSet
Infertile 24hr 48 hour Blood Ring Black Eye Feathers Turned Pipped Air
Cell
Pipped Shell
Stages od Development of Embryo

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
%ofAllEggsSet
Cell
Pipped Shell

APPENDIX 4 - HATCHERY RECORDING FORMS
Ross Breeders Ltd Form 1 Egg Weight During Incubation
Company............................................
Farm Date set
Age Date hatched
Date broken out
Setter No Hatcher No
Tray 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No of Eggs
Initial weight
Transfer Weight
Chicks
Culls & Dead
Unhatched Eggs
Average Empty Tray weight..............................
Farm Date set
Age Date hatched
Date broken out
Setter No Hatcher No
Tray 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No of Eggs
Initial weight
Transfer Weight
Chicks
Culls & Dead
Unhatched Eggs
Average Empty Tray weight..............................

Ross Breeders Ltd Hatch Debris Analysis
Company Date set
Farm Date hatched
Age Date broken out
Hatch Tray Size Setter no
Hatcher no
Tray No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total % of Eggs Set
(Tgt)
Eggs Clear
Eggs DIS
Infertile
24 h
48 h
Blood Ring (2.5-4d)
Black Eye (5-10d)
Feathers (11-17d)
Turned (18-19d)
Pipped (air cell)
Pipped Shell
Dead and Cull Chicks
Early Rot
Late Rot
Wet
Brain/Eye
Ectopic Viscera
Embryo Upsidedown

Ross Breeders Ltd Form 4 Un-Incubated Eggs
Company............................................
Date…………………………………..
Farm
No of Eggs Sampled
Fertile
Infertile
Mottled Yolk
Watery Albumen
Sticky Yolk

Conclusions
• Systematic use of technique described permits analysis of
the incubation process.
• The information can be used to identify where the
problems are occurring and how they can be resolved.

Incubation
• Work by Sander Lourens - Spelderholt
• Objective - optimum conditions for best hatch
• 1. Data from commercial hatchery
• 2. Trial investigating embryo temperature, hatchability and
grow-out performance of broilers

Trolley 1 Trolley 2
Tray position Top Middle B ottom Top Middle B ottom
Fertility % 92.4 91.1 93.6 91.6 93.6 94.2
Early dead % 3.4 5.9 5.7 5.1 5.2 5.4
Mid dead % 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.5
Late dead % 7.7 7.9 5.7 7.3 13.4 6.9
Culled chicks % 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 5.7 2.6
1st
grade chicks 87.7 85.1 87.6 86.9 74.3 84.4
Fertility & Hatchability

Incubation time
• Ross needs shorter incubation time than in the past
• than Cobb
• Overdo chicks they start less well and are more uneven
• Look at chick yield, hatch & emergence times

Underlying Basics
• With changes to yield breeds, the incubation
losses are increased.
• Heat production of the embryo, 2-3 times more than
traditional breeds
• Changes in shell conductance, therefore more difficult
to loose moisture
• With increased embryo heat production, the
inherent variation in incubation environment
causes more hatch and quality loss
• 1 to 8% total late deads in trays, normal
• 1 to 58% can be found in problem machines

50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Egg weight (g)
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
Tegg-Tair(ºC)
0,5 m/s 2,0 m/s
embryo temperature
plateau-phase
Air temperature
Embryo temperature
103
99.7
99.5
Multistage Incubators
Late dead
> 17 cm
Late dead
<17 cm,
Avg 1.5%

Problem: Incubation, Hatcher
• Hatcher Problem:
• In flocks <33 wks of age
• Embryos >16 cm with feathers, dead
• In flocks >32 wks of age
• Embryos >17 cm with feathers, dead
• Slows
• Embryos of the same size as above, but alive

Rules ofThumb
• The normal percentage of setter and abnormals is 1-1.5%.
• This percentage will increase in the winter
• The highest that I have found in a normal functioning
setter is 2.5%
• When the hatch loss is embryos 17 cm, the hatch loss is
either incubator or hatcher
• Use patterns of loss and embryo temperatures in setter and
hatcher to differentiate

Rules ofThumb
• When late dead <17 cm are the problem, especially in the
youngest flocks, investigate heat transfer in the first 10
days of incubation in a ChickMaster
• When late dead <17 cm are the problem, especially in the
oldest flocks, investigate overheating in the end of
incubation in a Jamesway

Setter Problem
Chick Length, Setter Excess Spray
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5
CM
#ofBirds
15-2-1 15-2-8 Comparison 60 w k old flock
Location 2-1 2-8
% Hatch 47.6 31.5
%<18 cm 35 62
Breakout %
Setter/Abnormals* 30.4 32.7
Late Dead/Slows 6.6 13.7
*Late Dead<17 cm, normal 1.5%

Hatcher Plenum Problem
Chick Length, Plenumimpact
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5
CM
#ofBirds
51-1-1 51-3-1
Length #5-1-1 #5-3-1
16 0 0
16.5 1 0
17 8 0
17.5 24 1
18 36 0
18.5 28 29
19 7 43
19.5 0 55
20 0 5
20.5 0 1
21 0 0
21.5 0 0
22 0 0
# of Birds 104* 134
% Hatch 9% 81.20%
%<17 0.96 0
%<17.5 8.7 0
%<18 31.7 0.75
* from 7 trays

Same hatcher type, inadequate intake, chicks and poults
LATE DEAD AND SLOWS
Column 6,1 Column 2,5 Column 3,4 Average
Row 1 5.07 4.35 7.25 5.56
Row 3 2.89 9.42 8.70 7.00
Row 4 1.44 5.07 4.35 3.62
Row 6 2.17 4.35 13.04 6.52
Row 8 0.72 8.70 16.67 8.70
Row 10 2.17 5.79 12.31 6.76
Row 1,15 3.62 5.07 9.78 6.16
Average 2.41 6.28 10.39 6.36
Late Dead and Slows
Col 6,1 Col 2,5 Col 3,4 Average
Row 1 13.9 2.1 8.3 8.1
Row 4 2.1 0.7 25.0 9.3
Row 7 1.4 4.9 58.3 21.5
Row 8 2.1 2.1 13.2 5.8
Row 12 1.4 2.1 10.4 4.6
Row 15 7.6 4.9 5.6 6.0
Average 4.8 2.8 20.1 9.2

30 wks, Chick Length by hatcher location
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
cm
#ofchicks
#5-5-1 #5-4-7 #5-6-4 #5-4-4
16 16.5 17 17.5
#5-5-1 0.00 0.00 9.01 40.54
#5-4-7 0.00 7.69 38.46 88.46
#5-6-4 0.00 1.80 10.81 39.64
#5-4-4 0.00 0.00 25.40 82.54
30 wks, Cumulative chick length by hatcher
location
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
16 16.5 17
cm
%ofchicks
#5-5-1 #5-4-7 $5-6-4 #5-4-4
Late Dead and Slows
Col 6,1 Col 2,5 Col 3,4 Average
Row1 13.9 2.1 8.3 8.1
Row4 2.1 0.7 25.0 9.3
Row7 1.4 4.9 58.3 21.5
Row8 2.1 2.1 13.2 5.8
Row12 1.4 2.1 10.4 4.6
Row15 7.6 4.9 5.6 6.0
Average 4.8 2.8 20.1 9.2
Cumulative chick
length
Hatch

Variability in Chick Length by Hatcher Locations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5
CM
#ofBirds
#2-7 #1-1 #2-8 #6-4
Chick Length by Hatcher Location
# of chicks
Length, cm 2-7 1-1
16-16.5 0 0
16.5-17 1 0
17-17.5 4 0
17.5-18 25 2
18-18.5 37 11
18.5-19 18 28
19-19.5 5 64
19.5-20 0 36
20-20.5 0 5
# of Birds 90 146
% Hatch 53.6 86.9
%<18 cm 33.3 1.4
Length and Hatchability

Abnormals
• 4 limbs
• Brain exposed
• No eye
• Crossed beak
• Improper incubation in the first week when these areas
are formed
• Hot or cold
• Impossible to be hot in multistage

Setters
• Late Dead <17 cm in flocks >32 weeks of age
• Late Dead <16 cm in flocks <33 weeks of age
• Feathers
• Incubation related
• Usually too cold the first 10 days of incubation
• May be too hot on the end of incubation
• 0.75 to 1.5% is normal

Slows
• Embryos that are alive
• Larger than the embryos at transfer
• Basically normal but slow and will not hatch with the rest
of the egg mass
• May be smaller in length than good hatched chicks

Late Deads
• Tray Dead
• EctopicViscera
• All late dead embryos that do not fall into any of the
other groups

For problem solving:
• Do a young, prime, and old flock
• Generally do the left or the right side of a hatcher
• Some machines have more variability or are larger. In
these machines the sample size must be increased.
• 3 door JW
• CM ProHatch
• Petersime

• Late Dead and Slows: Hatcher Related
• Use location patterns to understand problems in room, spray
patterns, machine design
• Setter and Abnormals: Setter Related
• 1.5% average in the winter
• 0.75% average in the summer
• Location patterns do not work, too few dead
• Most hatch as poor quality chicks. They do not die

Late Dead and Slows Increase in:
• Areas of low airflow, therefore overheating
• Areas of cold air intake, especially slows
• Areas of heat and cooling cycling
• Areas of humidity or disinfectant spraying, especially
slows
• Areas near cooling coils

Many Thanks for YourMany Thanks for Your
Attention!Attention!
BBy :Hussien Gamely :Hussien Gamel

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