A Lecture On Waste Handling And Collection

A LECTURE SERIES ON
WASTE HANDLING AND COLLECTION
BY
FELICIA CHINWE MOGO PhD
CONTACT ME: felichimogo@yahoo.com
FIND ME ON LINKEDIN: FELICIA CHINWE
MOGO

· Waste Handling Documentation
1. Reasons for documentation
2. Types of documents and their uses
3. Waste labelling (including colour codes)

WHAT IS WASTE HANDLING
It refers to all activities associated with managing
solid waste until they are placed in the containers
used for their storage before collection or return
to drop-off and recycling etc.
Depending on the type of collection service,
handling may also be required to move the
loaded containers to the collection point and to
return the empty containers to the point where
they are stored between collections.

WHAT IS WASTE HANDLING con’d
• The handling and separation, storage, and
processing of solid wastes at the source before
they are collected is major elements of solid
waste management system. This element can
have a significant effect on the characteristics
of the waste, on subsequent functional
elements, on public health, and on public
attitudes concerning the operation of the
waste management system.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IF NOT BEST PARACTICE IN
HANDLING
• The handling of activities which provide for
the collection, separation, storage, transport,
transfer, processing, recycling, incineration,
treatment and disposal of solid waste OR
Supervised handling of waste materials from
their source through recovery processes to
disposal.

SOME WASTE HANDLING AND COLLECTION METHODS.
• Waste handling and separation methods used
at residential and commercial sources

ON-SITE HANDLING:
- Activities associated with the handling of SW
until they are placed in the containers used
for storage before collection
ON-SITE STORAGE:
Factors considered:
1. Types of containers used
2. Container Locations
3. Public health
4. Aesthetics
5. Methods of Collection

i) Types of Containers:
- Depend on:
- characteristics of SW collected
– E.g. Large storage containers (Domestic SW:
flats/apartment)
– Containers at curbs
– Large containers on a roller (Commercial/Industrial)
• Collection frequency
• Space available for the placement of containers( Refer to Table
11-4)
- Residential; refuse bags (7 -10 litres)
- Rubbish bins - 20 -30 litres
- Large mechanical containers - more commonly used to cut costs
(reduce labor, time , & collection costs)
- must be standardized to suit collection equipment.
Factors considered:

ii) Container Locations:
- side/rear of house
- alleys
- special enclosures (apartment/condos)
- Basement (apts. in foreign countries)/ newer
complexes
iii) Public Health:
- relates to on-time collection to avoid the spread of
diseases by vectors, etc.
iv) Aesthetics:
- must be pleasing to the eye (containers must be
clean, shielded from public’s view).

v)Collection of SW
- 60-80 percent of total SWM costs.
- Malaysia (other developing nations) - labor and capital
intensive.
- Major problems:
– Poor building layouts - e.g. squatters
– Road congestion - time cost, leachate, transport
costs.
– Physical infrastructure
– Old containers used (leaky/ damaged)
– Absence of systematic methods (especially at
apartments, markets with large wst. volume).

Collection of SW(cont.)
• Collections were made by:
1. Municipal/ District Council
2. Private firm under contract to municipal
3. Private firm contract with private residents
• After Privatization (1998) - A Consortium of mngt.
companies were given the responsibility.
– (e.g. SWM (The Southern Waste Management -
handles southern region) took over the mngt. from
MBJB/MPJBT; Alam Flora (Central Region).

TYPES OF COLLECTION (Cont.)
ii. Set-out, set back:
- Collectors have to enter property
- Set out crew carries full containers from resident
storage location to curb/ alley before collection
vehicle arrives.
- Collection crew load their refuse into vehicle
- Set-back crew return the container to storage area.
iii. House-to-house collection where refuse bags used in
20-30 liter bins.

iii. High-rise apartment or flats, specially designed
chutes or a communal storage or roll-on-roll-offs
(RORO’s).
iv. Future trend: mechanically-equipped trucks.
b) Commercial-Industrial Collection Services
( > 12 m3 )
i. Large movable and stationary containers
ii. Large stationary compactors (to form bales)

Collection Frequency:
- residential areas : everyday/ once in 2 days
- communal/ commercial : daily
- food waste - max. period should not exceed :
• the normal time for the accumulation of waste to
fill a container
• the time for fresh garbage to putrefy and emit
fouls odor
• the length of fly-breeding cycle ( < 7 days).

TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS:
1. HCS:
- Container is hauled to disposal sites, emptied, and
returned to original location or some other location
- Suitable for areas w/ higher wst. generation
- Types:
» Hoist truck : 2 - 10 m3
» Tilt frame container: 10 - 40 m3 -
» Trash trailer - for heavy, bulky rubbish
(construction, commercial, usually open top
container);
» 2 crew per vehicle.
1. Hauled Container System (HCS)
2. Stationary Container System (SCS)

TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS (Cont.)
2. SCS:
- the container used to store waste remain at the point of
generation; except when moved to curb or other
location to be emptied.
- Types include:
- Mechanically-loaded system
- Manually-loaded collection vehicle(more common).
- Used for residential/commercial sites.
- Vehicle w/ internal compaction mechanism or un-
compacted (open top lorry - side loaded.
- Refer to Figure: 11-10 (handout).

OWNERS OF HANDLING
• The residents or tenants of low-rise detached
dwellings are responsible for placing the solid
wastes and recyclable materials that are
generated and accumulated in and around their
dwellings in storage containers .The types of
storage containers used depend on whether
waste separation is mandated. In many
communities, the decision has been made not to
require the residents to separate their wastes,
but rather to reach the mandated separation
goals using materials recovery facilities (MRFs

OWNERS OF HANDLING
• In some collection systems, mixed wastes are
placed in a variety of storage containers with
little or no standardization .In other systems,
mixed waste are in large 90-gal containers
equipped with wheels .In both of these
systems, the homeowner or tenants with
wheels.

owners of waste handling
•
• The separation of solid waste components including wastepaper,
cardboard, aluminium cans, glass, and plastic containers at the
source of generation is one of the most positive and effective way
to achieve the recover and reuse of materials. Once the waste
component is separated, the question facing the homeowner is
what to do with the wastes until they are collected or taken to a
local buy-back or recycling center. Some homeowners store the
separated components within the home, periodically transferring
the accumulated wasters to larger containers used for the storage
of these materials between collections. Other homeowners prefer
to take separated waste components and place them directly in the
containers used for the storage of these materials.

Owners of waste handling
• In system in which the waste components are separated,
the solid wastes remaining after the recyclable materials
have been separated are placed in one or more large
containers. The separated wastes are placed in special
containers or bags. In some residences, waste compactors
are being used to reduce the volume of wastes to be
collected. Compacted wastes are usually placed in waste
containers or in sealed plastic bags. The homeowner or
tenants are responsible for transporting the containers
used for the storage of the solid wastes remaining after the
recyclable materials have been separated, along with the
containers used for the recyclable materials, to the street
curb for collection.

COMPARISON OF RESIDENTIAL WASTE
SEPARATION PROGRAMS
• . The effectiveness of residential waste separation programs depends on the type of systems
used for the collection of separated wastes. A number of communities use a collection
system in which three containers are used for recycled materials in addition to one or more
containers for non-recyclable materials. In the three-container system (system 1), newspaper
is placed in one container. Aluminium cans, glass, and plastics are placed in the second
container. The remaining wastes are placed in the third container. The separated materials,
placed in special containers, are collected at the curb. In another system, (system 2), four
container, are used. All paper and cardboard materials are placed in a second container.
Garden wastes are placed in the third container, and all remaining waste materials are placed
in the fourth container. Compare these two systems. Assume newspaper represents 25
percent of the total amount of paper.
•
• SOLUTION: Determine realistically how much of the waste stream can be separated for
recycling using the two systems described above. Assume 80 percent of the available
material is separated and the participation rate is 100 percent. An estimate of the amount of
solid waste that can be separated using the above systems is presented in the following table.

Waste handling at commercial facilities
• Industrial Facilities
• The handling and separation of non-industrial
solid wastes at industrial facilities is essentially
the same as for commercial facilities. Because
the handling of industrial wastes is industry-
and site- specific, few generalizations are
possible.

Factors that must be considered in the
onsite storage of solid wastes include
• (1) the effects of storage on the waste components (2) the type of
container to be used, (3) the container location, and (4) public health and
aesthetics.
• Effects of Storage on Waste Components
• An important consideration in the onsite storage of wastes are the effects
of storage itself on the characteristics of the wastes being stored. These
effects of storing wastes include (1) biological decomposition, (2) the
absorption of fluids and (3) the contamination of waste components.
• Microbiological Decomposition. Food and other wastes placed in onsite
storage containers will almost immediately start to undergo
microbiological decomposition (often called putrefaction) as a result of
the growth of bacteria and fungi. As discussed in Chapter 3, if wastes are
allowed to remain in storage containers for extended periods of time, flies
can start to breed and odorous compounds can develop.

• Absorption of Fluids. Because the components that comprise solid wastes
have differing initial moisture contents (see Table 3-7), re-equilibration
takes place as wastes are stored onsite in containers. Where mixed wastes
are stored together, paper will absorb moisture from food wastes and
fresh garden trimmings. The degree of absorption that takes place
depends on the length of time the wastes are stored until collection. If
wastes are allowed to sit for more that a week in enclosed containers, the
moisture will become distributed throughout the wastes. If wastertight
container lids are not used, wastes can also absorb water from rainfall that
enters partially covered containers. Saturation of wastes of their field
capacity is a common occurrence in tropical regions where it rains on most
days.

• Contamination of Waste Components. Perhaps the most serious
effect of onsite storage of wastes is the contamination that occurs.
The major waste components may be contaminated by small
amounts of wastes such as motor oils, household cleaners, and
paints. The effect of this contamination is to reduce the value of the
individual components for recycling. While the contamination that
occurs during onsite storage decreases the value of the individual
waste components, one can also argue that this contamination is
beneficial with respect to the disposal of these wastes in a landfill.
That is, the concentrations of the individual contaminants are
reduced considerably when the contaminated waste components
are spread out and compacted for landfilling.
•

TYPES OF CONTAINERS
• To a large extent, the types and capacities of the
containers used depend on the characteristics and
types of solid wastes to be collected, the type of
collection system in use, the collection frequency, and
the space available for the placement of containers.
The types and capacities of containers now commonly
used for onsite storage of commingled MSW and
separated waste components are summarised in Table
7-4. Typical container applications and limitations are
presented in Table 7-5. Some of the more common
types of containers are shown in Fig. 7-1 and 7-2.

Equipment that might be necessary:
• Stationary compactor for leftover waste.
• Combined compactor for paper and cardboard.
• Racks for plastic bags in which you dispose of plastic drinking
vessels.
• Container solely for plastic drinking vessels (must close).
• Racks for plastic bags in which you dispose of plastic wrapping.
• Plastic bags (preferably transparent).
• Plastic containers with wheels for left-over waste and food waste.
• Cardboard boxes for the collection of office paper waste.
• Refrigerated container for food waste.
• Containers for other types of waste, e.g. wood, iron and furniture
• For safety reasons, all mechanical equipment must be lockable

Equipment that might be necessary:
• The 30-gal galvanized metal or plastic container has
proved to be the least expensive means of storage for
low-rise dwellings. The choice of containers materials
depends on the preferences of the homeowner.
Galvanized metal containers tend to be noisy when
emptied and, in time, can be damaged so that a proper
lid seal cannot be achieved. Although less noisy in
handling, some containers constructed of plastic
materials tend to crack under exposure to the
ultraviolet rays of the sun and to freezing temperature,
but the more expensive plastic containers apparently
do not present these problems

EFFECTS OF IMPROPER HANDLING OF
WASTE
• Public health contents are related primarily to the infestation of areas used for the
storage of solid wastes with vermin insects that often serve as potential disease
vectors. By far the most effective control measure for both rats and flies is proper
sanitation. Typically, proper sanitation involves the use of containers with tight lids,
the periodic washing of the containers as well as of the storage areas, and the
periodic removal of biodegradable materials (usually within less than 8 days),
which is especially important in areas with warm climates. An excellent description
of solid waste-disease relationships may be found in Ref. 2.
•
• Aesthetic considerations are related to the production of odours and the unsightly
conditions that can develop when adequate attention is not given to the
maintenance of sanitary conditions. Most odours can be controlled through the
use of containers with tight lids and with the maintenance of a reasonable
collection frequency. If odours persist, the contents of the container can be
sprayed with a masking deodorant as a temporary expedient. To maintain
aesthetic conditions, the container should be scrubbed and washed periodically.

EFFECTS OF IMPROPER HANDLING OF
WASTE
• Temporary and disposable containers such as paper bags,
cardboard boxes, plastic containers and bags, and wooden boxes
are routinely used as temporary and disposable containers of
accumulated wastes . Under normal circumstances, temporary
containers are removed along with the wastes. The principal
problem in the use of temporary containers is the difficulty
involved in loading them. Paper and cardboard containers tend to
disintegrate because of the leakage of liquids. Where disposable
plastic bags are used for lawn trimmings, plastic containers
frequently stretch or break at the seams when the collector lifts the
loaded bag. Such breakage is potentially hazardous and may lead to
injuries to the collector because of the presence of broken glass or
other dangerous items in the wastes

BEST PRACTICES IN HANDLING AND
COLLECTION OF WASTE
• Low- Rise Dwellings With Manual Curbside
waste Collection Service
• Because solid wastes are collected manually at
curbside for most low-rise detached residential
dwellings, the containers should be light enough
to be handled easily by one collector when they
are full. Injuries to collectors have resulted from
handling containers that were loaded too heavily.
In general, the upper weight limit should be

WASTE HANDLING AND
DOCUMENTATION
• Reasons for waste handling
• Types of documents and their uses
• Waste labeling

DOCUMENTATION
• To make & maintain documents about work
undertaken is documentation. To keep record
of the work done is documentation.
Documents are proof of the work done.
• Therefore documentation of any type of work
is important.

WA STE HANDLING AND
DOCUMENTATION
• What should be documented:
• What types of waste are produced?
• How is the waste produced – where and by whom?
• How is the waste handled presently, what are the routines?
• What quantities do the different waste types represent
separately?
• What are the disposal costs for the different waste types?
• Who is in charge of the emptying and handling of the waste

Why document
• It keeps the group/waste on track. strategy and
principles are laid down
Enables the operators be conversant with procedures
It is for those workplace tasks performed over and
over again/ every single recurring process.
Perfect way to handle SHE issues/questions/confusions

Why document
• Encourages sound practise and best practices can be
sustained. procedural errors that can effect effectiveness is
eliminated.
Training time is reduced: new employee can easily learning the
job through documented training procedure. .
• workweek will be shortened. Documentation will guide
other people in performing the routine chores with easy.
income will rise dramatically. Why? Because your documented
procedures will make your organization dramatically more
efficient. No longer will there be endless fire-killing because
you will have documented all of your processes and, in doing
that, described in detail how they should be done: efficiently,
quickly and cost-effectively. With every system functioning
super-efficiently, your overall business will be efficient and
profitable. The end-result will be great bottom-line profits.

Why document
• 9) Documentation signals that you are a professional and someone
who cares enough about what they do to write it down and analyze
it.
• 10) You will have created an entity that will be easier to sell. Since
everything is documented, the new owner can take over the
business without having to go through the learning-by-osmosis
process.
• Yes, boring but true: Documentation takes some initial hard work,
but in the long-term, the investment pays off a thousand times
over.
• Reference:Sam Carpenter, ifounder and CEO of Centratel, a
specialized telephone answering service based in Bend, Oregon.
•

COLOUR CODES
• Color coding means to combine different waste groups with
“similar” hazards in one main group and to identify this
main group .The different waste groups have different
colours for the containers and bags for identification
according to the hazards and applied throughout the
complete disposal chain (segregation, collection, storage,
transport, disposal):
• Warning colors for hazardous waste (Red, yellow, orange)
. Positive colors for recycling (Blue, green, etc.)
• Neutral colors for normal waste (Black, etc.)
• The colour coding makes the process understandable even
for low-skilled workers with language and reading problems
an easy way by a fixed color.

WASTE LABELING INCLUDING COLOUR
CODE
• The labelling of the segregated waste
• The labelling of the waste is absolutely
necessary, for the identifying, monitoring,
• controlling and record keeping of the different
waste groups along the entire waste
• stream.
• At least all yellow and red waste bags or
containers should be labelled with the basic

WASTE LABELING INCLUDING COLOUR
CODE
• information on their content and on the waste
producer. The labels should be clearly,
• legibly and durably marked with the following
information:
• Name of the Producer, if applicable department
• Waste classification, date of production
• Special remarks
• Waste volume-waste destination

WASTE HANDLING TECHNOLOGY
• NEED FOR WASTE HANDLING:

INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITIES THAT
BEST PRACTICES INVITE
• The best way to approach the problem of waste handling is to try to
generate as little waste as possible. You can do this by keeping a check on
what commodities the event purchases. Good purchasing routines,
treated separately in section 2.3., will safeguard against unnecessary
purchases that may create a lot of left-over waste.
• The goal is to:
• generate as little waste as possible
• avoid purchasing commodities that will result in a lot of left-over waste
• recycle as much as possible
• give away things others may need
• Waste can be divided into the two following categories: household waste
and enterprise waste. Household waste comes from private households
and is the municipality’s responsibility and “property”. Enterprise waste is
produced in a business or enterprise, and it is up to the enterprise to
decide whether it should be separated and delivered to a waste
processing company.

Training of waste-gathering personnel and
volunteers
• Logistics in this area is very important.
Everyone involved in waste handling, whether
concerned with gathering or separation, must
receive thorough training in waste separation
and how to handle the equipment.

CHECK LIST OF WASTE HANDLING
PLAN
• Work out a waste handling plan which specifies what categories the waste
is to be sorted into.
• Set concrete goals (e.g. percentage share of left-over waste and
percentage share of decrease in costs).
• Draw up written waste handling routines which describe solutions in
regards to equipment and logistics.
• Make a plan for training the personnel which will be handling the waste.
Make time for at least one day of training. It is extremely important that
the heads of the different areas or sections of the event participate in this
training!
• Provide sufficient information OPERATIONS AND waste sorting.
• Remember to mark all equipment well.
• Collection/handling of waste during the event.
• Documentation of quantities and costs (including presentation).

Efficient routing and appropriate
technology
• Follow-up of waste handling routines
• There must be proper supervision of
routines.
• Are the waste bins being emptied often
enough?
• Is the waste separation system working?

Waste handling technology
• Need for waste handling
Some technologies:
Civic amenity centers where public can deposit
waste also containing recycling sites
Waste transfer stations
Waste exchange points
And other sound waste maanagement options

Handling operations
• Containerization,
• sorting,
• Shredding
• ,storage,
• raoing,
• baling,
• pulverization

WASTE BALING
• Large bundle of usually rectangular of
compressed recycleable materials as plastics
bottles.The equipment that compacts
recycleable materials to reduce volume and
transportation cost is called baler

WASTE PULVERIZATION
• Crushing of post comsumer products for
production of raw materials eg large quantity
of used American tread rubber has been
pulverised by Bershoff with a commercial ZE -
90 co-rotating twin screw extender.The result
is a powder that has a morphology for further
use as tire powder in a varity of rubber
products.

WASTE STORAGE
• Any container used to store hazardous waste
must be labeled with the words "hazardous
waste" (regardless of its location) as soon as
accumulation begins.
• Be sure that the container is compatible with the
chemical waste.
Use containers that are made of or lined with
materials which will not react with, and are
otherwise compatible with, the hazardous waste
to be stored. For example, do not place

WASTE STORAGE
• Waste containers must be closed at all times, except
when being filled. Do not leave funnels in the
containers.
• Be sure that containers in the waste storage area do
not leak. Consider the use of secondary containment,
such as a tray, larger container or basin. If a leaking
container is found, immediately clean up any spilled
material according to established spill cleanup
procedures and transfer the waste into a container that
is in good condition.

WASTE STORAGE
•
• segregate the containers according to the
type of waste

WASTE SORTING
• It is waste separation. A sorting apparatus for
a solid waste sorting system has a first set of
three belt conveyors, for conveying solid
waste at a first speed, and a second set of
three belt conveyors, each of the latter
disposed with one end connected to the
downstream end of a corresponding one of
the first three belt conveyors, for conveying
solid waste at a second speed which is greater
than the first speed.

Waste sorting con’d
• The first three belt conveyors extend
transversely into a feed-out path of a storage
section in such a way that the conveyor lying
successively furthest away from the storage
section along the feed-out path is of
successively longest upstream-end extension.
The solid waste is sorted manually on the
second set of three belt conveyors and is then
supplied to a draft-sorting machine

Waste sorting con’d
• . The draft-sorting machine has a sloping
surface onto which solid waste is dropped in a
stream, a blower for blowing air diagonally
upward through the stream of solid waste as it
falls along the sloping surface, and distribution
passages for guiding the solid waste sorted by
the blower away along separate routes.

WASTE CONTAINERIZATION
• To have waste stored in containers
• The principal costs for urban solid waste management
are related to refuse collection. Collection efficiency
and therefore costs are influenced by the method of
solid waste containerization. Multivariate statistical
analysis of time and motion collection data
quantitatively demonstrates that some classes of
refuse container are superior in terms of loading
efficiency. Cost coefficients are presented to identify
the relative collection efficiency of various methods for
solid waste containerization

WASTE SHREDDING
• An improved method of shredding municipal
solid waste or garbage including the steps of
introducing the solid waste into a tumbling
mill having a diameter to length ratio of about
2.5:1 to 3:1, maintaining a negative pressure
within the tumbling mill and maintaining a
sufficient moisture content in solid waste.
Shredding is accomplished by contacting the
waste with irregular shaped grinding media
within the tumbling mill.

WASTE SHREDDING CON’D
• The irregular shaped grinding media produces
a line-type contact with the material resulting
in more efficient shredding of the material.
The shredded material is discharged from the
tumbling mill through grates at the end of the
mill opposite the entry port of the material.

Recovery and utilization of resources
• For several reasons, resource recovery is a major element in solid waste
management in developing nations. Reclaimable inorganic components
(metals, glass, plastic, textiles, and others) traditionally have been
recovered mostly by way of unregulated manual scavenging by private
individuals (typically known as the “informal” sector). In recent years, the
trend is to formalize and mechanize scavenging through the establishment
of material recovery facilities (MRFs) [6]. Reuse and recovery of the
inorganic components of the waste stream is an important aspect of waste
management.
• Special attention is given to organic (biodegradable) residues since, in the
majority of developing countries, these residues constitute at least 50% of
the waste (by weight). The resource recovery aspect regarding the organic
component is threefold:

Waste collection principles
• 1. Minimization of multiple handling
• 2. Avoidance of waste mixing
• 3. Minimization of waste fugitives
• 4. Efficient routing and appropriate
technology

Minimization of multiple handling
‘The worldwide agenda for solid waste management’
- Has also been termed: logical starting point for solid
waste management.ie to reduce the amounts of waste
that must be managed that is collected and disposed of
as nuisances and harzards.Agenda 21, the of world
summit on sustainable Development in Rio de Janerio
in 1992, emphasized, in chapter 21, that reducing
wastes and maximizing environmentally sound waste
reuse and recycling should be the first steps in waste
management.

Importance of waste reduction
• In affluent countries and large metropolitan
areas of developing countries, the main
motivation a frequently related to the high
cost and scarcity of sites for landfills, and the
environmental degradation caused by toxic
materials in deposited wastes.Generally in
developing countries, waste composting takes
the place of emphasis on waste reduction
since the waste collected are between 50% to
90% organic, dirt and ashes.

Key concepts in municipal waste
reduction
• Waste reduction- varies from legislation and agreements at
the national level for packaging and products resign to local
programs to prevent recyclables and composatable organics
from entering final waste streams
• Source reduction:any producer to reduce waste at the point
of generation, in contrast to sorting out recyclable
components after they have been mixed together for
collection
• Source seoaration:keeping different categories of recyclables
and organics separate”at source” ie. At point of generation, to
facilitate reuse,recycle and composting

Recovery and utilization of resources
• Waste recovery,materials recovery, and waste diversion:
obtaining materials/organics by source separation or
sorting out from mixed wastes that can be reused or
recycled
• Reuse: reusing a product for same or different purpose
• Redemption Centers: waste trading enterprise that buys
recyclable materials and sells to brokers. Sometimes also
called “buy-back-centers
• Producer responsibility:Producer accepting a level of
responsibility of generated waste.

Promoting Waste Reduction and Materials
Recovery at the National and Local Levels
• National level:
• By redesigning of production packages;
• Promotion of”producer responsibility” for post-
consumer wastes;
• At the local level,
• The main source of waste reduction are:
• Diversion of materials from the waste through source
eperation and trading

Promoting Waste Reduction and Materials
Recovery at the National and Local Levels
• redesigining packaging or products; and
• Support of composting either centralized or
small scale.
• recovery of materials from mixed waste,
• Pressure on national or regional government
for regulation on redesigning packaging or
products

Sustaining existing sound practices in
waste reduction
• Facilitating the existing private sector( formal
and informal).In waste reduction where
current practices are acceptable, and
ameliorating problems encountered by all the
relevant actors through access to capacity
building,financing and education;
• Designing such assistance to dovetail with the
strategic plan for municipal solid waste
management.

Avoidance of waste mixing
• Source reduction:any producer to reduce
waste at the point of generation, in contrast to
sorting out recyclable components after they
have been mixed together for collection
• Source seoaration:keeping different categories
of recyclables and organics separate”at
source” ie. At point of generation, to facilitate
reuse,recycle and composting

3. Minimization of waste fugitives
• What are waste Fugitives
• Proper containerization
• Channelization

Waste collection routing
• What is a route: it is a path followed by a
single collection vehicle for waste collection
on a single day. Collection of waste or
recyclables tends to be organized into service
areas. A service area is the region or area
which fails under the responsibility of a
government, public authority or private
company.Witin the service area, collection is
organized into routes.

Efficient Routing
• Sound practice in collection routing design
involves more than just the choice of vehicle.
It involves a complex interaction of factors and
ignoring any one of them can result in a
collection system which is inefficient or does
not successfully meet the policy or technical
objectives of the collection progamme.

Factors in efficient routing
Curbside, alley or backyard collection: sound practice-the
resident places full waste containers at the curb or in
the alley behind the residence and retrieves them
empty
Frequency of collection: Sound practice depends on well-
chosen collection frequency and timing. Sound practice
in setting collection frequency should include analysis
of the appropriate volume for containers, the needs
and desires of the area or neighborhood, the public
health risks that would arise from infrequent
collection, avoidance of odors from the uncollected
waste, and the necessity of scheduling collection at
times when streets are not crowded.

• “Just in time” collection-This refers to where
residents bring out their wastes at the time the
collection vehicle reaches a certain spot and
signals its presence. This system reduces the
health hazards associated with wastes on the
streets roadsides and prevents unauthorized
waste picking. Report has it that in squatter
settlements in Bombay, an adaptation of the bell
system is that the crew have hand carts to fit into
narrow lanes and walk along ringing a bell, then
they take the carts back to the vehicle on the
road.

• Special Collections: this is the collection of
special materials separately due to their size
and the fact that they are generated
irregularily.Sound practice in this area
includes: making the rules of collection clear
to all residences and business;
• Collecting with adequate frequency to prevent
build up on the streets; and

And
Coordinating collection with the industries and
individuals who would like to have these
materials for repair, salvage, dismantling or
material recovery.

• Crew size and make-up: The size, capability and
motivation of the crew ia a basic factor in determining
efficiency of collection.These are some variations on sound
practice :
• Single driver-collector
• Driver separate from collection crew
• Interchangable driver and crew
• Individual operator who collects fees.

• · Collection Systems and Equipment
• 1. Collection Techniques for: Solid, liquid
and gaseous wastes
• 2. Haul-Container System
• 3. Stationary – container System
• 4. Duct – collection system

Municipal Solid Waste handling and
Collection Lagos pictorial case study
· Types of collection
services Collection infrastructure

References
• International source book on environmentally
sound technology for municipal solid waste y
compiled by: UNEP International
Environmental Technology Centre(IETC) in
collaboration with Harvard Institue for
International Development(HIID) co-funded
UNEP IETC and Human Health and Well-Being
Unit(HHWB)management.UNEP In ternational
Environmental Technology Center
Osaka/Shiga,1996

references
• Partrigde,Jr., and Joseph J. harrington.Journal of
Environmental Engineering Divisin,Vol. 100,No 4, 1974
pg 963 to978
• www.aspenpitkin.com
• www.anl. gov/community
• www.recycle.more.co
• www.mora.org
• www.the freelibrary.com
• www.jjustthink.org
• www.freepatentonline.com

references
• Sam carpenter on reasons for documentation
• Waste handling note book

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