Final Survey Report on Gender Equality in Ukraine

THE EU PROJECT “WOMEN AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN UKRAINE –
COMMUNICATION COMPONENT”

FINAL SURVEY REPORT

5-18 November 2011, Kiev

Prepared by Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS)

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Research team:

Dr. Churilov N. - Independent Consultant, EU Project "Women and Children Rights in Ukraine -
Communication component", Consultant on research methodology
E-mail: mykola.churulov @ tns-ua.com

Goroshko A. - Research Coordinator, Kiev International Institute of Sociology
E-mail: a.goroshko @ kiis.com.ua

Skrypka K. – Coordinator, Kiev International Institute of Sociology
E-mail: k.skrypka @ kiis.com.ua

Report prepared by:

Goroshko A. - Author of the Report

Dyshlevy A. - Reviewer

* Report promoted via
www.vsirivni.com.ua
by EU4UKR in assoc.
with OBI (Lithuania)

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CONTENTS

BASIC RESULTS OF THE SURVEY ....................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY ...................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
CONCEPT OF MALE AND FEMALE ROLES ........................................ Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
IDEAS ON POSITION AND THE LEVEL OF GENDER RESPONSIBILITY............. Ошибка!
Закладка не определена.
CONCEPT OF CHILDREN’S EDUCATION .................. Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
Level of responsibilities and duties of mothers and fathers in raising a childОшибка! Закладка не
определена.
Concepts of children’s behavior .................................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
Punishments against children ....................................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
Minimum age for decision-making .............................................................................. Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
Adoption in Ukraine ........................................................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
Sharing maternity/paternity and sick leaves for fathers and mothers ....... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

MALE AND FEMALE CAPACITIES IN EDUCATION AND CAREERОшибка! Закладка
не определена.
ALLOCATION OF FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES ...... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
FAMILY-RELATED GENDER STEREOTYPES .......... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
INCIDENCE OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION ..................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
INCIDENCE OF DISCRIMINATION IN CHILDHOODОшибка! Закладка не
определена.
INCIDENCE OF DISCRIMINATION FOR TEENAGERS ABOVE 15 ................................... 29
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN LABOR RELATIONS ............................................ Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION ........................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
DOMESTIC GENDER DISCRIMINATION .................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

SATISFACTION WITH LIFE .................................................................. Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
AWARENESS ON ACTIVITIES OF THE EU PROJECT “WOMEN AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN
UKRAINE – COMMUNICATION COMPONENT” ............................................................................................39

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BASIC RESULTS OF THE SURVEY

CONCEPT OF MALE AND FEMALE ROLES
• The ideas that the opposite gender has more advantages are more popular among
women than men. The respondents tend to set more responsibilities for their own
gender – a similar trend was observed in 2009 as well.
• About a third of the whole population thinks that both spouses may demand a
child from each other. At the same time, men tend to recognize this right for
husbands. Comparing to 2009, significantly less men started thinking that any of
spouses has the right to a demand like that.
• Responsibilities on care about their children are most often to be given to a
mother or both parents equally; none of the suggested responsibilities is perceived
as a relatively male obligation. There are no significant differences in perceiving
responsibilities between men and women, which may consider women taking the
bulk of household responsibilities (cooking, laundering) themselves, while they
prefer sharing social responsibilities (games, homework with their children, visits
to a doctor) with their partners.
• The respondents are more tolerant with situations when a girl plays boyish games
than the one when a boy plays girlish toys. Comparing the data with the results of
the survey in 2009, we may define statistically significant changes regarding
response to girlish preferences in playing boyish games. In particular, the number
of people thinking that we should normally react to such a choice of a girl has
significantly increased (from 51% in 2009 to 55% in 2011). Apart from that, the
number of people thinking that we should softly get a girl interested in toys for
girls has significantly decreased (from 36% in 2009 to 32% in 2011).
• Regarding punishment for children, bans on walks/TV watching, deprivation of
material wealth and standing in the corner were considered acceptable among the
respondents. About a third of the respondents could use the aforementioned forms
of punishment, while another third of the respondents consider none of the
aforementioned punishments acceptable for a child. While comparing the data of
2010 and of 2011, we may admit the decrease in the number of the respondents
who use physical force against a child or limit his/her movements. Particularly,
there was stated a significant decrease in the number of punishments like standing
in the corner, slapping hands, spanking, standing on the nuts/buckwheat.
Comparing to 2009, we should also mention a significant increase in the number of
people thinking that none of the aforementioned punishments can be used against
children. 24% respondents were of this opinion in 2009, while 31% respondents
think so in 2011.

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• Regarding the issue of maternity/paternity and sick leaves to take care of a child,
women are more open to share these responsibilities between both parents or
were taken by one of them regardless of the gender; men were more often to tell
that this responsibility should be taken by women only. No matter the incidence of
stereotypes related to paternity/maternity/sick leaves as a purely female
responsibility, the society became more tolerant to other options comparing to the
year 2009. At the same time, women are more often to support an opportunity for
both mothers and fathers to take paternity/maternity/sick leaves. We should
mention that youth (16 - 24 years old) and elderly people (65 years old and above)
tend to perceive the aforementioned responsibilities as purely female.
• Some gender stereotypes in the labor sphere became less spread. Particularly,
there are much less of both men and women who consider women bad managers
now. Apart from that, much more people don’t consider a situation when a woman
is more successful than man abnormal now.
• Regarding the decision-making process, the number of those who think that basic
decisions should be made jointly has decreased, but the number of those who
think that decisions should be made by those who make it better has increased
respectfully. Regarding housework, the number of those considering housework a
purely female responsibility has decreased and the number of those who consider
it a joint responsibility has increased respectfully.
• Regarding the family sphere, the stereotypes that a woman should be a man’s
subordinate and that spouses may use physical and sexual violence against each
other became less spread. As of the moment, sexual violence is acceptable for
about 8% respondents and physical – for 4%-7% respondents.

INCIDENCE OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION

• About a half of the respondents told they faced gender discrimination in their
childhood. Just like in 2009, the most spread forms of discrimination in childhood
is the feeling that children of opposite gender have more advantages, while men
told that girls had more advantages and women – boys. Moreover, fostering a
setting for the girls to be men’s subordinates was the most spread form of
discrimination comparing to the others.
• Violent attitude in childhood was faced by about 11% respondents. At the same
time, we should mention that there was no statistically significant difference
between experiences in violence in childhood for the respondents of various age
groups. For the half of the cases of violence against a child, it was committed by a
father and mothers were mentioned a bit less frequently.
• Victims of gender discrimination of 15 years old were 39% men and 54% women.
Considering the total of all situations with discrimination against men as the basic,

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we may see that majority of them relate to the spheres of education and family,
while it would be labor relations for women.
• The most popular situations of discrimination against women at the labor market
were that it’s easier for men to build their career, they are usually preferred
during employment process and they also earn higher wages. Situations with
discrimination regarding delivering a child were mentioned rather rarely.
• Discrimination in the sphere of education was more often relevant for men, as
their parents and relatives had more impact on them during the choice of their
profession.
• Regarding family discrimination, women often mentioned that their partners
made them do all or a part of housework or they used physical force against them.
Men were more often victims of a situation when their wives/partners made
important decisions regarding their children without consulting with them.
• While solving the problem of domestic violence, the most of the respondents tend
to think that they should look for help from the Police, friends/relatives or state
social services. About a quarter of the population think they should solve this
problem on their own.

SATISFACTION WITH LIFE

• Satisfaction with life, in general, and its specific aspects is higher for men.
Approximately different level of satisfaction for men and women maybe observed
only regarding their relations with children and the level of financial wealth.

ACTIVITIES OF THE EU PROJECT “WOMEN AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN UKRAINE –
COMMUNICATION COMPONENT”

• About a half of Ukrainian population thinks that the level of coverage of women’s
and children’s rights, as well as domestic violence has increased for the last 2
years.
• About a third of the population heard the slogans “I am against violence” (37%)
and “Stay Human” (30%). At the same time, many city residents were aware of
them much earlier than those living in the countryside. There was defined a trend
on the age of the respondents: the younger the respondent is, the more possible
that he/she is aware the slogans. About a half of the respondents under their 24
years old were aware of the slogans of the Bracelet campaign.
• About 15% Ukrainians were aware of the Bracelet campaign. At the same time,
there were much more people like that among the youth. City residents were

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usually better aware of the campaign. Those who were aware of the campaign
usually treated it as an idea.
• 1% of Ukrainians took part in the campaign and about 10% saw other people
wearing the bracelets.
• A quarter of Ukrainian population (about 25%) is aware of the EU Project “Women
and children’s rights in Ukraine – Communication component”.

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METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY

A public survey implemented on 5-18 November 2011 used the method of face-to-
face interviews at respondents’ homes.

The size of the sampling constitutes 1 217 respondents with 550 men and 667
women. The data are representative for the whole Ukrainian population under 16 years
old and the worst possible error excluding the design effect constitutes 2,8%. A sampling
type is a random four-level stratified sampling with quota selection during the last phase.

All the differences specified within the frames of this report are statistically
significant. A statistically significant difference between the answers of various
subgroups of the sampling frame is marked with the asterisk (*).

This survey was dedicated to the incidence level of gender stereotypes and gender
discrimination cases, as well as activities of the EU Project “Women and children’s rights
in Ukraine – Communication component”.

The report contains comparisons of acquired results with the survey implemented
by GfK on 8 - 22 December 2009.

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CONCEPT OF MALE AND FEMALE ROLES
IDEAS ON POSITION AND THE LEVEL OF GENDER RESPONSIBILITY

Women tend to think that the opposite gender has more advantages and
opportunities than them more often. A rather insignificant number of both men and
women think about it on a regular basis, but 41% women and 23% men think about it
from time to time (Graph 1.1). Much more men (68%) than women (45%) never think
that the opposite gender has more advantages. Totally, the data of the survey signify that
women think more often about male advantages and opportunities.
Graph 1.1
Have you ever thought that the opposite gender has more advantages and opportunities?
(% of the responding subgroup, N men = 550, N women = 667)

On a regular basis 7.4
3.8

Sometimes 40.9
23.2 Female
Male
Never 45.1
68.4

0 20 40 60 80 100

Comparison of the data with the results of the survey implemented in 20091 proves
some worsening of the situation. The number of women who started thinking about
advantages of the opposite gender has significantly increased (from 28% to 41%), while
the share of those who never thought about it decreased somewhat (from 52% to 45%).
Evaluation of male and female positions in society is different for representatives of
opposite genders (Graph 1.2). Hence, position of the opposite gender is considered more
advantageous more often. A similar trend could be observed in 2009. The fact that
gender has no impact on a person’s position in society was more popular for men (46%
men vs. 36% women), while women tended to think that men have a better position
(44% women vs. 31% men).

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The question in 2009 was as follows: “Have you ever thought that the opposite gender has a more advantageous
position than yours?”

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Graph 1.2
Considering the society, in general, and without your personal experience, who’s got
the better position: women or men?
(% of the responding subgroup, N men = 550, N women= 667)

44.4
Men 30.8

15.2
Women 18.2 Female
Male
35.8
Gender is not important 45.6

0 20 40 60 80 100

Regarding the fact who is the one to have more responsibilities, the respondents
tended to set more responsibilities for their own gender (Graph 1.3). For the half of the
cases (52%), women think it’s them, while only 17% women think that society burdens
men more. Men were equally frequent to tell that either they have more responsibilities
or that the level of responsibility depends more on a specific person and not the gender.
A similar situation with responsibilities for their own gender was observed in 2009.
Graph 1.3
Who does have more responsibilities in our society – women or men?

Men 16.8
37.4

Women 51.7
Female
19.2
Male

Gender is not important 28.9
39.1

0 20 40 60 80 100

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CONCEPT OF CHILDREN’S EDUCATION

Level of responsibilities and duties of mothers and fathers in raising a child
The sphere of giving birth and raising children is a rather conservative one. The
concept that spouses have a right to demand a child from each other is rather popular.
This particularly relates to the fact that about a third of population considers this
practice acceptable (Graph 1.3а). At the same time, men think they have this right
relatively more often (33%); 26% women keep to the same opinion. 28% women feel the
same right related to them.

Graph 1.3а
The right of spouses to demand a child

* A man has the right to demand children 33.1
from his woman 25.8

Men
A woman has the right to demand children 28.5 Women
from her man 27.6

0 20 40 60 80 100

While comparing the acquired data with the results of 2009, we may admit that
much less men started recognizing the right to this demand for both men and women.

Generally, we may admit that about a third of the population think that spouses may
demand a child from each other. At the same time, men are more inclined to recognize
this right for husbands. Comparing to 2009, significantly less men consider any of
spouses has a right like that.

Regarding the responsibility about children, men’s and women’s approach to this
issue differs. Hence, men tend to think that both parents are equally responsible for
raising their children more often, while women are more often inclined to think
that mothers have greater responsibility about their children (Graph 1.4).
Regardless the fact that rather many respondents thought that more responsibility is
taken by fathers, this option was taken by men significantly more often. Considering the
whole population and without taking a respondent’s gender into account, we may say
that equal responsibility of both parents (49%) or mothers (47%) was equally popular
among the respondents, as the opinion on greater responsibility of fathers is rather
unpopular (2%).

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Graph 1.4
Who does have more responsibility for raising children: a mother or a father?

Both parents on the equal 45.0
basis 54.7

54.3
Mom 40.3
Female
Male

0.9
Dad 3.6

0 20 40 60 80 100

Responsibilities related to care about children are more often entrusted to either a
mother or both parents equally; none of the suggested responsibilities is considered
purely male.
The respondents’ opinions on the responsibilities related to care about children
depend on the nature of responsibilities to some extent. We may nominally divide the
responsibilities into two groups: those they consider primarily female and those they
rather consider for both parents and not only mothers.
Cooking, feeding and children’s laundry are most often considered mothers’
responsibilities and they may be related to the first group. Putting to bed and bathing are
more often considered a responsibility of both parents, but the difference in frequency of
setting this responsibility for mothers and both parents is rather small, so we also relate
those to the first group of responsibilities.
The second group may include playing development games, walking in the open air,
visiting a doctor, bringing children to a kindergarten and helping them with their
homework. In our opinion, the general feature for these responsibilities is their social
component and implementation of these responsibilities requires either intellectual
engagement of parents or outdoor activities, while the responsibilities that are mostly
perceived as female ones usually relate to the household sphere and meeting a child’s
basic needs.

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Table 1.5
Who must fulfill the following responsibilities related to raising a child?
(% of all respondents, N=1217)
Mother, % Father, % Both parents, %
Cooking for a child 64.7 0.7 34.4
Feeding a child 57.3 0.8 41.4
Responsibilities of
a mother Laundering and ironing 60.1 1.6 37.9
Bathing a child 47.3 1.6 50.5
Putting a child to bed 41.1 2.5 55.9
Playing developing games 15.9 9.0 74.8
Walking in the open air 14.1 5.9 79.6
Responsibilities of Visiting a doctor 36.0 1.2 62.3
both parents
Bringing and getting a child from the
14.5 4.0 81.1
kindergarten/school
Checking/helping with homework 16.2 3.6 79.5
We must admit that there were no significant differences in perceiving
responsibilities between men and women, which may prove the fact that women take the
bulk of household responsibilities, while preferring to share social responsibilities with
their parents. The only exception is the responsibility of outdoor walks and homework
— women are more often to consider this as a mother’s responsibility, while men are
more often to take this responsibility for them or consider it common for both parents.

Concepts of children’s behavior
The concepts on what games should be played by boys and girls still exist in
Ukrainian society. This particularly relates to dividing games into boyish and girlish ones.
The respondents are much more tolerant with accepting a situation when a girl plays
boyish games than the one when a boy plays the games for girls (Graph 1.6). This girls’
behavior is normally accepted by 55% respondents, while 47% would accept similar
behavior of a boy (the percentage difference is statistically significant). A more tolerant
attitude to a girlish wish to play boyish games is tracked while choosing the option
“trying to get them interested in more “appropriate” things” — such a model of parental
behavior was more often chosen regarding boys (38%) than girls (32%). A similar trend
may be observed while choosing the option “banning to do that”, which was more often
chosen regarding boys.

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Graph 1.6
Parental behavioral strategies in case when a child prefers to make friends with children
of opposite gender and play their games

Encourage a child’s choice 5.7
3.8

Normally treat this choice and do 54.7
nothing about it 47.2
Girls
Trying to get them interested in 32.3 Boys
more “appropriate” things” 38.4

3.5
Banning to do that 5.7

0 20 40 60 80 100

Comparing the data with the results of 2009, we may define some specific
statistically significant changes, which particularly relate to response on girls’
preferences to play boyish games. Specifically, the number of people thinking about
normal reaction to this kind of a girl’s choice significantly increased (from 51% in 2009
to 55% in 2011). Moreover, the number of people thinking they should get a girl
interested in the games for girls has significantly decreased (from 36% in 2009 to 32% in
2011).

In case of conflict situations among children, the concept of behavioral models for
boys and girls are different (Graph 1.7). For instance, if a child messes in a fight with
another child, they choose an opportunity to fight back for a boy much more often (37%
respondents think so), while this option is less popular for girls (21%). They choose
“peaceful” solutions for girls more often: so, 20% “advise” them to go get some adults to
help and this value constitutes 11% for boys; girls are also more often advised to solve a
conflict peacefully comparing to boys. In general, we may state that boys are more often
aimed at aggressive behavioral models in conflict situations and girls are more often
aimed at more constructive ones. At the same time, there was no difference defined in
male and female points of view.

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Graph 1.7
What is a better behavior for a girl/boy, in case another child messes in a fight with
her/him?

20.7
Fight back 37.3

19.5
Call for adults 11.5
Girls
Try solving a conflict peacefully and 55.5 Boys
convince another child 47.7

1.6
Do nothing 1.3

0 20 40 60 80 100

Comparing the data with the results of 2009, we may define a relative shift in boys’
behavior: the number of people who think that boys should also call for adults (i.e., use a
peaceful solution for a conflict) is somewhat higher.

Punishments against children
Regarding punishments against children, the respondents were most often to call
the following as the most acceptable punishments: forbid to play in the street/watch TV,
deprivation of material benefits and standing in the corner. These methods of
punishments could be favorable for about a third of the respondents, while another third
thinks that none of the aforementioned punishments may be used against a child. About
one tenth of the respondents consider spanking and slapping acceptable punishment for
a child; there is also a type of punishment called “belting” that is rather unpopular and
was called by about 3% of the respondents.

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Graph 1.8
In your opinion, what types of punishment may be used against a child (a boy and a girl)?

* Ban to play in the street, to talk to friends, 30.2
to watch TV, etc. 33.9
To deprive - a material benefit
of 35.4
(sweets, toys or presents) 33.2

*Standing in the corner 24.9
29.7

* Slapping, spanking 10.0
14.2

Don’t talk to a child, ignore it 5.7
5.7
Girl
* Belting 1.0
3.5 Boy

* To lock in a dark room 0.2
1.2

0.7
Standing on buckwheat, nuts, etc. 1.1

0.3
To lock in a room 1.1

Nothing of the above 33.9
31.1

0 20 40 60 80 100

While answering this question, we asked the respondents to define the methods of
punishment to be used against boys and girls. Statistically significant differences were
defined for both non-corporal and corporal punishments2. Generally speaking, all the
differences related to boys and girls lied in the fact that the respondents often supported
various punishments for boys.
While comparing the data of 2009 and 20113, we may specify decreased level of
acceptance for the punishments limiting a child’s movements or considering physical
force against a child. Particularly, there was a significant decrease in the frequency of
choice in favor of the following punishments: standing in the corner, slapping/spanking,
belting, standing on buckwheat/nuts (Graph 1.9).
We should also mention that comparing to the results of 2009, the number of people
thinking that none of the punishments can be used against a child significantly increased.
24% respondents were of this opinion in 2009, while 31% support this idea in 2011.

2
Types of punishments with defined differences for boys and girls are marked with the asterisk in the Graph 1.8 (*).
3
In order to compare the data for 2011, the answers concerning boys were taken into account.

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Graph 1.9
DATA COMPARISON FOR 2009 AND 2011
In your opinion, what types of punishments may be used against a child?
(% of all respondents, N 2009 = 1607, N 2011 = 1217)

Standing in the corner 36.7
29.7
Ban to play in the street, to talk to friends,, 34.4
to watch TV, etc. 33.9
To deprive of a material benefit
- 31.4
(sweets, toys or presents) 33.2

Slapping, spanking 17.2
14.2
Don’t talk to a child and ignore it 6.2
5.7
2009
5.6
Belting 3.5 2011

Standing on the buckwheat/nuts, etc. 2.6
1.1

To lock in a room 0.9
1.1

To lock in a dark room 0.7
1.2

24.3
Nothing of the above 31.1

0 20 40 60 80 100

Hence, we may conclude that adult Ukrainian population has become more
intolerant to the punishments used against children involving the use of force and
limiting a child’s movements for the last 3 years.

Minimum age for decision-making
We asked the respondents a question considering the age of children when they
acquire their basic rights – the right to expression, the right to confidentiality and the
right to communication and leisure. The most of the respondents were in the age range
from 6 to 10 years old or from 11 to 15 years old (Graph 2.1).

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Graph 2.1
In your opinion, what is the age for a child to acquire the right to …?
(% of all respondents, N = 1217)

16.7
9.5
under 5
15.5
11.8

24.2
19.9
6 -10
32.5
45.2 right to expression
18.7
11 -15
30.6 right to confidentiality
20.5
23.3
right to communication
12.9
16 -17
17.2 right to leisure
11.2
8.7

10.8
8.7
above 18
5.3
4.2

0 20 40 60 80 100

Comparing the acquired data with the results of the survey in 2009, we may specify
a general trend of decreasing a child’s age for basic decision-making. Particularly, the age
for the right to leisure in 2009 for 35% respondents was 6-10 years old, while there were
45% of the respondents like that in 2011; the same trend may be observed for the age
when a child acquires the right to communication with his/her friends.

We may generally mark the trend to decrease the minimum age for children to
acquire their rights to some decision-making.

Adoption in Ukraine
About a half of the respondents think that the adoption procedure in Ukraine is
complicated. At the same time, women are more inclined to this opinion than men. 40%
women and 34% men are in favor of simplifying this procedure.

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Graph 2.2
Adoption procedure in Ukraine

Is it difficult to adopt a child in 52.2
Ukraine? 43.2

Female
Do we need a simplified adoption 39.7 Male
procedure? 33.9

0 20 40 60 80 100

Regarding the fact whether we should leave children for education at an orphanage
with its parents being alive, about 13% of the population are ultimately against this and
think that children should be passed to a boarding school or an orphanage under no
circumstances (Graph 2.3).
Graph 2.3
What do you think, is it acceptable to leave a child for care at a boarding school with
his/her parents alive?

Yes, if parents suffer from addiction / 76.7
to drugs
Yes, if parents use physical force 46.3
against him/her

Yes, if a child suffers from neglect 29.0

Yes, if parents are not able to ensure 16.3
a child’s financial wealth
No, a child should not be placed at a
boarding school under any circumstances 13.1
with his/her parents alive
0 20 40 60 80 100

Alcoholic/drug addiction was called among the reasons to leave children at
boarding schools – about 77% of the respondents consider this reason sufficient to take a
child away from the family. About a half of the respondents consider the use of physical
force against a child a sufficient reason to pass a child to a boarding school; 29% think
that parental neglect could be another sufficient reason as well. The least of support
among the respondents was acquired by lack of financial wealth for children – this

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reason is considered sufficient for raising a child at a boarding school for only 16% of the
respondents.

Sharing maternity/paternity and sick leaves for fathers and mothers
The questions on a paternity/maternity or a sick leave to take care of a child for
women, in general, state that they tend to share these responsibilities between both
parents or a parent should implement them regardless of the gender.
50% women and 61% men, in particular, tend to choose a woman and a maternity
leave. Hence, this option is more often supported by men (Graph 2.4). Women were more
often to choose a candidate for a leave regardless of the gender (40% women and 30%
men) and sharing of this responsibility between both parents (8.3% women and 5,5%
women).
Graph 2.4
What do you think, which one of the parents should take a maternity/paternity leave?

49.6
* A mother only 61.3

* This could be a father or a mother regardless of the 39.4
gender 30.5
Female
Paternity/maternity leaves should be shared by both 8.3 Male
parents 5.5

0.3
A father only 0.4

0 20 40 60 80 100

Regarding the views on a paternity/maternity leave, statistically significant
differences were registered for the respondents of various age groups. So, the
respondents of 16-24 years old and those above 65 years old were more conservative
and named the maternity leave only, while those in the age group of 25-55 years old are
less often to name only maternity leaves and tend to say that the gender of a parent
should not influence this decision.
It’s worth mentioning that the “mother only” option was chosen in 72% of cases in
20094, which is much higher than the number registered in 2011. At the same time, the

4The opportunities to compare are rather limited as the question in 2009 was a bit different from the one used in
2011: “Who should take a maternity/paternity leave and take care of a child during the first months of his/her life?”
The options were a bit adjusted as well.

21

“this could be a father or a mother” option was chosen more often: this option was
chosen by 26% respondents in 2009 and 35% respondents in 2011. This can be an
indirect sign of positive changes that Ukrainian population became more tolerant to
other options of a leave to take care of a child.
The respondents who chose the “mother only” option were asked why a man should
not take this responsibility. The most popular answer was that a man should not better
stop working (Graph 2.5).
Graph 2.5
In your opinion, why should not men take a paternity leave?

* A man should not stop working 28.3
38.9

A mother should raise a child and 12.4
not a father 15.6
Female
Men are bad with caring about 12.6 Male
their children 12.7

It will be difficult for a man to find a job 5.8
after a paternity leave 8.2

0 20 40 60 80 100

There is a significant difference in choosing this option between men and women —
this opinion is supported by 28% women and 39% men. At the same time, the option
related to difficulties with finding a job for a man after a paternity leave was chosen by
6% women and 8% men. The stereotypes that raising children belongs to mothers’
responsibilities were chosen by 12% women and 16% men. The option stating that men
are bad with caring about children was chosen by about 13% respondents of both
genders.
Ukrainian views on who should take a sick leave, if a child is ill are closer to equal
allocation of responsibilities related to children’s care — regarding this particular issue,
much less people consider this responsibility female only (40% women and 45% men);
much more people think that either a father or a mother can take care of a sick child.
Many people also think that this responsibility can be shared by fathers and mothers on
equal basis (Graph 2.6).

22

Graph 2.6
Who should take a sick leave to take care of a child?

40.0
Mother only 45.3

* This could be a father or a 47.4
father regardless of the gender 40.7
Female
This responsibility can be shared 11.1 Male
10.4
by both parents
0.1
*Father only 1.3

0 20 40 60 80 100

Concerning the differences in the answers to this question between women and
men, we should mention a big difference only in the “this could be a father or a mother
regardless of the gender” option — women tend to keep to this opinion more often.

We can draw a general conclusion that despite the fact that stereotypes related to
the paternity/maternity and sick leaves as a specific female responsibility are still very
strong, the society became more tolerant towards other options in 2009. At the same
time, women tend to support the option for a father or a mother to be on a
paternity/maternity or a sick leave more often. We should mention that youth (16-24
years old) and elderly people (from 65 years and above) are more inclined to accept the
aforementioned responsibilities as purely female.

MALE AND FEMALE CAPACITIES IN EDUCATION AND CAREER
The most of the respondents are convinced (61%) that a child’s gender doesn’t play
any big difference in his/her success in education (Graph 3.1). About 16% think that
success of boys and girls depends on the subject. Among those who still define some
differences in academic progress for boys and girls, there are more of those who consider
girls more talented (15%) than boys (6%). There were no related significant differences
in this issue comparing to the data of 2009.

23

Graph 3.1
Who is usually more skilled in education?

The gender doesn’t matter 60.8

It depends on the subject 15.9

Girls 15.4

Boys 5.8

0 20 40 60 80 100

According to the respondents, comparing to the education sphere where the views
on the lack of relations between the gender and skills, the situation with career success is
more determined by gender affinities. Particularly, the opinion on the lack of relations
between the gender and career development was supported by 44% respondents (Graph
3.2). Almost the same number of the respondents (42%) thinks that it’s much easier for a
man to build his career in our career. 8% of the respondents think that career
development is easier for women.

Graph 3.2
Who is easier to build a career in our society – a man or a woman?

Gender doesn’t matter 44.1

Man 41.7

Woman 8.1
0 20 40 60 80 100

The fact that men have more time for work as household responsibilities and care
about children is usually done by women was called as one of the reasons why it’s easier
for them to develop their career (Graph 3.3). At the same time, women were rather often
to keep to this opinion. Regarding the differences between the respondents of both
genders, men are more often inclined to think they have more opportunities for career
development, while women connect their difficulties in career development with
household responsibilities.

24

Graph 3.3
Why a man? / Why a woman?

* Women have less time for career due to their 22.8
household responsibilities 18.0

Society encourages men in their career development 12.7
9.8

* Men have more career skills than women 6.3
11.6
А почему му жчине? Female
Women have fewer opportunities due to their maternity issues
- 20.1 Male
17.5

Society encourages women in their career development 2.2
3.5

Women have more career skills than men 3.3
5.3

0 20 40 60 80 100
А почему женщине ?

We also asked the respondents about their opinion on the verity of some gender
stereotypes in the world of work5. Regarding each of the suggested stereotypes, there
was a statistically significant difference between the answers of men and women. Men
were more often to agree with the stereotypes, in particular.
The most popular gender stereotype regarding women is that a woman cannot be
equally successive in her family and at work — this opinion belongs to 33% men and
23% women (Graph 3.4). About 30% men and 20% women consider a situation when a
woman is more successful than a man not normal. About 20% of men admit their right to
forbid a woman to work and study, while only 11% of women support this idea. The least
popular stereotype is the statement that women make bad managers — this opinion is
relevant for 18% men and 10% women.

5
The shares of allocation are presented only for the phrases reflecting stereotypes. A quiz for the respondents
suggested them to agree with a stereotype or with an opposite statement.

25

Graph 3.4
Why a man? / Why a woman?

* A woman cannot be successive in her 33.3
family and career life 23.5

* This is not normal when a woman
is more successive and earns more 29.3
than a man 19.9
Male
* A man can forbid a woman to work and study 19.6 Female
11.1

* Women make bad managers 17.6
10.2

0 20 40 60 80 100

While comparing the situation with the data of 2009, we may admit some decrease
in popularity of certain stereotypes. As of the moment, much less men consider women
bad managers, in particular6. Moreover, a significantly lesser number of people think that
the situation with a more successive woman is not normal — about a half of the total
number of both men and women were of this opinion in 20097.

DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
Regarding the allocation of family responsibilities, men keep to traditional views,
while women are more inclined to share them between both spouses.
Regarding the fact who should make the most important decisions in a family,
about a half of the respondents thinks that the most important decisions must be made
on the equal basis — this is the opinion for 50% of men and 56% women, while the
difference between men and women is statistically significant. About a third of men think
they should be the ones to make the basic decisions in a family, while only 15% women
were of the same opinion. The number of those who think that gender doesn’t make any
difference in a decision-making process is about 20%.

6
28% men and 16% women were of the same opinion in 2009.
7
52% men and 43% women were of the same opinion in 2009.

26

Graph 4.1
Allocation of family responsibilities

Who should make the basic decisions?
* Man 29.1
14.7

* Woman 1.5
5.2
* This responsibility should be shared by both
50.2
spouses 56.2
Gender doesn’t matter as this could be both a 18.5
a man and a woman 22.8
Male
Who should do the bulk of household responsibilities? Female
* Man 5.5
3.0

* Woman 29.1
21.1
* This responsibility should be shared by both 51.1
spouses 57.6
Gender doesn’t matter as this could be both a 13.5
man and a woman 16.3

0 20 40 60 80 100

Household activities are considered a joint responsibility by a half of the
respondents, while women are more often to support this opinion (58% women vs. 51%
women). Generally, men are more inclined to think that household activities belong to
female responsibilities (29% men vs. 21% women).
It’s worth mentioning the changes that have happened within the public
consciousness since 2009. Regarding the basic decision-making process, the number of
those who think that basic decisions should be made on a joint basis has decreased, while
the number of those who think that this responsibility should be taken by the one who
does it better has increased. Regarding household activities, the number of those who
think that household activities are for women only has decreased and the number of
those who think that these activities should be done on a joint basis has increased.

FAMILY-RELATED GENDER STEREOTYPES
The most popular stereotype in family relations is the opinion that a person cannot
have a full-fledged life without a family. We should mention that there is no statistically

27

significant difference between male and female respondents. At the same time, this
stereotype is equally frequent for both women and men (Graph 4.2).
There is also a relatively popular stereotype that a woman should comply with a
man’s rules — this opinion is relevant for 29% men and 18% women. The stereotypes on
acceptance of physical or sexual violence in a family are rare for the respondents.
Regarding the difference in the views of men and women, the concepts with
statistically significant difference for the respondents are stereotypes related to a man’s
domination over a woman. Particularly, men are more often to think that women are
their subordinates and that a man can use physical force against a woman and make her
take part in a sexual intercourse against her own will.
Graph 4.2
Susceptibility to gender stereotypes in family relations

A man can have no full-fledged life 38.9
without marriage 43.2

A woman can have no full-fledged life 39.6
without marriage 34.9

* A woman should obey a man 28.9
18.1

* A man can use physical force against 5.6
2.8 Male
a woman
Female
A woman may use physical force against 8.7
a man 5.8
A woman may demand a sexual intercourse
9.6
from a man even against his will 7.6

* A man may demand a sexual intercourse 10.5
from a woman even against his will 5.4

0 20 40 60 80 100

Comparing to the results of the survey in 2009, we may admit a statistically
significant decrease in the incidence of gender stereotypes related to the use of force of
one of the partners against another one, as well as the concept that a woman should obey
a man (Graph 4.3).

28

Graph 4.3
DATA COMPARISON OF 2009 AND OF 2011
Tolerance towards domestic violence
(% of all respondents, N 2009 = 1607, N 2011 = 1217)

* A woman should always obey a man 29.5
23.0

* A man has the right to demand a sexual
14.3
intercourse from a woman even against her will
7.7

* A woman has the right to demand a sexual 14.0
intercourse from a man even against his will 2009
8.5
2011

* A man can use physical force against a woman 12.2
4.1

* A woman can use physical force against a man 13.0
7.1

0 20 40 60 80 100

29

INCIDENCE OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION
In order to understand the incidence of the problem of gender discrimination in
Ukrainian society, we asked the respondents about their personal experience in
discrimination before and after they turned 15 years old. We compiled a general list for
men and women with the situations that could happen before 15 years old; regarding the
situations that could happen after 15 years old, they were generally different in the
situations dealing with giving birth to a child.

INCIDENCE OF DISCRIMINATION IN CHILDHOOD
About 50% of the respondents faced gender discrimination and gender inequality
before they turned 15 years old. According to the results of the survey in 2009, the most
popular form of discrimination was a feeling that children of the opposite gender have
more advantages than the others. Men stated that girls had more advantages than boys
and women – vice verse. We should mention that this type of discrimination was equally
common for the respondents in their families and at school. The majority of the
respondents told they hadn’t suffered from a situation like this.

Instilling a setting to obey men for girls was also a rather spread type of
discrimination (Graph 5.1). We should mention that this position was instilled for both
boys and girls with about the same frequency: 12% men and 15% women reported about
that. The respondents of both genders for the most cases told that similar views were
instilled by members of their families; the most of men and women also told they had
never suffered from a situation like this.

Another popular type of discrimination against girls was that they were banned to
play with boyish toys —12% women told about that; an opposite situation (boys
forbidden to play girlish toys) was rather rare — only 5% of the male respondents told
about that. Similar signs of discrimination were rather popular among the respondents in
a family and a bit less frequently – at a kindergarten. According to the respondents of
both genders, they never suffered from situations like these.

30

Graph 5.1
Experience in discrimination before 15 years old
* Adults provided girls with more advantages just because of 17.3
their gender 10.3
* Adults provided boys with more advantages just because of
10.4
- their gender 15.7
Everybody taught us that women should obey men 12.4
15.4

* Everybody taught us that men should obey only men 3.6 Male
0.9
Female
You’ve been told that girls are more skilled than boys 8.7
8.5
You’ve been told that boys are more skilled than girls
8.4
6.0
* You were banned or convinced not to play girlish 4.9
games/toys 1.3

* You were banned or convinced not to play boyish 2.9
games/toys 12.3

You’ve faced sexual harassment committed by adults 0.4
1.5

0 20 40 60 80 100

11% respondents faced violent attitude towards them in their childhood (Graph
5.2). At the same time, we should mention that there was no statistically significant
difference related to experience in violence during their childhood for the respondents of
various age groups. This may prove that regardless of general liberalization of the society
and weakening of gender stereotypes during a long period of time the number of people
facing violent attitude to them in their childhood stays stable. Alongside with that, the
lack of differences in percentage may prove that the concept of “violent attitude” is
interpreted differently by different age groups of the respondents.

31

Graph 5.2
Have you ever faced violent from a member of your family in your childhood?
(% of the age group)
100

80

60

40

20 13.4
8.9 10.6 11.2 11.3

0
under 24 25 - 44 45 - 64 65 and above everybody

Regarding a person who expressed violent attitude towards the respondents, about
a half (55%) of those who faced it told that it was committed by a father or a mother —
38%, by a brother —7% or by a sister – about 4%.
Graph 5.3
Which one of your family members treated you in a violent way?
(% of those who faced violent attitude in their childhood, N = 138)

Father 55.1
Mother 38.4
Brother 7.2
Sister 3.6
Grandmother 2.9
Grandfather 2.9
0 20 40 60 80 100

INCIDENCE OF DISCRIMINATION FOR TEENAGERS ABOVE 15
Victims of gender discrimination at 15 years old and above were 39% of men and
54% of women. As discrimination cases were divided into several types (education,
career and family), we may consider differences between general situations when
women and men become victims of discrimination.

32

Results of the analysis of various types within the general structure prove that men
and women become victims of discrimination in various spheres. Hence, men generally
become victims in the sphere of education (42% of discriminations) and family relations
(39% of discriminations) (Graph 5.4). The sphere of labor includes only 19% of
discriminations related to men. As for women, 43% of discrimination cases against them
belong to the sphere of career and another 9% related to the sphere of giving birth to a
child. The total for those indicators proves that more than a half (52%) of all
discriminating situations related to women cover the sphere of labor relations. The cases
of family discrimination took about 26% of all discriminating situations while education
took 21%.
Graph 5.4
8
Hierarchy of all types of discrimination related to men and women
(% of the total number of discriminating cases against men and women, N men = 250, N
women= 467 )

MEN
education 42.0

family 39.2

career 18.8

WOMEN
career 43.3
career
9.0
(related to a child’s delivery)
family 26.3

education 21.4

0 20 40 60 80 100

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN LABOR RELATIONS
As mentioned above, discrimination in the sphere of labor relations is the basic one
in the hierarchy of discrimination against women, while the same type of discrimination
against men was among the least spread.
There were the following types of discrimination against women spread at the labor
market: men are easier to build their career (as mentioned by 15% women); men are
usually preferred during the process of employment (as mentioned by 13% women);

8
This graph enables to understand the spheres where men and women become victims of gender discrimination.
The incidence level is described below.

33

men earn higher wages than women (as mentioned by 11% women) (Graph 5.5). The
opposite situations happened rather rarely with men.

Graph 5.5
Discrimination experience in the sphere of labor relations

* It was easier for the representatives of the opposite
2.9
gender to build their career
15.0

* The representatives of the opposite gender
were preferred during the process of employment 3.1
13.5

* The representatives of the opposite gender earned
higher wages and had other advantages at 2.4
work 11.2

You were rejected by certain circles you were striving
1.5
to get into just because of your gender
1.8

You faced sexual harassment from your management
0.2 Men
in exchange for some working advantages
1.3

You wanted to return to your previous position after a
Women
maternity/paternity leave and you were rejected by
3.0
the organization you had worked at before

An employer refused to provide you with longer
vacations (for mothers with children under 15 years old) 2.5

The organization you worked at refused to pay
you maternity payments 1.6

0 20 40 60 80 100

Regarding discrimination of women related to delivery of a child and
career/maternity balance, this type of discrimination is not really popular — about 6%
women were victims of similar discrimination in total. Particularly, about 3% women
mentioned they were refused to take their previous working position after a maternity
leave, 2,5% women claimed that their employers refused to provide them with longer
vacations for mothers, 2% told their employers refused to pay them their maternity
payments.

34

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION
Discrimination in the sphere of education plays a more important role in the
hierarchy of discrimination related to men. This deals with the fact that men are more
often impacted by their families while choosing a profession for the future, while trying
to make them keen to a profession, which is considered male. 19% men told their
relatives actually “forced” them to take a “male” profession, in particular (Graph 5.6). The
same pressure in choosing a “female” profession was reported by 14% women.
Graph 5.6
Discriminating experience in the sphere of education
* Family members chose a specialty or a type of education
for you, which is traditionally considered for your gender, 18.9
against your own will 13.8

Men
You faced sexual harassment from your teachers in exchange 0.2 Women
for high marks 1.5

0 20 40 60 80 100

0,2% men and 1,5% women reported they were victims of sexual harassment
committed by their teachers. The difference between these shares is not statistically
significant.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION AT HOME
Despite that family discrimination takes different shares of general values for men
and women, about the same number of both men and women faced it on their own9.
Alongside with that, there is a statistically significant difference between the experiences
in various situations for representatives of opposite genders. Women, in particular, told
that their partners made them do the bulk or the whole of household work, as mentioned
by 10% of female respondents. At the same time, a similar situation was rather rare for
men — 6% of cases. About 7% of female respondents faced physical violence committed
by their husbands or partners and men were victims of physical force in 2% of cases.
Moreover, women were more frequent victims when their partners forbade them to

9
The same number of those who faced domestic discrimination with significant difference in the shares of a specific
type of discrimination in the grand total may be explained by the fact that women are more frequent victims of
discrimination.

35

work or study, which was stated by 4% of women, while the same situation happened
with mere 0,2% of men.

Graph 5.7
Experience in domestic discrimination

* You partner made you do the bulk/the whole
5.6
household work while both of you worked
9.7

* Your partner used physical force against you 1.8
7.2

* Your partner made important decisions regarding
your child without consulting with you 10.7
4.5 Men
Women
0.2
* Your partner forbade you to work/study
3.9

You partner converted the bigger part of your family budget 4.2
3.7

0 20 40 60 80 100

There is a general opinion in our society that women are the most common victims
of domestic discrimination or violence. At the same time, we defined a situation within
the frames of this survey when men suffer from this type of discrimination more often —
about 11% of them told that their wives/partners made important decisions regarding
their children without consulting with them. 4% women faced the same situation on
behalf of their partners.

WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
We asked the respondents about whom they should apply to in case of a family
problem. The respondents were most often to apply to the Police (41%),
friends/relatives (31%) and state social services (25%). We should also mention that
about a quarter of the respondents (26%) think that the problem of domestic violence
should be solved within a family.
Graph 5.7
In your opinion, whom should a victim apply to solve the problem of domestic violence?

36

There are much more countryside residents among those who think that we should
not apply to anybody in case of domestic violence (31% of village residents vs. 24% of
city residents), as well as among the respondents above 25 years old, which may prove
the fact that youth is more intolerant towards violence.

About 10% of the respondents think they should apply to an NGO in case of
domestic violence and about 4,5% think they should go to mass media or religious
organizations.

37

SATISFACTION WITH LIFE
According to our survey, the status of men and women within a society is different
by not only the concepts of their social roles and responsibilities but also by the level of
satisfaction with specific aspects of their life for men and women. This section covers the
level of satisfaction with life for men and women, as well as specific differences between
the genders.

The level of satisfaction with financial wealth is rather low for both men and women
— about 25% of men and 22% of women are more or less satisfied with this aspect of
their life (Graph 6.1). There is no statistically significant difference between these
indicators.
Graph 6.1
How much are you satisfied with the level of your financial wealth?

Completely satisfied
Male 7.7 17.2 38.2 20.5 16.5
Rather satisfied
Partly satisfied
Female 6.3 15.6 37.5 21.3 19.3
Rather NOT satisfied

0 20 40 60 80 100 Not satisfied at all

Regarding their satisfaction with relations with their children, there was no
statistically significant difference between women and men — about 80% of both
genders were completely or partly satisfied with relations with their children (Graph
6.2).

Graph 6.2
How much are you satisfied with relations with your children?

Male 42.2 39.4 15.1
Rather satisfied
Partly satisfied
Female 41.2 40.3 14.7


There is a statistically significant difference in satisfaction with their relations with
spouses/partners. Men were more often to tell they were completely satisfied with the
aforementioned relations, in particular (49% men vs. 33% women) (Graph 6.3). There

38

were more women among those who were rather satisfied with their relations (43%
women vs. 34% men). In general, there were much more men among those who were
satisfied with these relations and there were much more women among those who were
rather not satisfied with them.
Graph 6.3
How much are you satisfied with relations with your wife/husband/partner?

Male 49.0 34.0 12.8
Rather satisfied
Partly satisfied
Female 32.6 42.9 15.4


The emotional atmosphere at the place where a respondent resides was evaluated
differently by representatives of opposite genders. Men were completely satisfied with
this aspect of their life much more often, in particular (38% men vs. 32% women) (Graph
6.5). There were much more women who were not satisfied with the emotional
atmosphere at home (7% women vs. 4% men).

Graph 6.5
How much are you satisfied with the general emotional atmosphere at home?

Male 38.4 41.2 16.8
Rather satisfied
Partly satisfied
Female 31.7 42.4 18.7


There are much more men among those who are satisfied with their leisure (57%
men vs. 50% women), while women are more often not satisfied with their leisure (22%
women vs. 16% men) (Graph 6.6).

39

Graph 6.6
How much are you satisfied with your leisure?
Male 22.7 34.6 28.1 10.8 3.9
Rather satisfied
Partly satisfied
Female 18.8 30.9 28.3 15.6 6.3

The total number of those who are satisfied with their relations with the others is
equal for both men and women. At the same time, men are more often completely
satisfied with this sphere of relations, while women chose the “rather satisfied” option
(Graph 6.7).
Graph 6.7
How much are you satisfied with your relations with the others (friends, acquaintances,
colleagues, neighbors, etc.)?

Male 36.6 41.7 19.4
Rather satisfied
Partly satisfied
Female 31.1 46.8 18.2


There is a statistically significant difference between the general satisfaction for
men and women. Similarly to the previous cases, men were more often to tell about their
satisfaction with life (both partial and complete) — this was stated by 63% men and 55%
women (Graph 6.8).
Graph 6.8
How much are you satisfied with your life, in general?

40

Male 22.2 40.5 29.9 5.1
Rather satisfied
Partly satisfied
Female 18.7 36.3 34.2 7.5


We can make a general conclusion that the general satisfaction with life and its
specific aspects is higher for men. About the same number of satisfaction for both men
and women can be observed regarding the relations with their children and the level of
financial wealth.

41

AWARENESS ON ACTIVITIES OF THE EU PROJECT “WOMEN AND
CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN UKRAINE – COMMUNICATION COMPONENT”
According to a half of the respondents, the frequency of social discussions (media
and information campaigns) related to women’s and children’s rights, as well as
domestic violence has increased for the last 2 years. This opinion is shared by 54% of the
respondents (Graph 7.1). 21% of the respondents stated that the level of discussions was
left the same and 4% mentioned some decrease in the frequency of related discussions.
This question was difficult to answer for rather many respondents (about 20%). We
should mention that there were no significant differences between the respondents from
rural and city regions while discussing these issues. There was a defined statistically
significant difference between various age groups though. Hence, the representatives of
the middle age group (25-44 years old) are much more often to tell that the level of
related discussions has increased.
Graph 7.1
In your opinion, what happened to the frequency of social discussions (media and social
campaigns) related to women’s and children’s rights, as well as domestic violence for the
last 2 years?

Increase 54.1

On the same level 21.2

Decrease 4.4

It’s difficult to answer 20.0

0 20 40 60 80 100

About a third of the population is aware of the slogans of the Bracelet campaigns in
2010 and in 2011. Alongside with that, the “I am against violence” slogan was more
recognizable than the “Stay Human” slogan. 37% respondents were aware of the first
slogan and 30% of them were aware of the second one (Graph 7.2).

42

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