Sustainable Land & Watershed Management Interventions and Impact Workshop. Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa, May 10, 2013.

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Water for a food-secure world
Dr. Simon Langan
May 2013
Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa
Insights into water
and natural
resource
management for
policy development

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Water for a food-secure world
IWMI Projects Ethiopia/ NRM
• Nile Basin Development Challenge
• IMPACT2C
• Agricultural Water Management Solutions
• LIVES- Livestock & Irrigated Value Chains
for Ethiopian Smallholders
• SMART-ICT

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NBDC: Developing site-specific RMS
interventions and domains to scale-out
1. Understand which RMS is suitable for which location in
terms of :
– Bio-physical characteristics
– Socio-economic situation of the actors
(farmer/community)
– Institutional settings
2. Provide tools to the national reserach centres and other
organisations to provide extension services and NGO’s on
the ground the information on site-specific possible
interventions
3. Use these to open dialogue with farmers and communities
3

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Example: Improved soil and water conservation
on farms, along with small water storage systems,
enable farmers to introduce high value enterprises
(e.g. Apple) but also replace currently used early
maturing low-yielding crop varieties with high-
yielding ones. This will enable the system to
produce more food, more fodder and income.

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Suitability

6. NBDC Innovation Platforms: working with
communities to identify issues and solutions
important to them and utilises local indigenous
knowledge
There are prominent local traditional institutions
and these demonstrate that collective action is
possible if initiated by community members
themselves. Potential for harnessing these.
Feed into National
Platform and SLM

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IMPACT2C: Climate Change: Water
Availability and Demand
• Rainfall projected to have
increased variability in water
source areas of the Nile
basin; Greater water
management needed.
• Irrigation water demand will
also increase in response to
temperature increment.
• Climate extremes and
seasonality are crucial for
agriculture productivity
Feed into
MoWe, MoA,
CRGE
development

8. Modeling FrameworkWatershedsSub-basinsAbayBasin
SWAT
Model
Climate
Soil
LU
WEAP
Model
RMS
Scenarios
L-S
Dev’t
Scenarios
Impact
Evaluation
Large dams and
River Junctions

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Initial Results: Impact of CC on BN tributaries
shown as changes in flow Scenarios
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Tana
NorthGojam
Beshilo
Weleka
Jemma
SouthGojam
Muger
Guder
Fincha
Didessa
Anger
Wonbera
Dabus
Belles
Dinder
Rahad
%ChangeofAnnualFlow
2030s-1990s
2090s-1990s
Basin
4.21%
3.60%

10. AWM Technologies: products and practices for
smallholder farmers for agriculture use.
AWM Solutions: Any measure (knowledge,
policies, markets, and financing) that boosts the
uptake of AWM and:
• Contributes to smallholder livelihoods
• Benefits women and men and does not
increase income disparities
• Is cost-effective to implement
• Can be out-scaled
• Addresses resource sustainability
Agricultural Water Management Solutions: To
understand the AWM context and where there are investment opportunities that
will help poor farmers improve their livelihoods
wells

11. Where to prioritize AWM for smallholders
Potential for AWM vary - Where to prioritize AWM for
smallholders ?
1) water is available;
2) high dependence on water use for agriculture;
3) high number of smallholders

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Suitability domains example: WLT
OR+
and
=
Up scaling - What are the most suitable solutions in
different context?
One scenario for
Individual motor pumps

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Case Studies in Ethiopia
Case Study Region
• Water Lifting Technologies Tigray, Amhara, Ormia & SNNP
• Watershed Management Tigray, Amhara & Oromia
• Groundwater Potential
Assessment
Amhara (Kobo), Tigray (Raya
Valley) & Ormia (Adea-Becho)
• Cost-Benefit Analysis of
Groundwater Irrigation
Amhara (Kobo) & Tigray (Raya
Valley)
• Small Reservoirs (Dams) Tigray
• Rainwater harvesting and on-
farm water storage
Oromia & SNNP
• Manual Drilling Implemented by IDE

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Irrigation in Ethiopia
Implementation
• Design - >90% of small scheme infrastructure performing
poorly, do not consider sub-basin impacts or the multiple use
aspects, which are important to farmers
• Poor engineering giving rise to inefficient and expensive
schemes, and no measuring devices lead to inequitable
water distribution.
Governance and Organisation
• Lack of co-ordination between institutions involved in
irrigation
• Capacity is weak
• Scheme administration and ownership poor

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1. Initiated and financed by
smallholders themselves
2. Owned individually or by
small informal groups
3. Used to irrigate small plots
(<2 ha)
4. Investment costs typically
low and profit margins
typically high
Smallholder irrigation

16. Investment costs of irrigation technologies in sub-Saharan Africa
Investment
costs
(USD/ha)
O&M costs
(USD/year)
Financed by
Buckets <50 <10 Farmers
Motor pumps 400 330 Farmers
Treadle pumps 350 <10 NGOs & Farmers
Public canal irrigation 10,000 Often not charged, but frequent
rehabilitations needed
Gov’t & Donors
Sector largely overlooked by investors

17. Irrigation pump pricing
Cost Component Average
Average CIF Value of water pump (Birr) 4668
Average tax per unit of water pump (Birr) 1832
Average purchase price/water pump
(CIF+Tax) (Birr)
6500
Tax rate 36 %
Customs duty 10%
Value Added tax 15%
Sur tax 8%
Withhold tax 3%

18. Production
Postharvest
handling
Retailing
Consumption
Trading
- -
Market support services
Financial services
Transportation
Communications
Govt. Policy/regulation
Extension Service
Input supply
Business support services
and enabling environment
Research
Commodity value chains
Trading
Input
Supply
Processing
Processing
Livestock and
Irrigated
Value chains for
Ethiopian
Smallholders

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• Poorly developed equipment supply chain, low quality
pumps, limited choice, high taxes and transaction costs.
• Lack of
information and knowledge on irrigation, seeds,
marketing and equipment.
access to infrastructure; output markets are dominated
by brokers.
• Frequent breakdown of pumps and high maintenance cost
• Weak
 input & spare-part supply, maintenance service,
extension service
LIVES: Irrigated Value Chains component

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Potential interventions in irrigated VCs
Production
• Access to improved seeds and seedlings
• Irrigated agriculture technologies including on-farm water
management
• Crops staggering – adapt crop calendars to market demand
• Pests and diseases control
• Increase of labor productivity (farming tools and equipments)
Post harvest handling
• Better practices to respond to market demand : quality of
product: hygiene, level of impurities, storage, packaging, etc.

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LIVES outcomes
1) Increasing smallholders’ access to inputs and
markets
2) Promoting locally adapted improved irrigated
agriculture technologies
3) Improving extension and business support services
4) Strengthening WUAs and support services for
better irrigation productivity and sustainability
5) Securing smallholders’ water rights and sustainable
management of natural resources
6) Increasing role of Ethiopian women in irrigation

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SMART-ICT: From pixels….to information….to simple action
messages