3. تاریخچه:
در گروو رابرت ویلیام توسط بار اولین1852
آن از پس و شد مشاهده الکتریکی تخلیه خال تیوب یک در
است یافته ادامه امروز تا آن روی بر تحقیقات
William Robert Grove
1896-1811
• First observations: W.R. Grove 1853, J.P. Gassiot and M. Faraday 1854, 1858. J.
Plücker 1858. Useful for thin film coating?
• First systematic studies: W. Crookes 1891, G. Granquist 1897. Independent of target
temperature.
• J. Stark 1908, 1909. Hot spots? Binary elastic collisions?
• Cosine emission distribution R. Seeliger 1935. Rules out the collision theory?
• Crystal structure effects, G.K. Wehner 1956. Collisions back in. Sputtering yields
always decrease at high energy : 1/E.
• Linear collision cascades, relation to nuclear stopping power, J. Lindhard et al. 1963,
J. Davies et al. 1960-64. P. Sigmund 1967-69.
• BCA Monte Carlo, MARLOWE, TRIM. M.T. Robinson 1974, J. Biersack and J.F. Ziegler
1974
• Applications in semiconductor industry, coating industry, surface analysis, fusion
plasma physics and and space physics
16. Sputter yields of silicon as a function of ion energy for
noble gas ions at normal incidence.
17. The variation of the sputter yield
with angle for the three metals.
Below approximately 60 degrees
, the sputter rate increases with angle
before passing through a maximum.