1. PBL Assignment Presentation: Parents-Teachers-Peers-Jeremy Effects on Learning Behaviours Presented by: Farhati, Shariza, Shirlyn Tay, Valerie Wong, Simon Sng 1

2. Problem Statement: As a teacher, it is important for Ms Low to understand the factors that can affect Jeremy's learning in the classroom; and the strategies she can adopt to help him learn better. 2

3. Today’s Checklist Theories identified to explain problems and to generate Solutions Identified Problems # Parents # Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model Ms. Low’s perception on the parents’ nonchalance Braumrind’s Parenting Style Theory Misalignment of expectations, goals and rewards Parenting style Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory Peers Jeremy’s lack of security and sense of belonging Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Negative and abusive remarks towards Jeremy aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Ostracization towards Jeremy Teachers Parenting style vs. Teaching Style Failure to establish a safe and supportive environment Inherent heuristic biases subjected to colleague’s influence 3

6. Teachers vs. Peers = Mesosystem

8. Peers vs. Teachers = Mesosystem4

9. Role Play Time 5

10. Problems & Solutions 6

11. Parents’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Authoritarian Parenting Style; High Expectations & Unresponsive Parents Ms. Low’s/Other teachers’ perception on his parent’s nonchalance Misalignment of expectations/ goals/rewards on Jeremy (Parents vs. Teachers) 7 Mesosystem Parents Teacher Microsystem Microsystem Jeremy

12. Parents’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Examples in the Scenario Jeremy’s life is ruled by a timetable.He has to complete tasks by his parents and only gets to take a ‘break’ as he only has to attend enrichment classes like swimming and taekwondo. Even his holidays are packed. (Pg. 14) His parents spent huge monthly amounts on tuition and enrichment activities for Jeremy. (pg 14) Jeremy gets to see his maid more often than his parents and he has only one friend, a toy dinosaur named Dino. (pg 14) Jeremy’s parents blamed each other for Jeremy’s poor results and blamed the school teachers for contributing to the poor results (pg 16) Jeremy feared and dreaded the thought of his mum giving him more tuition and cancelling his swimming classes due to his poor results. Jeremy placed priority on home tasks and did well in them as compared to school tasks. 8

13. Parents’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Problem: Parenting Style Theory Authoritarian Parenting Style; High Expectations & Unresponsive Stress conformity to high expectations Detached and unresponsive Grades, motivation and relationships with teachers are affected negatively Rejecting and negative Non compromising Worry more about pleasing parents than solving problems Non encouraging Withdrawn and defiant Do not explain rules 9

14. Parents’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Solution: Parenting Style Theory (What?) Ms. Low could advise the parents to switch to Authoritative Style instead of their current Authoritarian Style Parents’ Behaviours Firm but caring. Explain reasons for rules, and are consistent. Have high expectations , give encouragement, recognition and praises. Impact on Jeremy’ s Learning Behaviours High Self-Esteem, Confident and Secure. Willing to take risks and are successful in school. Motivated in learning in school. 10

15. Parents’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Solution:Parenting Style (How?) Self-determination theory  To raise motivation in learning Promote autonomy by allowing Jeremy more freedom in planning his own activities Promote relatedness by allowing Jeremy to participate in class bonding activities and CCA Promote competenceby providing Jeremy opportunities to exercise his capacity to reason and to judge instead of using a “do as I say” approach 11

17. Give more love, affection and concern to JeremyLow self-esteem and low self-efficacy Missing sense of belonging and love. Fulfilled due to wealthy family background and relatively stable living environment 12

19. Help them to be aware of their own parenting styles

20. Help them to be aware of the steps they can undertake to become authoritative parents 13

21. Parents Parents’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Teachers Solution:Parenting Style (Why?) Meso & microsystem will impact Jeremy’s learning Ms Low and/or Jeremy’s parents adopt an authoritative style to complement each other (Teacher’s interactive style equally effective as to those of parents.) Jeremy 14

23. Ms. Low’s/Teachers’ Perception on his parent’s nonchalance Solution: Ms. Low’s/Teachers’ perception on his parent’s nonchalance To improve communication/interaction with the parents to find out more on their difficulties so that Ms Low could understand and relate to the parents To remain objective and not to transfer her displeasure or bias towards the parents to Jeremy (Advises her colleagues who are teaching Jeremy to do the same) 16

25. Rewards from Parents: Swimming, Taekwondo 17

27. Extrinsic motivation in Jeremy  intrinsic motivation

28. Priority of Home Tasks over School  Equal Priorities18

30. Increasing swimming and taekwondo sessions if Jeremy performs well in school

31. Allowing Jeremy to participate more frequently in class gatherings and outings if he performs well in school19

32. Today’s Checklist Theories identified to explain problems and to generate Solutions Identified Problems # Parents # Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model Ms. Low’s perception on the parents’ nonchalance Parenting Style Theory Misalignment of expectations, goals and rewards Parenting style Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory Peers Jeremy’s lack of security and sense of belonging Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Negative and abusive remarks towards Jeremy aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Ostracization towards Jeremy Teachers Parenting style vs. Teaching Style Failure to establish a safe and supportive environment Inherent heuristic biases subjected to colleague’s influence 20

33. Role Play Time 21

34. Problems & Solutions 22

35. Peers’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning PowerPoint has new layouts that give you more ways to present your words, images and media. Peers 23

36. Peers’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Examples in the Scenario Jeremy wished he could leave the class immediately. He never felt belonged here and sat alone during recess. Alan: “Don’t bother asking our busy classmates lar. He has something on everyday!” (pg13) When Jeremy did not contribute to group work & gave the wrong answer ‘Nitrogen’ – Caleb says “You dumb or what?” & “ You stupid or what?” (pg13) Caleb: “Aiya! People’s family rich what! You jealous is it? You think everybody like us meh, have to work on weekends for our own pocket money?” (pg 14) Teacher did not prohibit the use of abusive language - “Stupid you” or “fat” (pg 13) Teacher threatened to decide the groupings for Jeremy, instead of helping him to integrate into the class (pg14) 24

37. Peers’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Problem : Lack of security & sense of belonging in the class environment Struggles to fulfill his deficiency needs Unable to reach for his growth needs (Academia) Low self-esteem and low self-efficacy Negative, abusive remarks and Ostracization towards Jeremy without the intervention of teachers Fulfilled due to wealthy family background and relatively stable living environment 25

38. Peers’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Solution: To create a supportive learning environment to increase Jeremy’s self-efficacy & to fulfill his social & self-esteem needs (Watson & Ecken, 2003) 26

39. Peers’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Solution: Social Cognitive Theory (Albert Bandura) - Learnt observations 27 Positive Role Modelling Social Persuasion Positive comments -> positive expectations -> high self-efficacy How? Deter teachers & classmates from casting negative remarks Encourage positive comments to be directed to Jeremy Ms Low to display positive attitude towards Jeremy How? Avoid negative comments, in front of his classmates Take initiative to communicate with Jeremy

40. Peers’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Solution: Behaviorist Learning Theory (Skinner) -To foster a supportive learning environment Presentation Punishment: Students who say negative remarks will be warned and sent to the discipline master. Removal Punishment: Students who refuse to co-operate as a group positively will get their recess cut. Positive Reinforcement: Encouraging, praising and acknowledging Jeremy and the peers’ attempt in engaging / helping each other. 28

41. Peers’ Attitude affects Jeremy’s Learning Solution: 29 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs -To promote sense of belonging and self esteem Sense of belonging: Teachers should assign groupings to ensure that Jeremy will be in a supportive group Implementing buddy systems; pairing Jeremy up with classmates such as Misha who are more accepting Self-Esteem & Self Efficacy Encourage Jeremy by helping him to set specific, challenging while realistic goals Design tasks based on Jeremy’s ability level to provide him chances to succeed Provide extra guidance and scaffolding to help Jeremy succeed in tasks

42. Today’s Checklist Theories identified to explain problems and to generate Solutions Identified Problems # Parents # Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model Ms. Low’s perception on the parents’ nonchalance Parenting Style Theory Misalignment of expectations, goals and rewards Parenting style Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory Peers Jeremy’s lack of security and sense of belonging Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Negative and abusive remarks towards Jeremy aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Ostracization towards Jeremy Teachers Parenting style vs. Teaching Style Overlapped with Parents’ and Peers’ Sections due to the close interaction between the three parties. Failure to establish a safe and supportive environment Inherent heuristic biases subjected to colleague’s influence 30

43. Desired Outcome: With the cooperation of parents, teachers and peers in creating a supportive learning environment, MsLow aims to increase Jeremy’s self-efficacy in order to improve his learning and positively shape his learning behaviours. 31

44. Summary Thank You Solutions are not mutually exclusive Generating Solutions Identifying Problems Quadripartite Relationship 32

46. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

47. Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive Theory. In Annual Review of Psychology. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Review.

48. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95.

49. Brantley, D.C., & Webster, R.E. (1993). Use of an independent group contingency management system in a regular classroom setting. Psychology in the Schools, 30(1), 60-66.

50. Bronfenbrenner. U. (1989). Ecological Systems Theory. In R. Vasta (ed.), Annals of child development, vol.6.

51. Collins, W.A., Maccoby, E.E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E.M. & Bornstein, M.H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55, 218-232 .33

53. Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2011, September). Social Development Theory (Vygotsky) at Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved September 19th, 2011 from http://www.learning-theories.com/vygotskys-social-learning-theory.htm

54. Maccoby, E.E, & Martin, J.A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family. Parent-child interation. In P.H. Mussen & E.M. Hetherington, Handbook of child psychology: Vol.4. Socialization, personality and social development (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.

55. Maccoby, E.E (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017..

56. Maslow, A. (1968). Toward a psychological of being (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand.

57. Maslow, A. (1987). Motivation and personality (3rd ed.) New York: Harper & Row.34

59. Piaget, J. (1968). Six psychological studies. New York: Vintage.

60. Piaget, J. (1964). Development and learning. In R. Ripple and V.Rockcastle (Eds), Piaget rediscovered (p. 78-119). Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Education, National Science Foundation.

61. Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and Human Behaviour. New York: The Free Press.

62. Skinner, B.F. (1968). The Technology of Teaching. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

63. Skinner, B.F. (1974). About behaviourism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

64. Watson, Merilyn & Ecken, Laura (2003) Learning to Trust: Transforming Difficult Elementary Classrooms Through Developmental Discipline. San Francisco, CA: Joey-Bass.

65. What Is Sociocultural Theory? By Kendra Cherry, About.com Guide35